অসম বিশেষ

Topics of the week

Now Solve অসম বিশেষ Qs on :
• ASSAM FLOODS 2026
• Urban Flooding Issue
• Karbi Film - Kangbo Aloti (The Lost Path)
• School Amalgamation in Assam
• Assamese Film - Rador Pakhi
Deshabhkta Tarun Ram Phukan
ASSAM FLOODS 2026
Source: The Assam Tribune
Date: 27 July, 2026
Syllabus: GS Paper 3, 5
ASSAM FLOODS 2026
1. Introduction

• Floods are the most frequent and destructive

natural disaster in Assam. Nearly 40% of the
Brahmaputra valley is flood-prone, making
Assam one of India's most flood-affected
states. While annual riverine floods are a
natural phenomenon contributing to fertile
floodplains, recent years have witnessed
increasing instances of flash floods and urban
flooding, particularly in Guwahati, driven by
climate change, unplanned urbanisation and
drainage failures.
• The 2026 Upper Assam floods highlighted a
changing flood pattern, where regions like
Sivasagar and Charaideo, traditionally less
accustomed to severe flooding, experienced
unprecedented inundation within hours.
ASSAM FLOODS 2026
2. 2026 Assam Floods: Highlights

Parameter Status (2026)

Death Toll 66 persons
Relief Camps 274
People in Relief Camps Over 18,000
Peak Relief Camp
Around 1.15 lakh
Population
Crop Area Affected Over 34,000 hectares
Sivasagar, Charaideo,
Major Affected Districts
Jorhat, Golaghat, Nazira

Major Rivers Above Danger Level

• Dikhow River – Sivasagar/Nazira
• Desang River – Sivasagar & Charaideo
• Dhansiri River – Golaghat
• Kushiyara River – Karimganj (Southern Assam)
ASSAM FLOODS 2026
3. Why Assam is Flood-Prone?
A. Natural Causes
• Heavy Monsoon Rainfall
• Southwest Monsoon brings 2000-3000 mm
rainfall annually
• Orographic rainfall due to surrounding hills
• Brahmaputra Basin
• One of world's largest river basins
B. Human-Induced Causes
• Encroachment of wetlands
• Deforestation
• Sand mining
• Urbanisation
• Blocked drainage channels
• Poor embankment maintenance
• Climate change increasing extreme rainfall
ASSAM FLOODS 2026
Immediate reasons of 2026 Floods
1. Extreme Rainfall over Upstream Catchments
(Primary Cause)
• July 18–20, 2026: Nagaland received 85 mm
rainfall against a normal of 30.3 mm (181%
above normal).
• Some districts recorded exceptionally high
rainfall:
• Mokokchung: 238.9 mm (493% above
normal)
• Zunheboto: 181.7 mm (419% above
normal)
• Kiphire: 99.6 mm (427% above normal)
3. Intense Rainfall & Flash Floods in Upper Assam
2. Flash Floods from nearby areas • Heavy rainfall over Sivasagar, Nazira (Sivasagar district),
• Torrential rainfall in Nagaland's hill catchments Charaideo and Jorhat combined with intense upstream
generated rapid surface runoff. runoff from Nagaland triggered flash floods.
• Rivers such as Dikhow, Desang and Dhansiri • The Dikhow and Desang rivers overflowed in Sivasagar and
swelled rapidly, inundating Sivasagar, Nazira, while floodwaters rapidly inundated Charaideo and
Charaideo, Jorhat and Golaghat. parts of Jorhat.
ASSAM FLOODS 2026
NDMA's Assessment (2026)
• The National Disaster Management Authority stated:
• Floods cannot be completely eliminated in
Assam because of its unique geographical and
hydrological conditions.
• Reasons
• Heavy rainfall
• Brahmaputra drainage constraints
• Himalayan rivers
• Sedimentation
• NDMA Recommendation
• Focus should shift from:
• Flood Control
• to
• Flood Risk Reduction
• using:
• Advanced forecasting
• Technology
• Preparedness
• Resilience
ASSAM FLOODS 2026
Health Challenges After Floods

• ICMR warned of post-flood disease outbreaks.

A. Water-borne Diseases
• Typhoid
• Dysentery
• Jaundice
• Diarrhoea
• Reason:
• Contaminated drinking water
• Measures
• Chlorination
• Boiled water
• Safe drinking water supply
ASSAM FLOODS 2026
Health Challenges After Floods
• B. Vector-borne Diseases
• After floodwaters recede:
• Standing water becomes mosquito
breeding grounds.
• Possible diseases:
• Malaria
• Dengue
• Preventive Measures
• Disinfection
• Anti-larval measures
• Fogging
• Public awareness
• C. Food Safety
• ICMR advised:
• Eat freshly cooked hot food
• Avoid uncovered food
• Prevent contamination by flies
ASSAM FLOODS 2026
Relief & Rescue Operations

• Agencies Involved
• ASDMA
• SDRF
• NDRF
• Indian Air Force
• Indian Army
• District Administration
• Challenges
• Roads washed away
• Villages inaccessible
• Helicopter air-dropped packets bursting
• Boat deployment required
ASSAM FLOODS 2026
Rehabilitation Measures (2026)
• Assam State School Education
Board (ASSEB) Relief
• Flood victims in:
• Sivasagar
• Charaideo
• Jorhat
• Golaghat
• will receive free duplicate
• Marksheet
• Admit Card
• Registration
Certificate Legislators Support
• Pass Certificate All Assam MLAs announced:
• Applicants only need a self- • One month's salary donation to CM Relief
declaration instead of a police Fund.
report. Assembly staff:
• One day's salary donation.
ASSAM FLOODS 2026
Guwahati Flash Floods

• Unlike Assam's river floods,

• Guwahati experiences:
• Urban Flash Floods
• caused primarily by:
• Heavy rainfall
• Poor drainage
• Wetland loss
• Encroachment
• Rapid urbanisation
• Hill Cutting
ASSAM FLOODS 2026
Guwahati Drainage Basins

• The Guwahati Metropolitan Area is divided

into six drainage basins.

Basin Area Features

Most flood-
Bharalu Basin 4200 ha
prone
Dipar Basin 20135 ha Largest basin
Drains into
Silsako Basin 6534 ha
Silsako Beel
Why Bharalu Basin is Critical?
Commercial The Bharalu Basin is:
Foreshore Basin Central city
areas • Core drainage channel
North Drains into • Most flood-prone
3230 ha
Guwahati Basin Brahmaputra • Controls city drainage
Kalmoni Basin 6650 ha Outside GMA If Bharalu fails,
Guwahati’s drainage collapses.
ASSAM FLOODS 2026
History of Drainage Planning

• 1971
• Master Plan prepared by:
• Calcutta Metropolitan Planning
Organisation (CMPO)
• 1991
• Master Plan revised.
• 1998
• Storm Drainage DPR
• Prepared for HUDCO funding.
• Despite planning, implementation
remained limited.
ASSAM FLOODS 2026
Present Drainage Problems

• No comprehensive drainage system

• Encroached drains
• Inadequate drain size
• Silted channels
• Low carrying capacity
• Natural channels blocked
• Low-lying areas filled for construction
• Result:
• Frequent urban flooding.

Instead of removing floodwater after waterlogging occurs, the

Project Flood Free Guwahati proposes to intercept rainwater
at its source (hill slopes) and rapidly channel it into the
Brahmaputra River through an integrated drainage network.
ASSAM FLOODS 2026
Project Flood Free Guwahati

Layer Function
Constructed at the foothills to intercept runoff
1. Catchment Drains
before it enters residential areas.
Collect runoff from catchment drains and channel
2. Stormwater Drains
it into the main drainage corridor.
Large reinforced concrete surface drains designed
3. Open RCC Drains
to carry peak monsoon discharge safely.
4. Cut-and-Cover Underground drains in densely populated areas
Tunnels where open channels are not feasible.
Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM)-constructed
5. TBM-based
underground conduits carrying floodwater
Tunnels & Micro-
beneath hills and built-up areas directly to the
Tunnels
Brahmaputra.
6. Syphons & Cross roads, railways and uneven terrain by
Aqueducts carrying water over or beneath obstacles.
Trap sediments before they clog tunnels; equipped
7. Desilting Chambers
with mechanised cranes for easy maintenance.
ASSAM FLOODS 2026
Few other Suggested Solutions (Master Plan)

• Bharalu
• Re-section river
• Increase carrying capacity
• Drains
• Redesign trunk drains
• Sluice Gates
• Replace undersized sluice near
Pragjyotishpur College.
• Construct new sluice near K.R.
Chowdhury Road.
ASSAM FLOODS 2026
Way Forward
Structural Measures
• River training Technology
• AI-based flood forecasting
• Scientific embankments
• Doppler radar
• Reservoir operation protocols • GIS flood mapping
• Floodplain zoning • Drone-based relief
• Storm-water drainage upgrade • IoT water-level sensors
Nature-based Solutions • Mobile early warning systems
Governance
• Wetland restoration
• Strengthen ASDMA
• Rejuvenation of Silsako Beel • Community-based disaster management
• Urban sponge city approach • Flood-resilient infrastructure
• River buffer zones • Inter-state coordination
• Afforestation • Regular desiltation
• Strict anti-encroachment measures
ASSAM FLOODS 2026
Q. "Recurring floods in Assam are inevitable due to the state's unique geographical and hydrological characteristics.
However, their impact can be significantly reduced through scientific planning and integrated river basin
management.“ Discuss. (250 words | 15 Marks)
Introduction Impacts Way Forward
• Assam is India's most flood-prone state. • Loss of lives and property. • Integrated River
• Around 40% of the state's land is flood- • Crop destruction. Basin
prone. Management
• Riverbank erosion and displacement.
• NDMA (2026): Floods cannot be eliminated; • Damage to roads, bridges and
(IRBM).
focus should be on risk reduction. • Scientific
Causes embankments. sediment
• Disruption of education and management.
• Heavy monsoon rainfall.
healthcare. • Floodplain
• Brahmaputra and 50+ tributaries.
Challenges zoning.
• High sediment load (young Himalayan • Frequent embankment breaches. • Wetland and
rivers).
• Riverbank erosion. • Siltation of rivers. beel restoration.
• Poor maintenance of drainage. • Climate-resilient
• Climate change-induced extreme rainfall. infrastructure.
• Encroachment of natural channels.
• Flash floods from upstream states.
• Limited last-mile connectivity during
• Encroachment of wetlands and floodplains. floods.
• Poor drainage and urbanisation (Guwahati). • Weak urban planning.
Karbi Film - Kangbo Aloti (The Lost Path)
Source: The Assam Tribune
Date: 28 July, 2026
Syllabus: Prelims, GS Paper 5
Karbi Film - Kangbo Aloti (The Lost Path)
Kangbo Aloti (The Lost Path) wins
German Star of India Award 2026
• Why in News?
• The Karbi-language feature film Kangbo
Aloti (The Lost Path) won the German
Star of India 2026 Award for Best
Feature Film at the Indian Film Festival
Stuttgart (Germany), bringing
international recognition to Karbi cinema
and the filmmaking talent of Northeast About the Indian Film Festival Stuttgart
India. • One of Europe's leading festivals dedicated to Indian
cinema.
• Held annually in Stuttgart, Germany.
• Showcases feature films, documentaries and short films
from India.
• Promotes cross-cultural exchange between India and
Europe.
• The German Star of India Awards are among its most
prestigious honours.
Karbi Film - Kangbo Aloti (The Lost Path)
Highlights
• Award
• Award: German Star of India 2026 – Best
Feature Film
• Festival: Indian Film Festival Stuttgart,
Germany
• Recognition: Jury described it as one of the
most significant feature films made in the
Karbi language.
• Theme of the Film
• Set during the Karbi movement of the early
2000s.
• Explores the impact of insurgency and
conflict on ordinary people.
• Promotes education, knowledge and
awareness over violence.
• Focuses on peace, identity and social
transformation.
Karbi Film - Kangbo Aloti (The Lost Path)
About the Director
• Khanjan Kishore Nath
• Native of Nagaon, Assam.
• National Award-winning filmmaker.
• Won the Rajat Kamal (2020) for the short film
Kachichinithu (The Boy with a Gun).
• Other acclaimed films:
• Chor
• Eta Nirjan Duporiya
• Earlier Recognition of the Film
• Kangbo Aloti has also been:
• Winner of Special Jury Award at the 31st
Kolkata International Film Festival.
• Screened/selected at:
• Bengaluru International Film Festival
• Guwahati International Film Festival
• South Asian Film Festival, Montreal
(Canada)
• North East India Film Festival (Manipur)
• Arunachal Film Festival
• Habitat Film Festival, New Delhi
Karbi Film - Kangbo Aloti (The Lost Path)
Prelims MCQ

Q. The film Kangbo Aloti (The Lost Path),

recently seen in the news, is associated with:
A. Winning the Rajat Kamal for Best Assamese
Film at the National Film Awards
B. Winning the German Star of India Award for
Best Feature Film at the Indian Film Festival
Stuttgart
C. Becoming India's official entry to the
Academy Awards
D. Winning the Golden Peacock Award at IFFI
Goa
School Amalgamation in Assam
Source: The Assam Tribune
Date: 25 July, 2026
Syllabus: GS Paper 2, 5
School Amalgamation in Assam
Assam strengthens School Education
through Amalgamation, Infrastructure
& Digital Governance
Why in News?
• The Assam Government informed the
Legislative Assembly that school
amalgamation is being implemented in
accordance with the Right of Children to Free
and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009, About the Right to Education (RTE) Act, 2009
with the objective of strengthening school
Particular Details
education through better infrastructure,
teacher deployment and digital governance. Enacted 2009
Effective from 1 April 2010
School Provincialisation is the process by which private
venture schools (and their eligible teachers and staff) are Constitutional Basis Article 21A
taken over by the State Government, making them Education Free & compulsory education for children aged
government schools. Once provincialised, the government 6–14 years
assumes responsibility for salaries, service conditions, and
administration. Objective Universal elementary education and quality
schooling
School Amalgamation in Assam
Highlights
1. School Amalgamation :
• School amalgamation is the process of
merging two or more nearby or same-
campus schools into a single administrative
and academic unit to improve teacher-pupil
ratios, save costs, and optimize resources.
In Assam, this falls under the SikshaKhetra
scheme, targeting low-enrolment
institutions.
• Implemented under the Right to Education
(RTE) Act, 2009.
• Objective is not to close schools, but to:
• Improve infrastructure.
• Ensure better teacher availability.
• Enhance quality of education.
• Government stated that the exercise aims
to strengthen the education system.
School Amalgamation in Assam
Key Aspects
1. School Amalgamation :
• Enrolment Threshold: Schools with fewer
than 30 students are prioritized for
mergers, though local MLAs have been
granted a one-year window to boost
numbers before enforcement.
• Administrative Shift: Merged schools
function under one designated "Base
School", combining records, properties, and
the School Managing Committee (SMC).
• Staff Adjustments: Teachers and staff retain
their seniority, while excess staff are
reassigned to vacant posts elsewhere.
• Scale: Between 2016 and 2026, over 7,300
schools across Assam have undergone
amalgamation. Official guidelines and
tracking are managed through the
Secondary Education Department of Assam.
School Amalgamation in Assam
School Infrastructure

2. Infrastructure Development
• 20,000 additional classrooms constructed in
the last five years.
• ₹15,000 crore investment in school
infrastructure.
• 500 new schools established.
• 500 schools upgraded:
• High School → Higher Secondary School.
• ME School → High School.
• Another 500 schools are proposed for
upgradation.
School Amalgamation in Assam
School Governance
3. Teacher Recruitment
• 91,655 teaching and non-teaching staff
appointed in schools and colleges.
• Recruitment process to continue.
• Proposal for cluster-specific teacher
appointments in char and remote areas to
reduce transfers.
• Need for more Mathematics teachers in ME
and High Schools acknowledged.
4. Digital Governance
• Shiksha Setu
• Around 50 lakh student attendance
records uploaded daily.
• Shiksha Setu 2.0 to be launched.
School Amalgamation in Assam
School Reforms

5. Teacher Service Reforms

• Proposal for a Unified Common Service Rule
for teachers.
• Around 6,000 Headmaster posts created in LP
schools.
• Appointment process affected by 32 cases
pending before the Gauhati High Court.
6. Venture Schools
• Government plans to resolve pending
provincialisation issues.
• Guru Dakhina Portal opened for applications.
• Around 15,000 left-out teachers have
applied.
School Amalgamation in Assam
School Enrolments

7. Enrolment Trends
• Primary Education
• Enrolment in Classes I–V declined by around 2
lakh students, mainly due to fewer Class I
admissions.
• Middle Education
• ME enrolment increased by around
10,000 students, largely through
migration from private schools.
School Amalgamation in Assam
School Retention

• 8. Student Retention

Level Gross Enrolment Ratio

(GER)
LP & ME 100%
Secondary 65%
National Average 71%
(Secondary)
School Amalgamation in Assam
Prelims MCQ
Q. With reference to the Right to Education
(RTE) Act, 2009, consider the following
statements:
1. It provides free and compulsory education
to children aged 6–14 years.
2. It derives constitutional backing from
Article 21A.
3. It mandates a 25% reservation for
disadvantaged children in all private
schools, including minority institutions.
Which of the statements given above is/are
correct?
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
Assamese Film - Rador Pakhi
Source: The Assam Tribune
Date: 23 July, 2026
Syllabus: Prelims, GS Paper 5
Assamese Film - Rador Pakhi
Rador Pakhi
• Why in News?
• The Assamese feature film Rador Pakhi
(Morning Sunshine), directed by Dr Bobby
Sarma Baruah, received the Jury Special
Mention – Super Mama Award at the
International Film Festival Made by Women,
held in Moscow, Russia (July 8–12, 2026).
• Award
• Award: Jury Special Mention – Super
Mama Award
• Festival: International Film Festival Made
by Women
• Venue: Moscow, Russia
• Selection: Officially selected in the
Competition Section
Assamese Film - Rador Pakhi
About the Film

Particular Details
Film Rador Pakhi (Morning Sunshine)
Language Assamese
Director Dr Bobby Sarma Baruah
Real-life journey of Assamese writer
Inspired by
Sarmistha Pritam
Basanta Kumar Baruah, Dr Bobby
Producers
Sarma Baruah & Sulakhyana Baruah

About the International Film Festival Made by Women

• International film festival held in Moscow, Russia.
• Dedicated to showcasing films made by women filmmakers
from around the world.
• Promotes women's voices in cinema and celebrates socially
relevant storytelling.
Assamese Film - Rador Pakhi
Festival Journey

• Before winning in Moscow, the film was

selected at several prestigious festivals:
• NFDC Film Bazaar Co-Production Market
• Indian Panorama, 55th International Film
Festival of India (IFFI), Goa (2024)
• Third Eye Asian Film Festival, Mumbai
• Pune International Film Festival
• Bengaluru International Film Festival
• Indian Film Festival of Melbourne
• International Film Festival of Thrissur
• Mosaic International Film Festival
(Canada)
• International Film Festival Made by
Women (Moscow)
Assamese Film - Rador Pakhi
Prelims MCQ

Q. The Assamese film Rador Pakhi (Morning

Sunshine), recently seen in the news, is based
on:
A. The Assam Movement of the 1980s
B. The life of a tea garden worker
C. The real-life journey of writer Sarmistha
Pritam, who battled Spinal Muscular Atrophy
D. The life of Dr Bhupen Hazarika
Thank you
- SPM IAS Academy