EXERCISE ON CONTINGENCY TABLES
Problem 1: Student Survey: A university surveyed 500 students about their year of study and
primary mode of transportation to campus. Assume one student is selected at random.
Year of Study Car Bus Bicycle Walk Total
First Year 40 55 20 35 150
Second Year 50 45 25 30 150
Third Year 60 40 35 15 150
Total 150 140 80 80 450
Part A: Marginal Probabilities
1. What is the probability that the selected student is a First Year student?
2. What is the probability that the selected student is a Third Year student?
3. What is the probability that the selected student travels by bus?
4. What is the probability that the selected student travels by bicycle?
Part B: Joint Probabilities
5. What is the probability that the selected student is a Second Year student who travels by
car?
6. What is the probability that the selected student is a First Year student who walks?
7. What is the probability that the selected student is a Third Year student who rides a
bicycle?
Part C: Addition Rule
8. What is the probability that the selected student is a First Year student or travels by bus?
9. What is the probability that the selected student is a Second Year student or travels by
bicycle?
10. What is the probability that the selected student is a Third Year student or travels by car?
11. What is the probability that the selected student is a First Year student or walks?
Part D: Conditional Probabilities
12. Given that the selected student travels by bus, what is the probability that the student is a
Second Year student?
13. Given that the selected student is a Third Year student, what is the probability that the
student travels by bicycle?
14. Given that the selected student travels by car, what is the probability that the student is a
First Year student?
15. Given that the selected student walks, what is the probability that the student is a Second
Year student?
16. Given that the selected student is a First Year student, what is the probability that the
student travels by bus?
Part E: Complement Rule
17. What is the probability that the selected student is not a Third Year student?
18. What is the probability that the selected student does not travel by car?
19. What is the probability that the selected student is neither a First Year student nor travels
by bicycle?
20. What is the probability that the selected student is neither a Second Year student nor
travels by bus?
Part F: Independence
21. Are the following events independent? Justify your answer.
• A: The student is a First Year student.
• B: The student travels by bus.
22. Are the following events independent? Justify your answer.
• A: The student is a Third Year student.
• B: The student travels by car.
Justify your answer.
23. Are the following events independent? Justify your answer.
• A: The student is a Second Year student.
• B: The student walks.
Justify your answer.
Problem 2: Employee Training Survey. A company surveyed 480 employees about their
department and highest education level. Assume one employee is selected at random.
Department High School Bachelor's Master's Total
Sales 30 50 20 100
Marketing 20 60 40 120
Finance 15 45 60 120
IT 10 50 80 140
Total 75 205 200 480
Part A: Marginal Probabilities
1. What is the probability that the selected employee works in the IT department?
2. What is the probability that the selected employee works in the Marketing department?
3. What is the probability that the selected employee's highest education is a Bachelor's
degree?
4. What is the probability that the selected employee has a Master's degree?
Part B: Joint Probabilities
5. What is the probability that the selected employee works in Finance and has a Master's
degree?
6. What is the probability that the selected employee works in Sales and has a High School
diploma?
7. What is the probability that the selected employee works in IT and has a Bachelor's
degree?
Part C: Addition Rule
8. What is the probability that the selected employee works in Finance or has a Master's
degree?
9. What is the probability that the selected employee works in Sales or has a Bachelor's
degree?
10. What is the probability that the selected employee works in Marketing or has a High
School diploma?
11. What is the probability that the selected employee works in IT or has a Master's degree?
Part D: Conditional Probability
12. Given that the selected employee has a Bachelor's degree, what is the probability that the
employee works in Marketing?
13. Given that the selected employee works in Finance, what is the probability that the
employee has a Master's degree?
14. Given that the selected employee has a Master's degree, what is the probability that the
employee works in IT?
15. Given that the selected employee works in Sales, what is the probability that the
employee has a Bachelor's degree?
16. Given that the selected employee has a High School diploma, what is the probability that
the employee works in IT?
Part E: Complements
17. What is the probability that the selected employee does not work in the Finance
department?
18. What is the probability that the selected employee does not have a Bachelor's degree?
19. What is the probability that the selected employee does not work in Marketing and does
not have a Master's degree?
20. What is the probability that the selected employee is neither in the IT department nor has
a Master's degree?
Part F: Independence
21. Are the events independent? Justify your answer.
• A: "The employee works in IT"
• B: "The employee has a Master's degree"
22. Are the events independent? Justify your answer.
• A: "The employee works in Sales"
• B: "The employee has a Bachelor's degree"
23. Are the events independent? Justify your answer
• A: "The employee works in Marketing"
• B: "The employee has a High School diploma"