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Ge3171 Python Lab Manual

The GE3171 Python Lab Manual outlines a laboratory course focused on problem solving and Python programming for B.E and B.Tech students at Anna University. It includes course outcomes, a list of exercises covering various programming concepts, and detailed algorithms for specific problems such as electricity billing and sine series. The manual aims to develop students' programming skills through practical exercises and applications using Python.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

2 views75 pages

Ge3171 Python Lab Manual

Uploaded by

Ezhil arasi

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Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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GE3171 Python LAB Manual

Problem Solving and Python Programming (Anna University)

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LABORATORY MANUAL
For

GE3171 - PROBLEM SOLVING AND PYTHON PROGRAMMING

LABORATORY
Of

B. E & B. TECH (Common to All Branches)

(Anna University Regulation – 2021)

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,

ANNA UNIVERSITY
VILANGUDI (Trichy – Chidambaram NH81)
ARIYALUR – 621 731

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GE3171 PROBLEM SOLVING AND PYTHON PROGRAMMING LABORATORY

COURSE OUTCOMES
CO1: Develop algorithmic solutions to simple computational problems
CO2: Develop and execute simple Python programs.
CO3: Implement programs in Python using conditionals and loops for solving problems.
CO4: Deploy functions to decompose a Python program.
CO5: Process compound data using Python data structures.
CO6: Utilize Python packages in developing software applications.

LIST OF EXERCISES
1. Identification and solving of simple real life or scientific or technical problems, and developing
flow charts for the same. (Electricity Billing, Retail shop billing, Sin series, weight of a
motorbike, Weight of a steel bar, compute Electrical Current in Three Phase AC Circuit, etc.)

2. Python programming using simple statements and expressions (exchange the values of two
variables, circulate the values of n variables, distance between two points).

3. Scientific problems using Conditionals and Iterative loops. (Number series, Number Patterns,
pyramid pattern)

4. Implementing real-time/technical applications using Lists, Tuples. (Items present in a

library/Components of a car/ Materials required for construction of a building –operations of
list & tuples)

5. Implementing real-time/technical applications using Sets, Dictionaries. (Language,

components of an automobile, Elements of a civil structure, etc.- operations of Sets & Dictionaries

6. Implementing programs using Functions. (Factorial, largest number in a list, area of shape)

7. Implementing programs using Strings. (reverse, palindrome, character count, replacing

characters)

8. Implementing programs using written modules and Python Standard Libraries (pandas, numpy.
Matplotlib, scipy)

9. Implementing real-time/technical applications using File handling. (copy from one file to another, word
count, longest word)

10. Implementing real-time/technical applications using Exception handling. (divide by zero error,
voter’s age validity, student mark range validation)

11. Exploring Pygame tool.

12. Developing a game activity using Pygame like bouncing ball, car race etc.

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GE3171 PROBLEM SOLVING AND PYTHON PROGRAMMING LABORATORY

INDEX

Expt. Name of the Experiment Page Date Signature

No. No
1 Constructing Flowcharts for Technical Problems

2 Problems Using simple statements and expressions

3 Problems Using Conditionals and Iterative Loops

4 Implementing real-time/technical applications using Lists,

Tuples.
5 Implementing real-time/technical applications using Sets,
Dictionaries.
6 Implementing Programs using Functions

7 Implementing programs using Strings

8 Programs using written modules and Python Standard

Libraries
9 Implementing real-time/technical applications using File
handling.
10 Real-time/technical applications using Exception handling

11 Exploring Pygame

12 Developing a game activity using Pygame

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[Link]: 1 Constructing Flowcharts for Technical Problems

Date :

1. Problem statement :Identification and solving of simple real life or scientific or technical
problems, and developing flow charts for Electricity Billing, Retail shop billing, Sin series,
weight of a motorbike, Weight of a steel bar, compute Electrical Current in Three Phase AC
Circuit.
2. Expected Learning outcomes :It helps the students to understand to draw flowcharts for
simple real time or scientific or technical problems.

3. Flowcharts:

A. Electricity Billing

Algorithm:

Step 1: Start the algorithm

Step 2: Get the number of units, U as input.
Step 3: i)For first 100 units , there is no bill.
ii)For units between 101 to 200, assign Rs 2 for an unit.
iii)for units greater than 200, calculate the bills by assigning Rs. 3 for each unit.
Step 4: Print the bill
Step 5: Stop the algorithm

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Start

Get
the
unit U
value

Yes 𝐼𝑓𝑈
No
≤ 100

𝐼𝑓𝑈
No
Bill = 0 > 100
≤ 200

Yes
𝐼𝑓𝑈
Bill = U * 2 > 200

Yes
Bill = U * 3

Print
bill

Stop

B. Retail shop billing

Algorithm:
Step 1: Start the algorithm
Step 2: Enter option(i) as integer value
Step 3: If option(i) is not 0,
i)Get the item name(it),quantity(q) and its price(p) as input.
ii)Calculate the bill by it*q*p.
If the option(i) is equal to 0, come out of the loop
Step 4: Print the bill values.
Step 5: Stop the algorithm.

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Start

𝐵=0

Enter i

Yes Enter item (it),

while i ≠ 0 Quantity (q) & Price
(p)

No 𝐵 = 𝐵 + (𝑖𝑡 ∗ 𝑞 ∗ 𝑝)

Print B

Stop

C. Sine Series:

Algorithm:

Step 1: Start the algorithm

Step 2: Get x and i
Step 3: Initialize fact=1 and i=1
Step 4: for k=1 to j
Calculate fact as fact * k
Find the factorial as x
Increment i by 2.
Step 5: Repeat step 4 for i times
Step 6: Display the sine series result
Step 7: Stop the algorithm.

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Start

Get x and i

fact = 1; 𝑖 = 1

For j in range (1, i)

For k in range (1, j)

fact = fact ∗ k

x = x + pow(x, i)/fact

i=i+2

Display x

𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑝

D: weight of a motorbike
Algorithm:
Step 1: Start the algorithm
Step 3: Get the types of motorcycle M
Step 4: Based on the type M, choose the weight as
If M=chopper, W= 315 kg
If M=Cruiser, W=250 kg
If M=Scooter, W=115 kg
If M=Mopped, W=80 kg
Else print as cannot find the weight
Step 5: Print the weight
Step 6: Stop the algorithm.

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Start

Get the type of

Motorcycle M

𝑆𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑀

𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 Yes
𝑊 = 315 𝑘𝑔
= 𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟

𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 Yes
𝑊 = 250 𝑘𝑔
= 𝐶𝑟𝑢𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑟

𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 Yes
𝑊 = 115 𝑘𝑔
= 𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 Yes
𝑊 = 80 𝑘𝑔
= 𝑀𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑑

Weight(W) cannot
calculated

Print w

𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑝

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E. Weight of a steel bar

Algorithm:
Step 1: Start the algorithm
Step 2: Get the diameter d of a steel bar.
Step 3: If d>= 8 mm and <= 20 mm then
Calculate the W as (d*d)/162
Print W
Else
Print as not available
Step 4: Stop the algorithm.

Start

Get d

Yes
𝐼𝑓 𝑑 ≥ 8 𝑚𝑚
≤ 20 𝑚𝑚

𝑊 = (𝑑 ∗ 𝑑 )/162
No

Print not
available
Ghhjjkj Print w

𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑝

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F. Compute Electrical Current in Three Phase AC Circuit

Algorithm:
Step 1: Start the algorithm
Step 2: Get the power factor Pf, Power P and Voltage V.
Step 3: Calculate the current I as 𝑃/√3 ∗ 𝑉 ∗ 𝑃𝑓
Step 4: Print the current I.
Step 5: Stop the algorithm

Start

Get P,
Pf, V

𝐼 = 𝑃/√3 ∗ 𝑉 ∗ 𝑃𝑓

Print 𝐼

𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑝

4. Result

Thus the flowcharts for Electricity Billing, Retail shop billing, Sine series, weight of a
motorbike, Weight of a steel bar, compute Electrical Current in Three Phase AC Circuit are
drawn.
5. Viva voice

A. State the different ways to design a program

A program can be designed by using algorithm and flowcharts.

B. What is the difference between algorithm and flowcharts?
An algorithm is a step-by-step set of instructions for solving a problem in a limited
number of steps; Flowchart- It is a diagrammatic representation of an algorithm.
C. List few symbols used in flowcharts.

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D. State the mechanism to develop an algorithm

Define the problem, List the inputs/outputs, describe the steps(start with high level
and refine them), test with data.
E. List the basic building blocks of an algorithm.
The basic building blocks of an algorithms are: Instructions or statements, sequence,
variables, conditional or selections statements, repetition or control flow structures, function
or subroutine.

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[Link]: 2 Problems Using simple statements and expressions

Date :

1. Problem Statement :Write a python programs to exchange the values of two variables,
circulate the values of n variables, distance between two points using simple statements
and expressions.

2. Expected Learning Outcomes :It helps the students to understand the functionality of
simple statements and expressions.

3. Problem Analysis:
I. Using simple statement exchange the values of two variables should be implemented
by getting two integer values x,yas input and print their values after swapping them.
II. Using List, circulate the values of n variables by getting a value is to be
circulated,list_1 and position from where it should circulate, n as inputs.
III. Using simple statement and expressions, distance between two points are to be
implemented. It gets two floating point values (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) and by applying
the distance formula ( (x2 - x1)2 + (y2 - y1)2 )½ the distance between them is calculated
and displayed.

4. A. Expected Input:

I. enter x value : 50
enter y value : 10
[Link] n value :1
[Link] x1 : 5
enter y1 : 4
enter x2 : 6
enter y2 : 3

B. Expected Output :
I. After swapping value of x = 10
After swapping value of y = 50
II. Rotating [10, 20, 30, 40, 50] by 1 position is [50, 10, 20, 30, 40]
[Link] between points (5.0, 4.0) and (6.0, 3.0) is 1.4142135623730951

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5. Algorithm:
I.
Step 1: Start the program
Step 2 : Get the input for two variables x, y.
Step 3 : Have a third variable temp and first assign x to temp; then assign y value to x and
assign temp value to x
Step 4: Print the swapped value of x and y.
Step 5: Stop the program.

II.
Step 1 : Start the program
Step 2 : Initialize numbers using list.
Step 3 : Also get a value n for rotation.
Step 4 : Obtain the numbers available from the nth position, the numbers till n position
and append the both values.
Step 5: Display the result.
Step 6: Stop the program.

III.
Step 1: Start the program.
Step 2: Get two points, namely(x1,y1) and (x2,y2).
Step 3: Calculate the distance between two points by using ( (x2 - x1)2 + (y2 - y1)2 )½
Step 4: Display the resultant distance value.
Step 5: Stop the program

6. Coding:

i) Write a python program to exchange the values of two variables.

# python program to swap two variables
#Get values for x and y
x= int(input("enter x value : "))
y= int(input("enter y value : "))
temp = x
x=y
y = temp
print("\nAfter swapping value of x =", x)
print("After swapping value of y =", y)

ii) Write a python program to circulate the values of n variable

# Right Rotating a list to n positions

n= int(input("enter n value : "))
list_1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

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list_2 = (list_1[-n:] + list_1[:-n])

print("Rotating {} by {} position is {}".format(list_1,n,list_2))

iii) Write a python program to calculate the distance between two points.

#Python program to find distance between two points

# point a
x1 = float(input(“enter x1 : ”))
y1 = float(input(“enter y1 : ”))
# point b
x2 = float(input(“enter x2 : ”))
y2 = float(input(“enter y2 : ”))

# distance between a and b

distance = ((x1 - x2)**2 + (y1 - y2)**2)**0.5
# display the result
print("Distance between points ({}, {}) and ({}, {}) is {}".format(x1,y1,x2,y2,distance))

7. Test cases:

Input Output
I enter x value : 45 After swapping value of x = 34
enter y value : 34 After swapping value of y = 45

enter x value : 4.5 ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '4.5'
enter x value : g NameError: name 'g' is not defined
enter x value : '33' ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: "'33'"
II enter n value :1 Rotating [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] by 1 position is [6, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
enter n value :2 Rotating [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] by 2 position is [5, 6, 1, 2, 3, 4]
enter n value : 3 Rotating [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] by 3 position is [4, 5, 6, 1, 2, 3]
enter n value : 2 Rotating [1.0, 2.6, 3.5, 4.8, 5.9, 6.3] by 2 position is [5.9,
6.3, 1.0, 2.6, 3.5, 4.8]
enter n value : 2 Rotating ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e'] by 2 position is ['d', 'e', 'a', 'b',
'c']
enter n value : 3 Rotating ['champa', 'lotus', 'lily', 'rose', 'jasmine'] by 3
position is ['lily', 'rose', 'jasmine', 'champa', 'lotus']
III enter x1 : 2 Distance between points (2.0, 3.0) and (5.0, 7.0) is 5.0
enter y1 : 3
enter x2 : 5
enter y2 : 7
enter x1 : a name 'a' is not defined
enter x1 : 'a' ValueError: could not convert string to float: "'a'"

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8. Output:
i)enter x value : 77
enter y value : 105
After swapping value of x = 105
After swapping value of y = 77

ii)enter n value : 4
Rotating [45, 76, 34, 65, 34, 90, 23] by 4 position is [65, 34, 90, 23, 45, 76, 34]

iii)enter x1 : 56
enter y1 : 4
enter x2 : 51
enter y2 : 4
Distance between points (56.0, 4.0) and (51.0, 4.0) is 5.0

9. Result
Thus the python program to swap the values of two numbers, circulate the values of n
variables, distance between two points using simple statements and expressions are executed
successfully.

10. Viva voice

A. What are the data types supported by python?

The data types supported by python are :
Binary Types: memoryview, bytearray, bytes.
Boolean Type: bool.
Set Types: frozenset, set.
Mapping Type: dict.
Sequence Types: range, tuple, list.
Numeric Types: complex, float, int.
Text Type: str.

B. Define algorithm.
An algorithm is a process or set of rules to be followed in calculations or other
problem-solving operations, especially by a computer.

C. Difference between int and float datatype.

Integers and floats are two different kinds of numerical data. An integer (more
commonly called an int) is a number without a decimal point. A float is a floating-point number,

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which means it is a number that has a decimal place. Floats are used when more precision is
needed.

D. What is a string?
A string is a data type used in programmingto represent text rather than numbers. It is
comprised of a set of characters that can also contain spaces and numbers. For example, the
word "hamburger" and the phrase "I ate 3 hamburgers" are both strings.

E. Give an example for string data type?

“hello”, “4 apple”

f) What is meant by List in python?

Lists are used to store multiple items in a single [Link] are one of 4 built-in data
types in Python used to store collections of data, the other 3 are Tuple, Set, and Dictionary, all
with different qualities and usage. Lists are created using square brackets.
mylist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

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[Link]: 3 Problems Using Conditionals and Iterative Loops

Date :

1. Problem Statement: Write a python program to create a sequence of number formed by

various number series, number patterns and pyramid pattern

2. Expected Learning Outcomes: Train the students to understand the basics of various
conditional and looping statements

3. Problem Analysis:

I. Identify the appropriate looping statement to implement the number series which gets
the N value from the user and prints sum of first N value and squares of first N values.
II. Using appropriate conditional and looping statement implement a number patterns
which gets a two number’s X and Y. X and Y should be an positive number and X
should be greater than Y (X>Y). Keep decrementing X from Y until you encounter
0. Once it reaches 0 keep incrementing X by Y until the value reaches X or above
III. Using loops construct a pyramid. Generate the pyramid with an alphabet patterns or
star patterns. Get the number of rows R in the pyramid from the user.

4. A. Expected Input:

I. Please enter the value of N:6

II. Please enter the value of X : 13

Please enter the value of Y: 5

III. Please the Number of rows R: 7

B. Expected Output:

I. The Square of the given number 6 is:

1 5 14 30 55 91
The Sum of the given number 6 is:
1 3 6 10 15 21

II. The Series for 13 and 5 is: 13 8 3 2 7 12 17

III.

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*
**
***
****
*****
******
*******
5. Algorithm:

I.
Step 1: Get the input from the user and store the value in n
Step 2: Initialize two variables to store the square and sum
Step 3: Initialize i=1
Step 4: Repeat Step 5 through Step 7 until i<= n
Step 5: Calculate Square = Square + (i*i)
Step 6: Calculate Sum = Sum + i
Step 7: Increment i by 1
Step 8 : Display Square and Sum
Step 9: Stop
II.
Step 1: Get the X and Y values as input from the user
Step 2: Initialize two variables to store the square and sum
Step 3: Initialize i=1
Step 4: Repeat Step 5 through Step 12 until i<= X*2+Y
Step 5: if X-i>= 0 goto Step 6 else goto Step 8
Step 6: Calculate a = X-i
Step 7 : Display a
Step 8: if X-i< 0 goto Step 9 else goto Step 12
Step 9: Calculate a = X-i
Step 10: Calculate a = a + a*-2
Step 11: Display a
Step 12: Increment i by 1
Step 13: Stop

III.
Step 1: Get the number of rows R from the user
Step 2: Initialize a temporary variable K to count on number of spaces
Step 3: Initialize i=1. Create an outer loop to handle number of rows.
Step 4: Repeat Step 5 through Step 8 until i<=n
Step 5: Initialize j=1. Create inner loop to handle number spaces.
Step 6: Repeat Step 7 through Step 8 until j <=n
Step 7: Display a space
Step 8: Decrement K by 1 after each loop
Step 9: Initialize j=1. Create inner loop to handle number of columns.
Step 10: Repeat Step 11 through Step 13 until j <=n
Step 11: Display ‘*’

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Step 12: Increment i

Step 13: Stop

6. Coding:

I. Write a program to print Square series and addition series. Display square of N
natural numbers and sum of N natural numbers

N = int(input("Please enter the value of N:"))

Square = 0
Sum = 0
print('The Square of the given number',N,'is: ')
fori in range(1, N+1) :
Square = Square + (i * i)
print(Square,end=' ')
print('\n',end=' ')
print('The Sum of the given number',N,'is: ')
fori in range(1, N+1) :
Sum = Sum + i
print(Sum,end=' ')

II. Write a program to display number pattern

X = int(input("Please enter the value of X:"))

Y = int(input("Please enter the value of Y:"))
print('The Series for',X,'and',Y,'is:',end=' ' )
fori in range(0,X*2+Y,Y):
if X-i>= 0:
a = X-i
print(a,end=' ')
elif X-i< 0:
a = X-i
a = a + a*-2
print(a,end=' ')

III. Write a program to display pyramid pattern of N srows

n = int(input("Please enter the value of N:"))

k=n-1

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fori in range(0, n):

for j in range(0, k):
print(end=" ")
k=k-1
for j in range(0, i+1):
print("* ", end="")
print("\r")

7. Test case :

Input Output
I Please enter the value of N:10 The Square of the given number 10
is:
1 5 14 30 55 91 140 204 285 385
The Sum of the given number 10 is:
1 3 6 10 15 21 28 36 45 55
Please enter the value of N:-2 The Square of the given number -2
is:

The Sum of the given number -2 is:

Please enter the value of N:a invalid literal for int() with base 10:
'a'
Please enter the value of N:'1' invalid literal for int() with base 10:
"'1'"
II Please enter the value of X:14 The Series for 14 and 3 is: 14 11 8 5
Please enter the value of Y:3 2 1 4 7 10 13 16
Please enter the value of X:12 range() arg 3 must not be zero
Please enter the value of Y:0
III Please the Number of rows R:-1 No output
Please the Number of rows R:1 *
Please the Number of rows R:03 *
**
***

8. Output :

i. The Square of the given number 6 is: 91

The Sum of the given number 6 is: 21

ii. The Series for 13 and 5 is: 13 8 3 2 7 12 17

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iii.

*
**
***
****
*****
******
*******

9. Result

Number series, Number pattern and pyramid pattern were successfully implemented through
conditional if statement, nested if statement, looping statement through for loop and nested
for loop

10. Viva Questions

A. Which operator is used to check the equality of the two operands?

The equal-to operator ( == ) returns true if both operands have the same value;
otherwise, it returns false .

B. Do we require a Colon at the end of the conditional and looping statement . Justify
if required.

The colon (:) is significant and required. It separates the header of the compound
statement from the body.

The line after the colon must be indented. It is standard in Python to use four spaces
for indenting.

All lines indented the same amount after the colon will be executed whenever the
BOOLEAN_EXPRESSION is true.

C. Is it necessary to use else statement whenever if statement are used

No it is not required to have else block whenever we use if block

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D. Do all the statement of the block has the same indent.

Yes. One of the distinctive features of Python is its use of indentation to highlighting
the blocks of code. Whitespace is used for indentation in Python. All statements with
the same distance to the right belong to the same block of code.

E. What will be the sequence generated by range(10) statement?

[0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]

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[Link]: 4 Implementing real-time/technical applications using Lists,

Tuples.

Date :

1. Problem Statement: Write a python program to create and perform the operations of list and
tuple for the items present in a library

2. Expected Learning Outcomes: Train the students to understand the operations of list and
tuple

3. Problem Analysis:

I. Using list, implement operations of addition and deletion of items in library, and
differentiate the operations which can be performed by tuple.
II. Perform the slicing operations for the materials required for construction using list and
tuple

4. A. Expected Input:

I. Enter the items in the library separated by space: Books Journals Articles Novels
II. Enter the Material List required for construction separated by space: mSand Steel
Stones PVC Plaster Putty
III. Enter the Material Tuple required for construction separated by space:Cement Sand
Bars Bricks Paint Wood Tiles

B. Expected Output:

I.
Enter the items in the library separated by space: Books Journals Articles Novels
List of items in the library: ['Books', 'Journals', 'Articles', 'Novels']
List of items in the library after appending new item: ['Books', 'Journals', 'Articles', 'Novels',
'Newspaper']
List of items in the library after adding new item at 3rd index: ['Books', 'Journals', 'Articles',
'eAssets', 'Novels', 'Newspaper']
List of items in the library after removing an item: ['Books', 'Journals', 'Articles', 'Novels',
'Newspaper']
List of items in the library after removing an item at 2nd index: ['Books', 'Journals', 'Novels',
'Newspaper']
The list library is converted to tuple library now
The items in the tuple library is ('Books', 'Journals', 'Novels', 'Newspaper')
Length of the tuple library is: 4
Yes, 'Newspaper' is an item in the library tuple

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II.
Actual string: Common Materials required for construction
The substring after slice (7, 25): Materials required
Original List: ['mSand', 'Steel', 'Stones', 'PVC', 'Plaster', 'Putty']
Sliced List with slice(1, 5, 1): ['Steel', 'Stones', 'PVC', 'Plaster']
The List after negative values for slice: ['Putty', 'Plaster', 'PVC']
Sliced List with [2:6:1: ['Stones', 'PVC', 'Plaster', 'Putty']
Sliced List with [1::]: ['Steel', 'Stones', 'PVC', 'Plaster', 'Putty']
Original Tuple: ['Cement', 'Sand', 'Bars', 'Bricks', 'Paint', 'Wood', 'Tiles']
The tuple after slice: ['Cement', 'Sand', 'Bars', 'Bricks']
Sliced Tuple with [:]: ['Cement', 'Sand', 'Bars', 'Bricks', 'Paint', 'Wood', 'Tiles']
Sliced Tuple with [::-1] = ['Tiles', 'Wood', 'Paint', 'Bricks', 'Bars', 'Sand', 'Cement']
Sliced Tuple with [-1:-4:-1] = ['Tiles', 'Wood', 'Paint']

5. Algorithm:

Step 1: Get the items of library as input from the user

Step 2: Store the inputs in a list.
Step 3: Append a new item in the list.
Step 4: Add a new item to 3rd index of the list
Step 5: Remove an existing item from the list
Step 6: Remove an existing item from 2nd index of the list
Step 7: Convert the list into tuple
Step 8: Identify an item in the tuple by If condition
Step 9: Stop

II.

Step 1: Print the actual string

Step 2: Slice and print the substring from the string
Step 3: Get the common materials required for construction as input from the user as List
Step 4: Store the inputs in a List
Step 5: Perform slicing operations in the list
Step 6: Get the common materials required for construction as input from the user as Tuple
Step 7: Store the inputs in a Tuple
Step 8: Perform slicing operations in the Tuple
Step 9: Stop

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6. Coding:

I.
Write a python program to create and perform the operations of list and tuple
for the items present in a library

library = list(map(str, input("Enter the items in the library separated by space:

").split()))
print("List of items in the library:",library)
[Link]("Newspaper")
print("List of items in the library after appending new item:",library)
[Link](3,"eAssets")
print("List of items in the library after adding new item at 3rd index:",library)
[Link]("eAssets")
print("List of items in the library after removing an item:",library)
del library[2]
print("List of items in the library after removing an item at 2nd index:",library)
print("The list library is converted to tuple library now")
libraryt = tuple(library)
print("The items in the tuple library is",libraryt)
print("Length of the tuple library is:",len(libraryt))
if "Newspaper" in libraryt:
print("Yes, 'Newspaper' is an item in the library tuple")
else:
print("No, 'Newspaper' is not an item in the library tuple")

II.
Write a python program to perform the slicing operations of list and tuple for
the materials required for construction

str_x = "Common Materials required for construction"

print("Actual string: ", str_x)
obj_slice = slice(7, 25)
print("The substring after slice (7, 25):" ,str_x[obj_slice])
MaterialList = list(map(str, input("Enter the Material List required for construction
separated by space: ").split()))
print("Original List:", MaterialList)
obj_slice = slice(1, 5, 1)
print("Sliced List with slice(1, 5, 1):", MaterialList[obj_slice])
obj_slice = slice(-1,-4, -1)
print("The List after negative values for slice:" ,MaterialList[obj_slice])

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print("Sliced List with [2:6:1:", MaterialList[2:6:1])

print("Sliced List with [1::]:", MaterialList[1::])
MaterialTuple = list(map(str, input("Enter the Material Tuple required for
construction separated by space:").split()))
print("Original Tuple:", MaterialTuple)
obj_slice = slice(4)
print("The tuple after slice:" ,MaterialTuple[obj_slice])
print("Sliced Tuple with [:]:", MaterialTuple[:])
print("Sliced Tuple with [::-1] = ", MaterialTuple[::-1])
print("Sliced Tuple with [-1:-4:-1] = ", MaterialTuple[-1:-4:-1])

7. Test case :

Input Output
I Enter the items in the library separated by Enter the items in the library separated by space:
space: Books Journals Articles Novels Books Journals Articles Novels
List of items in the library: ['Books', 'Journals',
'Articles', 'Novels']
List of items in the library after appending new item:
['Books', 'Journals', 'Articles', 'Novels', 'Newspaper']
List of items in the library after adding new item at
3rd index: ['Books', 'Journals', 'Articles', 'eAssets',
'Novels', 'Newspaper']
List of items in the library after removing an item:
['Books', 'Journals', 'Articles', 'Novels', 'Newspaper']
List of items in the library after removing an item at
2nd index: ['Books', 'Journals', 'Novels', 'Newspaper']
The list library is converted to tuple library now
The items in the tuple library is ('Books', 'Journals',
'Novels', 'Newspaper')
Length of the tuple library is: 4
Enter the items in the library separated by IndexError: list assignment index out of range
space: Books,Journals,Articles,Novels
Enter the items in the library separated by Enter the items in the library separated by space: 1 2 3
space: 1 2 3 4 4
List of items in the library: ['1', '2', '3', '4']
List of items in the library after appending new item:
['1', '2', '3', '4', 'Newspaper']
List of items in the library after adding new item at 3rd
index: ['1', '2', '3', 'eAssets', '4', 'Newspaper']
List of items in the library after removing an item: ['1',
'2', '3', '4', 'Newspaper']
List of items in the library after removing an item at
2nd index: ['1', '2', '4', 'Newspaper']
The list library is converted to tuple library now
The items in the tuple library is ('1', '2', '4',
'Newspaper')
Length of the tuple library is: 4

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Yes, 'Newspaper' is an item in the library tuple

II Enter the Material List required for Actual string: Common Materials required for
construction separated by space: mSand Steel construction
Stones PVC Plaster Putty The substring after slice (7, 25): Materials required
Enter the Material Tuple required for Original List: ['mSand', 'Steel', 'Stones', 'PVC',
construction separated by space:Cement 'Plaster', 'Putty']
Sand Bars Bricks Paint Wood Tiles Sliced List with slice(1, 5, 1): ['Steel', 'Stones', 'PVC',
'Plaster']
The List after negative values for slice: ['Putty',
'Plaster', 'PVC']
Sliced List with [2:6:1: ['Stones', 'PVC', 'Plaster',
'Putty']
Sliced List with [1::]: ['Steel', 'Stones', 'PVC', 'Plaster',
'Putty']
Original Tuple: ['Cement', 'Sand', 'Bars', 'Bricks',
'Paint', 'Wood', 'Tiles']
The tuple after slice: ['Cement', 'Sand', 'Bars', 'Bricks']
Sliced Tuple with [:]: ['Cement', 'Sand', 'Bars', 'Bricks',
'Paint', 'Wood', 'Tiles']
Sliced Tuple with [::-1] = ['Tiles', 'Wood', 'Paint',
'Bricks', 'Bars', 'Sand', 'Cement']
Sliced Tuple with [-1:-4:-1] = ['Tiles', 'Wood', 'Paint']
Enter the Material List required for Actual string: Common Materials required for
construction separated by space: 1 2 3 4 5 6 construction
Enter the Material Tuple required for The substring after slice (7, 25): Materials required
construction separated by space:1 2 3 4 5 6 Original List: ['1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6']
Sliced List with slice(1, 5, 1): ['2', '3', '4', '5']
The List after negative values for slice: ['6', '5', '4']
Sliced List with [2:6:1: ['3', '4', '5', '6']
Sliced List with [1::]: ['2', '3', '4', '5', '6']
Original Tuple: ['1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6']
The tuple after slice: ['1', '2', '3', '4']
Sliced Tuple with [:]: ['1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6']
Sliced Tuple with [::-1] = ['6', '5', '4', '3', '2', '1']
Sliced Tuple with [-1:-4:-1] = ['6', '5', '4']

8. Output :

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The list library is converted to tuple library now

The items in the tuple library is ('Books', 'Journals', 'Novels', 'Newspaper')
Length of the tuple library is: 4
Yes, 'Newspaper' is an item in the library tuple

9. Result

The operations of list and tuple were successfully implemented for the items in library.

10. Viva Questions

F. How do you represent a list and tuple?

List can be represented by [ ]

Tuple can be represented by ( )

G. What operations can and cannot be performed in tuple.

We can’t add elements to a tuple. There’s no append() or extend() method for tuples.
We can’t remove elements from a tuple. Tuples have no remove() or pop() method.
We can find elements in a tuple since this doesn’t change the tuple.
We can also use the in operator to check if an element exists in the tuple.

H. Are lists hashable ?

No lists are not hashable, whereas tuple is hashable

I. How to concatenate lists in Python.

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To concatenate lists, we use the + operator. This will give us a new list that is the
concatenation of our two lists without modifying the original ones.

J. How to return tuples as values?

A function can only return one value, but if the value is a tuple, the effect is the same as
returning multiple values.

K. How do you reverse the order of sequence for slicing?

By using the negative value, we may reverse the order of sequence for slicing. If we
want to count from the last item and return complete list, tuple etc., then use the -1
value.

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[Link]: 5 Implementing real-time/technical applications using Sets,

Dictionaries.

Date :

1. Problem Statement:Write python programs to perform the various operations using Sets and
Dictionaries.

2. Expected Learning Outcomes: Train the students to understand the operations available for
Sets and Dictionaries in python using real-time examples

3. Problem Analysis:
I. Use the possible methods to perform the create, access, add, length, remove, clear
and delete operations of Language sets in python.
II. Using dictionaries perform the create, access, change, add, remove, clear and
delete operations of automobile components in python.
III. Perform the conditional check, iteration, length, and sort operations for the
dictionary with the elements of civil structure.

4. A. Expected Input:

I.
Enter the Languages separated by space: English French German

II.
Enter input pair for Key 'Chasis' : Hatchback
Enter input pair for Key 'Engine' :VCylinder
Enter input pair for Key 'Capacity' : 1000cc
Enter input pair for Key 'Variant' : Petrol

III.
Enter number of 'Pillars': 100
Enter number of 'Floors': 5
Enter number of 'Windows': 50
B. Expected Output:

I.
{'French', 'German', 'English'}
True
{'French', 'Chinese', 'German', 'English'}

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{'French', 'Malayalam', 'Tamil', 'Telugu', 'German', 'Chinese', 'English'}

7
{'French', 'Malayalam', 'Tamil', 'Telugu', 'German', 'English'}
{'Malayalam', 'Tamil', 'Telugu', 'German', 'English'}
Malayalam
{'Tamil', 'Telugu', 'German', 'English'}
set()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<string>", line 31, in <module>
NameError: name 'Language' is not defined

II.
{'Chasis': 'Hatchback', 'Engine': 'VCylinder', 'Capacity': '1000cc', 'Variant': 'Petrol'}
VCylinder
VCylinder
{'Chasis': 'Hatchback', 'Engine': 'VCylinder', 'Capacity': '1000cc', 'Variant': 'Petrol',
'Cost': '75000'}
{'Chasis': 'Hatchback', 'Engine': 'TwinCylinder', 'Capacity': '1000cc', 'Variant': 'Petrol',
'Cost': '75000'}
75000
{'Chasis': 'Hatchback', 'Engine': 'TwinCylinder', 'Capacity': '1000cc', 'Variant': 'Petrol'}
('Variant', 'Petrol')
{'Chasis': 'Hatchback', 'Engine': 'TwinCylinder', 'Capacity': '1000cc'}
{'Chasis': 'Hatchback', 'Capacity': '1000cc'}
{}
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<string>", line 35, in <module>
NameError: name 'automobile' is not defined

III.
{'Pillars': '100', 'Floors': '5', 'Windows': '50'}
Contents of the Dictionary = {'Pillars': '100', 'Floors': '5', 'Windows': '50'}
Checking if Pillars is a key in dictionary = True
Checking if Walls is not a key in dictionary = True
Cannot check with pair value 50 in dictionary (True - pair can be checked, False - pair
cannot be checked = False
Pair values in the dictionary =
100
5
50
Length of the dictionary = 3
Sort the keys of the dictionary in alphabetical order = ['Floors', 'Pillars', 'Windows']

5. Algorithm:

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Step 1: Create a language set with user inputs as English, French and German
Step 2: Check/Access whether German is in the set.
Step 3: Add Chinese to the set
Step 4: Update the set with Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam
Step 5: Print the length of the set
Step 6: Remove Chinese from the set
Step 7: Discard French from the set
Step 8: Use Pop to do random removal of the set
Step 9: Clear the set
Step 10: Delete the set
Step 11: Display the error on printing deleted set
Step 12: Stop

II.
Step 1: Create an automobile component dictionary pair, key: value as Type: Bike, Engine:
2Stroke, Capacity: 100cc}
Step 2: Access the value for the Key "Engine"
Step 3: Access the value for the Key "Engine" using get
Step 4: Add a new key: value as Cost: 75000
Step 5: Update the pair for the key "Engine" as "4Stroke"
Step 6: Remove the particular "Cost" key using pop
Step 7: Remove an arbitrary key using popitem
Step 8: Delete the particular "Engine" key
Step 9: Clear the dictionary
Step 10: Delete the dictionary
Step 11: Display the error on printing deleted dictionary
Step 12: Stop

III.
Step 1: Create an civil elements dictionary pair, key: value as Pillars: 100, Floors: 5,
Windows: 50, Doors: 60
Step 2: List the contents of the dictionary
Step 3: Check if "Pillars" is an element key
Step 4: Check if "Walls" is not an element key
Step 5: Check if pair value can be checked in dictionary
Step 6: List the pair values using for loop iteration
Step 7: Display the length of the dictionary
Step 8: Sort the element keys in alphabetical order
Step 9: Stop

6. Coding:

I. Write a python program to perform the create, access, add, length, remove, clear and
delete operations of Language sets.

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#Step 1
list = list(map(str, input("Enter the Languages separated by space: ").split()))
Language = set(list)
print(Language)
#Step 2
print("German" in Language)
#Step 3
[Link]("Chinese")
print(Language)
#Step 4
[Link](["Tamil", "Telugu", "Malayalam"])
print(Language)
#Step 5
print(len(Language))
#Step 6
[Link]("Chinese")
print(Language)
#Step 7
[Link]("French")
print(Language)
#Step 8
x = [Link]()
print(x)
print(Language)
#Step 9
[Link]()
print(Language)
#Step 10
del Language
#Step 11
print(Language)

II. Write a python program to perform the create, access, change, add, length, remove,
clear and delete operations of automobile component dictionary.
#Step 1
v1=input("Enter input pair for Key 'Chasis' : ")
v2=input("Enter input pair for Key 'Engine' : ")
v3=input("Enter input pair for Key 'Capacity' : ")
v4=input("Enter input pair for Key 'Variant' : ")
automobile={"Chasis":v1, "Engine":v2, "Capacity":v3, "Variant":v4}
print(automobile)

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#Step 2
x = automobile["Engine"]
print(x)
#Step 3
x = [Link]("Engine")
print(x)
#Step 4
automobile['Cost'] = '75000'
print(automobile)
#Step 5
automobile['Engine'] = "TwinCylinder"
print(automobile)
#Step 6
print([Link]("Cost"))
print(automobile)
#Step 7
print([Link]())
print(automobile)
#Step 8
del automobile["Engine"]
print(automobile)
#Step 9
[Link]()
print(automobile)
#Step 10
del automobile
#Step 11
print(automobile)

III. Write a python program to perform the conditional check, iteration, length, and sort
operations for the dictionary with the elements of civil structure.
v1=input("Enter number of 'Pillars': ")
v2=input("Enter number of 'Floors': ")
v3=input("Enter number of 'Windows': ")
civilelements={"Pillars":v1, "Floors":v2, "Windows":v3}
print(civilelements)
print("Contents of the Dictionary =", civilelements)
print("Checking if Pillars is a key in dictionary =", "Pillars" in civilelements)
print("Checking if Walls is not a key in dictionary =", "Walls" not in civilelements)
print("Cannot check with pair value 50 in dictionary (True - pair can be checked, False -
pair cannot be checked =", "50" in civilelements)
print("Pair values in the dictionary =")
fori in civilelements:
print(civilelements[i])
print("Length of the dictionary =", len(civilelements))
print("Sort the keys of the dictionary in alphabetical order =", sorted(civilelements))

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7. Test case:
Input Output
I. Enter the {'French', 'German', 'English'}
Languages True
separated {'French', 'Chinese', 'German', 'English'}
by space: {'French', 'Malayalam', 'Tamil', 'Telugu', 'German',
English 'Chinese', 'English'}
French 7
German {'French', 'Malayalam', 'Tamil', 'Telugu', 'German',
'English'}
{'Malayalam', 'Tamil', 'Telugu', 'German', 'English'}
Malayalam
{'Tamil', 'Telugu', 'German', 'English'}
set()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<string>", line 31, in <module>
NameError: name 'Language' is not defined
Enter the {'German', 'English,', 'French,'}
Languages True
separated {'Chinese', 'German', 'English,', 'French,'}
by space: {'German', 'Telugu', 'Chinese', 'Tamil', 'English,',
English, 'Malayalam', 'French,'}
French, 7
German {'German', 'Telugu', 'Tamil', 'English,', 'Malayalam',
'French,'}
{'German', 'Telugu', 'Tamil', 'English,', 'Malayalam',
'French,'}
German
{'Telugu', 'Tamil', 'English,', 'Malayalam', 'French,'}
set()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<string>", line 31, in <module>
NameError: name 'Language' is not defined
II Enter input {'Chasis': 'Hatchback', 'Engine': 'VCylinder',
pair for 'Capacity': '1000cc', 'Variant': 'Petrol'}
Key VCylinder
'Chasis' : VCylinder
Hatchback {'Chasis': 'Hatchback', 'Engine': 'VCylinder',
Enter input 'Capacity': '1000cc', 'Variant': 'Petrol', 'Cost': '75000'}
pair for {'Chasis': 'Hatchback', 'Engine': 'TwinCylinder',
Key 'Capacity': '1000cc', 'Variant': 'Petrol', 'Cost': '75000'}
'Engine' : 75000
VCylinder {'Chasis': 'Hatchback', 'Engine': 'TwinCylinder',
Enter input 'Capacity': '1000cc', 'Variant': 'Petrol'}
pair for ('Variant', 'Petrol')

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Key {'Chasis': 'Hatchback', 'Engine': 'TwinCylinder',

'Capacity' : 'Capacity': '1000cc'}
1000cc {'Chasis': 'Hatchback', 'Capacity': '1000cc'}
Enter input {}
pair for Traceback (most recent call last):
Key File "<string>", line 35, in <module>
'Variant' : NameError: name 'automobile' is not defined
Petrol
Enter input {'Chasis': '1', 'Engine': '2', 'Capacity': '3', 'Variant':
pair for
'4'}
Key 2
'Chasis' : 1 2
Enter input {'Chasis': '1', 'Engine': '2', 'Capacity': '3', 'Variant': '4',
pair for
'Cost': '75000'}
Key {'Chasis': '1', 'Engine': 'TwinCylinder', 'Capacity': '3',
'Engine' : 2 'Variant': '4', 'Cost': '75000'}
Enter input 75000
pair for
{'Chasis': '1', 'Engine': 'TwinCylinder', 'Capacity': '3',
Key 'Variant': '4'}
'Capacity' : ('Variant', '4')
3 {'Chasis': '1', 'Engine': 'TwinCylinder', 'Capacity': '3'}
Enter input {'Chasis': '1', 'Capacity': '3'}
pair for
{}
Key Traceback (most recent call last):
'Variant' : File "<string>", line 35, in <module>
4 NameError: name 'automobile' is not defined
III Enter {'Pillars': '100', 'Floors': '5', 'Windows': '50'}
number of Contents of the Dictionary = {'Pillars': '100', 'Floors':
'Pillars': '5', 'Windows': '50'}
100 Checking if Pillars is a key in dictionary = True
Enter Checking if Walls is not a key in dictionary = True
number of Cannot check with pair value 50 in dictionary (True -
'Floors': 5 pair can be checked, False - pair cannot be checked =
Enter False
number of Pair values in the dictionary =
'Windows': 100
50 5
50
Length of the dictionary = 3
Sort the keys of the dictionary in alphabetical order =
['Floors', 'Pillars', 'Windows']
Enter {'Pillars': 'a', 'Floors': 'b', 'Windows': 'c'}
number of Contents of the Dictionary = {'Pillars': 'a', 'Floors': 'b',
'Pillars': a 'Windows': 'c'}
Enter Checking if Pillars is a key in dictionary = True
number of Checking if Walls is not a key in dictionary = True

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'Floors': b Cannot check with pair value 50 in dictionary (True -

Enter pair can be checked, False - pair cannot be checked =
number of False
'Windows': Pair values in the dictionary =
c a
b
c
Length of the dictionary = 3
Sort the keys of the dictionary in alphabetical order =
['Floors', 'Pillars', 'Windows']

8. Output

I.
{'German', 'English,', 'French,'}
True
{'Chinese', 'German', 'English,', 'French,'}
{'German', 'Telugu', 'Chinese', 'Tamil', 'English,', 'Malayalam', 'French,'}
7
{'German', 'Telugu', 'Tamil', 'English,', 'Malayalam', 'French,'}
{'German', 'Telugu', 'Tamil', 'English,', 'Malayalam', 'French,'}
German
{'Telugu', 'Tamil', 'English,', 'Malayalam', 'French,'}
set()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<string>", line 31, in <module>
NameError: name 'Language' is not defined

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9. Result

The operations for the sets and dictionaries were successfully implemented through python
program.

10. Viva Questions

A. How to access the item in a set?

We cannot access items in a set by referring to an index, since sets are unordered the items
has no index. But We can loop through the set items using a for loop, or ask if a specified
value is present in a set, by using the in keyword.

B. What will be the output, if you try to remove an item which is not in the list ?
If the item to remove does not exist, remove() will raise an error.
If the item to remove does not exist, discard() will NOT raise an error.

C. What is the difference between del and clear() in sets?

The clear() method empties the set, whereas del keyword will delete the set completely:

D. How to add or change elements in a dictionary?

Dictionary is mutable. We can add new items or change the value of existing items using
assignment operator. If the key is already present, value gets updated, else a new key: value
pair is added to the dictionary.

E. What is the difference between pop(key[,d]) and popitem() in dictionary?

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pop(key[,d]) - Remove the item with key and return its value or d if key is not found. If d is
not provided and key is not found, raises KeyError.
popitem() - Remove and return an arbitrary item (key, value). Raises KeyError if the
dictionary is empty.

F. What is membership test for the elements in dictionary?

We can test if a key is in a dictionary or not using the keyword in. The membership test is
for keys only, not for values. For example,
squares = {1: 1, 3: 9, 5: 25, 7: 49, 9: 81}
# Output: True
print(1 in squares)
# Output: True
print(2 not in squares)
# membership tests for key only not value
# Output: False
print(49 in squares)

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[Link]: 6 Implementing Programs using Functions

Date :
1. Problem Statement: Write a python program to implement Factorial of a number, largest
number in a list, area of shape using functions.

2. Expected Learning Outcomes: Train the students to understand the basics of functions.

3. Problem Analysis:

a. Using function concepts implement Factorial of a non-negative integer, is

multiplication of all integers smaller than or equal to n.
b. Get the number of elements from user. Using function identify the largest number in
the given list.
c. Using Python create a module that contains area calculation functions of different
shapes (triangle, circle and rectangle)
4. A. Expected Input:

I. Enter the value of N: 3

II. Enter the list of elements: 7, 2, 23, 3, 19

B. Expected Output:

[Link] factorial of the given number 3 is: 6

II. The largest number in the list is: 23

III. Area of Rectangle:12

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Area of Triangle: 6
Area of Square: 16
Area of Circle: 50.24

5. Algorithm:
I.
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Declare Variable n, fact, i
Step 3: Read number from User
Step 4: Initialize Variable fact=1 and i=1
Step 5: Repeat Until i<=number
5.1 fact=fact*i
5.2 i=i+1

Step 6: Print fact

Step 7: Stop

II.
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Create an empty list
Step 3: Read list elements from User
Step 4: Assign first number in list to variable "max"
Step 5: Use for loop compare each number with "max" value
Step 6: Assign the largest value to "max'
Step 7: Repeat Step 5 and 6 until reach the last element of the list
Step 8: Print max as largest number in the list

III.
Step 1: Select the shape
Step 2: If it is rectangle do the following
Step 2.1: Enter the width of the rectangle.
Step 2.2: Enter the Height of the rectangle.
Step 2.3: Calculate the area of the rectangle by multiplying the width and height of
the rectangle.
Step 2.4: Assign the area of the rectangle to the area variable.
Step 2.5: print the area of the rectangle.
Step 3: If it is triangle do the following
Step 3.1: Enter the breadth of the triangle
Step 3.2: Enter the Height of the triangle
Step 3.3: Calculate the area of the rectangle by multiplying the breadth and height
of the triangle
Step 3.4: Assign the area of the triangle to the area variable.
Step 3.5: print the area of the triangle
Step 4: If it is square do the following

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Step 4.1: Enter the side of the square

Step 4.2: Calculate the area of the square by multiplying the 4 sides
Step 4.3: Assign the area of the Square to the area variable.
Step 4.4: Print the area of the square
Step 5: If it is circle do the following
Step 5.1: Enter the radius of the circle
Step 5.2: Calculate the area of the circle by 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2
Step 5.3: Assign the area of the circle to the area variable.
Step 5.4: Print the area of the circle
6. Coding:
a. Write a program to find the factorial of a number.

# factorial of given number

def factorial(n):
if n < 0:
return 0
elif n == 0 or n == 1:
return 1
else:
fact = 1
while(n > 1):
fact *= n
n -= 1
return fact
num = 5;
print("Factorial of",num,"is",
factorial(num))

b. Write a program to find the largest number in the list.

# Python program to find largest number in a list

# creating empty list

list1 = []

# asking number of elements to put in list

num = int(input("Enter number of elements in list: "))

# iterating till num to append elements in list

fori in range(1, num + 1):
ele = int(input("Enter elements: "))
[Link](ele)

# print maximum element

print("Largest element is:", max(list1))

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C. Write a program to find area of different shapes.

# define a function for calculating the area of a shapes

defcalculate_area(name):\

# converting all characters into lower cases

name = [Link]()

# check for the conditions

if name == "rectangle":
l = int(input("Enter rectangle's length: "))
b = int(input("Enter rectangle's breadth: "))

# calculate area of rectangle

rect_area = l * b
print(f"Area of rectangle is
{rect_area}.")

elif name == "square":

s = int(input("Enter square's side length: "))

# calculate area of square

sqt_area = s * s
print(f"Area of square is
{sqt_area}.")

elif name == "triangle":

h = int(input("Enter triangle's height length: "))
b = int(input("Enter triangle's breadth length: "))

# calculate area of triangle

tri_area = 0.5 * b * h
print(f"Area of triangle is
{tri_area}.")

elif name == "circle":

r = int(input("Enter circle's radius length: "))
pi = 3.14

# calculate area of circle

circ_area = pi * r * r
print(f"The area of triangle is
{circ_area}.")
else:

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print("Sorry! This shape is not available")

# driver code
if __name__ == "__main__" :

print("Calculate Shape Area")

shape_name = input("Enter the name of shape whose area you want to find: ")

# function calling
calculate_area(shape_name)

7. Test case :

Input Output
I Enter the value of N:4 The factorial of the given number 4
is:
24
Enter the value of N:-3 The factorial of the given number -
3 is:
Please enter the value of N: a invalid literal for int() with base 10:
'a'
II Enter the list of elements:[5,8,3 9,2] The largest number in the list is 9
Enter the list of elements:[33,25,28,34 The largest number in the list is 34
19,2]
III Enter name of the shape: Rectangle
Enter rectangle's length: 4
Enter rectangle's breadth:3 Area of Rectangle:12
Enter name of the shape: Triangle
Enter triangle's height length: 4
Enter triangle's breadth length: 3 Area of Triangle: 6
Enter name of the shape: Square
Enter square's side length: 4 Area of Square: 16
Enter name of the shape: Circle
Enter circle's radius length: 4 Area of Circle: 50.24
Enter rectangle's length: s could not convert string to float: 's'

8. Output :

[Link] factorial of the given number 3 is: 6

II. The largest number in the list is: 23

III. Area of Rectangle:12

Area of Triangle: 6
Area of Square: 16

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Area of Circle: 50.24

9. Result

Factorial of a number, Largest number in a list, Area of different shapes are successfully
implemented through functions.

10. Viva Questions

A. Define range() function.

The range() Function

To loop through a set of code a specified number of times, we can use the range() function,

The range() function returns a sequence of numbers, starting from 0 by default, and
increments by 1 (by default), and ends at a specified number.

B. Define function.
A function is a block of code which only runs when it is [Link] can pass data, known as
parameters, into a function.A function can return data as a result.

C. How to create a Function in python?

In Python a function is defined using the def keyword:

D. How to Call a Function in python?

To call a function, use the function name followed by parenthesis:

E. What is Recursion?
Python also accepts function recursion, which means a defined function can call itself.

Recursion is a common mathematical and programming concept. It means that a

function calls itself. This has the benefit of meaning that you can loop through data to reach a
result.

F. Why Use Lambda Functions?

The power of lambda is better shown when you use them as an anonymous function inside
another [Link] you have a function definition that takes one argument, and that
argument will be multiplied with an unknown number.

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[Link]: 7 Implementing programs using Strings

Date :

1. Problem Statement: Write a python program to Implementing programs (reverse, palindrome,

character count, replacing characters using Strings

2. Expected Learning Outcomes: Train the students to understand the basics of Strings
concepts.

3. Problem Analysis:

c. Using string concepts to implement reverse a string.

d. Using string concepts to implement to check the given string is palindrome or not.
e. Using string concepts to count the number of characters in a given string.
f. Using string concepts to replace characters in a given string

4. A. Expected Input:

I. Please enter the string a:welcome

II. Please enter the string x: madam

III. Please enter the string x:knowledge

Please enter the char to be count :e

IV. Please enter the string x:good

Please enter which the char to be replace :o a

Please enter how many times u want to replace the char:1

B. Expected Output:

I. Reverse string is: emoclew

II. Yes,The string is Palindrome

III. count of e in given string is: 2

IV. the replaced string is gaad

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5. Algorithm:

I.
Step 1: Get the input from the user and store the value in a
Step 2: Use slice statement and read the string
. Step 3: Print the reverse String
II.
Step 1: Get the input string from user and store in x
Step 2: Define a palindrome function
Step 3: Use slicing function and reverse the string
Step 4: check both the string are same
Step 5: If yes, The string is Palindrome
Step 6: If not, The string is not a Palindrome
III.
Step 1: Read the string from user and store in x
Step 2: Read the char to be count and store in y
Step 3: Use count function to count the number of characters
Step 4: Display the output
IV.
Step 1: Read the string from user and store in x
Step 2: Read the char to be replaced and store in a,b
Step 3: Use replace function to replace the characters
Step 4: Display the output

6. Coding:

I. Write a program to print Reverse String

a=input("please enter the string a:")

x=a[::-1]
print("Reverse string is:",x)

II. Write a program to display given string is palindrome or not

defisPalindrome(x):
return x == x[::-1]

x = input("Please enter the string x:")

y = isPalindrome(x)
if y:
print("Yes,The string is Palindrome ")
else:
print("No,The string is not a Palindrome")
III. Write a program to count a character from a given string

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x = input("Please enter the string x:")

y = input("Please enter the char to be count :")
counter = [Link](y)
print("count of " + y +" in given string is:", str(counter))

IV. Write a program to replace a character from a given string

x = input("Please enter the string x:")

a,b = input("Please enter which the char to be replace :").split()
re = [Link](a,b)
print("the replaced string is ",re)

7. Test case :

Input Output
I Please enter the string a:welcome Reverse string is:
emoclew
Please enter the string a:python programming Reverse string is:
gnimmargorpnohtyp
II Please enter the string x:malayalam Yes,The string is Palindrome
Please enter the string x:modem No,The string is not a Palindrome
III Please enter the string x:knowledge count of e in given string is: 2
Please enter the char to be count :e
Please enter the string x:python count of g in given string is: 0
Please enter the char to be count :g
IV Please enter the string x:good the replaced string is gaad
Please enter which the char to be replace :o a the replaced string is gaod
Please enter how many times u want to replace the
char:1

8. Output :

I. Reverse string is: gnimmargorpnohtyp

II. Yes,The string is Palindrome

III. count of e in given string is: 2

IV. the replaced string is gaad

9. Result
The programs Reverse a string , palindrome, character count, replacing characters using
Strings are successfully implemented.

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10. Viva Questions

A. What is docstring in Python?

Documentation string or docstring is a multiline string used to document a specific code
segment.
The docstring should describe what the function or method does

B. What is slicing in Python?

 As the name suggests, ‘slicing’ is taking parts of.

 Syntax for slicing is [start : stop : step]
 start is the starting index from where to slice a list or tuple
 stop is the ending index or where to sop.
 step is the number of steps to jump.
 Default value for start is 0, stop is number of items, step is 1.
 Slicing can be done on strings, arrays, lists, and tuples.

C. What is the difference between Python Arrays and lists?

 Arrays in python can only contain elements of same data types i.e., data type of array
should be homogeneous. It is a thin wrapper around C language arrays and consumes far
less memory than lists.
 Lists in python can contain elements of different data types i.e., data type of lists can
be heterogeneous. It has the disadvantage of consuming large memory.

D. What are decorators in Python?

Decorators in Python are essentially functions that add functionality to an existing function
in Python without changing the structure of the function itself. They are represented
the @decorator_name in Python and are called in a bottom-up fashion.

E. What are Dict and List comprehensions?

Python comprehensions, like decorators, are syntactic sugar constructs that help build
altered and filtered lists, dictionaries, or sets from a given list, dictionary, or set. Using
comprehensions saves a lot of time and code that might be considerably more verbose
(containing more lines of code).

F. What is lambda in Python? Why is it used?

Lambda is an anonymous function in Python, that can accept any number of arguments, but
can only have a single expression. It is generally used in situations requiring an anonymous
function for a short time period.

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[Link]: 8 Programs using written modules and Python Standard

Libraries

Date :

5. Problem Statement:Write a python program using python runnable code called modules and
use python standard libraries.

6. Expected Learning Outcomes: Train the students to understand the basic of modules and
libraries available in python

7. Problem Analysis:
I. Use python math module to compute various mathematical operations.
II. Compute the Mean, Median, Mode, Quartiles and Standard deviation using Numpy
and pandas libraries.

8. A. Expected Input:

I. Enter the set of 3 numbers for finding the square root, Factorial and log base2
:3,5,10
II. Take a set of eight numbers as input.
Set of frequencies: [11, 21, 34, 22, 27, 11, 23, 21]

B. Expected Output:

IV. Square root 1.7320508075688772

Factorial 3628800

Log base 2 2.321928094887362

V.
Mean= 21.25
Mean= 21.25
Median 21.5
Mode [11, 21]
Mode 11
Quartiles (16.0, 21.5, 25.0)
Standard Deviation Simple Method: 7.1545440106270926
Standard Deviation using Numpy: 7.1545440106270926

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5. Algorithm:

IV. Step 1: Get three Numbers from user and store it in a, b, and c
Step 2: Compute Square root of a and display the result
Step 3: Compute factorial of b and display the result
Step 4: Compute log base 2 of c and display the result
Step 5: Stop

V.
Step1: Take a list of 8 Numbers.
Step2: Compute the Mean value by simple Computation and print it.
Step3: Compute the Mean value using numpy method and print it.
Step4: Compute the Median value by simple Computation and print it.
Step5: Compute the Mode value by simple Computation and print it.
Step6: Compute the Mode value using numpy method and print it.
Step7: Compute the IQR (Inter Quartile Range) by simple Computation and print
it.
Step8: Compute the Standard Deviation by simple Computation and print it.
Step9: Compute the Standard Deviation using Numpy and print it.
Step 10: Stop

6. Coding:

IV. Write a program to compute Square root , Factorial and Log base 2 using math module
in python

import math as
a,b,c = input('Enter the set of 3 numbers for finding the square root , Factorial and log
base2 :').split(',')
a = int(a)
b = int(b)
c = int(c)
print('Square root ',[Link](a))
print('Factorial ',[Link](b))
print('Log base 2 ',m.log2(c))

V. Write a program to compute mean, median, mode, IQR and Standard Deviation using
Numpy, Pandas and Scipy in python
importnumpy as n
from collections import Counter
fromscipy import stats

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# Finding Mean by simple Computation

a= [11, 21, 34, 22, 27, 11, 23, 21]
mean = sum(a)/len(a)
print (mean)
# Finding Mean using numpy method
mean = [Link](a)
print (mean)
# Finding Median by simple Computation.
def median(nums):
[Link]()
iflen(nums)%2 == 0:
returnint(nums[len(nums)//2-1]+nums[len(nums)//2])/2
else:
returnnums[len(nums)//2]
print (median(a))
# Finding Mode by simple Computation
data = dict(Counter(a))
mode = [k for k, v in [Link]() if v == max(list([Link]()))]
print (mode)
# Finding Mode using numpy method
print ([Link](a)[0][0])
# Finding Quartiles by simple method
def quartiles(nums):
nums=sorted(nums)
Q1 = median(nums[:len(nums)//2])
Q2 = median(nums)
iflen(nums)%2 == 0:
Q3 = median(nums[len(nums)//2:])
else:
Q3 = median(nums[len(nums)//2+1:])
return Q1,Q2,Q3
def median(nums):
[Link]()
iflen(nums)%2 == 0:
returnint(nums[len(nums)//2-1]+nums[len(nums)//2])/2
else:
returnnums[len(nums)//2]
print (quartiles(a))
# Find Standard deviation by simple computation
n=len(a)
std=(sum(map(lambda x: (x-sum(a)/n)**2,a))/n )**0.5
print(std)
# Find Standard deviation using numpy method
print ([Link](a))

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8. Test case:
Input Output
II. 0,0,0 Square root 0.0
Factorial 1
ValueError: math domain
error
100,2,100 Square root 10.0
Factorial 2
Log base 2
6.643856189774724
III. [9, 8, 31, 20, 0, 31, 31, 20] Mean = 18.75
Mean = 18.75
Median = 20.0
Mode = [31]
Mode = 31
Quartiles = (8.5, 20.0, 31.0)
Strandard Deviation =
11.266654339243749
Strandard Deviation =
11.266654339243749
['a', 100, 310, 200, 100, 1, 100, 20] TypeError: cannot perform
reduce with flexible type

11. Output

I. Square root 1.7320508075688772

Factorial 3628800

Log base 2 2.321928094887362

II. Mean= 21.25

Mean= 21.25
Median 21.5
Mode [11, 21]
Mode 11
Quartiles (16.0, 21.5, 25.0)
Standard Deviation Simple Method: 7.1545440106270926
Standard Deviation using Numpy: 7.1545440106270926

12. Result

Few most important modules including Math, Numpy array, pandas and Scipy were
successfully implemented through python program.

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13. Viva Questions

A. What is a module in python?

Modules refer to a file containing Python statements and definitions.

A file containing Python code, for example: [Link], is called a module, and its module
name would be example.
We use modules to break down large programs into small manageable and organized files.
Furthermore, modules provide reusability of code.
We can define our most used functions in a module and import it, instead of copying their
definitions into different programs.

B. What are the different ways to import a module in python?

a. import module.
b. from module import function.
c. from module import *

C. What is import * in Python?

Use the asterisk (*) as a wild card. The following statement will import every function and
property contained in the math package.

from module import *

D. What is the use of NumPy in Python?

NumPy can be used to perform a wide variety of mathematical operations on arrays. It adds
powerful data structures to Python that guarantee efficient calculations with arrays and
matrices and it supplies an enormous library of high-level mathematical functions that
operate on these arrays and matrices.

E. Why pandas is used in Python?

Pandas is a Python library for data analysis. ... Pandas is built on top of two core Python
libraries—matplotlib for data visualization and NumPy for mathematical operations. Pandas
acts as a wrapper over these libraries, allowing you to access many of matplotlib's and
NumPy's methods with less code.

F. What is SciPy in Python used for?

SciPy is an open-source Python library which is used to solve scientific and mathematical
problems. It is built on the NumPy extension and allows the user to manipulate and visualize
data with a wide range of high-level commands.

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[Link]: 9 Implementing real-time/technical applications using File

handling.
Date :

1. Problem Statement: Write a python program to implement real-time/technical applications

using File handling. (copy from one file to another, word count, longest word)

2. Expected Learning Outcomes: Train the students to understand the basics of file handling
operations.

3. Problem Analysis:

a. Using read, write & append operations in file concepts implement the copy contents
of the first file into the second file
b. Using split() function implement the word count from a given text or sentence.
c. Using string split() function & max() function implement the longest word from
sentence
4. A. Expected Input:

a. Myinput [Link]: Hi this is first copy file python program

[Link] :
b. The original string is : Tutorials point is a learning platform.
c. Enter sentence: Tongue tied and twisted just an earth bound misfit I

B. Expected Output:

[Link] [Link]: Hi this is first copy file python program

II. The number of words in string are : 6
[Link] word is: twisted
And its length is: 7

5. Algorithm:

I.
Step1: Start
Step2: Create text files [Link] and save with some contents & [Link] with
Empty contents
Step3: open [Link] in ‘r’ mode
Step2: read the contents of [Link].
Step3: open [Link] in ‘a’ mode and will append the content of [Link] into
[Link].
Step 6: open [Link]
Step 7: Stop

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II.
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Get the string from User
Step 3: Read list elements from User
Step 4: Use Split function breaks the string into a list iterable with space as a
delimiter
Step 5: if the split() function is used without specifying the delimiter space is
allocated as a default delimiter.
Step 6: Print number of words in string

III.
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Get the string from User
Step 3: Read sentence from user
Step 4: Use Split function to convert it to list.
Step 5: After splitting to use max() function with keyword argument key=len
Step 6: Print longest word from sentence

6. Coding:

a. Write a program to copy from one file to another.

# Creating an output file in writing mode
output_file = open("myoutput [Link]", "w")
# Opening input file and scanning each line
# from input file and writing in output file
with open("myinput [Link]", "r") as scan:
output_file.write([Link]())
# Closing the output file
output_file.close()

b. Write a program to find find word count from a given text or sentence.

test_string = "Tutorials point is a learning platform"

#original string
print ("The original string is : " + test_string)
# using split() function
res = len(test_string.split())
# total no of words
print ("The number of words in string are : " + str(res))

c. Write a program to find longest word from sentence

# Longest word
# Reading sentence from user
sentence = input("Enter sentence: ")
# Finding longest word

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longest = max([Link](), key=len)

# Displaying longest word
print("Longest word is: ", longest)
print("And its length is: ", len(longest))

7. Test case :

Input Output
i [Link]: Myoutput [Link]:
Hi this is my first copy file python program Hi this is my first copy file python
program
[Link]: [Link]:
7764gffghhg 7764gffghhg
ii The original string is : Tutorials point is a The number of words in string are : 6
learning platform
The original string is : This is my test string The number of words in string are : 8
for word count problem
iii Enter sentence: Longest word is: twisted
Tongue tied and twisted just an earth And its length is: 7
bound misfit I
Enter sentence: Longest word is: exercise
This is my test string for longest word And its length is: 8
count exercise

8. Output :

[Link] [Link]: Hi this is first copy file python program

ii. The number of words in string are : 6

iii. Longest word is: twisted

And its length is: 7

9. Result

Real-time/technical applications (copy from one file to another, word count, longest word)
implemented through File handling operations.

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10. Viva Questions

G. Write short hints about access modes in files?.

Access modes govern the type of operations possible in the opened file. It refers to
how the file will be used once its opened. These modes also define the location of the File
Handle in the file. File handle is like a cursor, which defines from where the data has to be
read or written in the file.

H. List out some of the access modes are used in files .

 Read Only (‘r’)
 Write Only (‘w’)
 Read and Write (‘r+’)
 Write and Read (‘w+’)
 Append Only (‘a’)
 Append and Read (‘a+’)

I. How to use opening a file in python?

It is done using the open() function. No module is required to be imported for this function.

File_object = open(r"File_Name","Access_Mode")

The file should exist in the same directory as the python program file else, full address of
the file should be written on place of filename.

J. How to use closing a file in python?

close() function closes the file and frees the memory space acquired by that file. It is used
at the time when the file is no longer needed or if it is to be opened in a different file mode.

File_object.close()

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[Link]: 10 Real-time/technical applications using Exception handling

Date :

1. Problem Statement: Write a python program to Implement programs real-time/technical

applications using Exception handling. (divide by zero error, voter’s age validity, student
mark range validation)
2. Expected Learning Outcomes: Train the students to understand the basics of Exception
handling

3. Problem Analysis:

a. Using division concepts to implement ZeroDivisionError.

b. Using conditional check concepts to implement voter’s age validity
c. Using Average computation concepts to find a student mark range validation

4. A. Expected Input:

a. Enter a:10
Enter b:0
b. Enter Age : 19
c. Enter marks of the first subject: 85
Enter marks of the second subject: 95
Enter marks of the third subject: 99
Enter marks of the fourth subject: 93
Enter marks of the fifth subject: 100

B. Expected Output:

I. ZeroDivisionError: division by zero

II. You are Eligible for Vote
III. Grade: A

5. Algorithm:

a.
Step 1: Get the input from the user and store the value in a & b
Step 2: Use try& catch with division statement and read the input values
. Step 3: Print the ZeroDivisionError

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b.
Step 1: Get the input from user and store in x
Step 2: Use a conditional check statement and read the string

Step 3: If yes, You are Eligible for Vote

Step 6: If not, You are Not Eligible for Vote
III.
Step 1: Get the input from the user and store the value in sub1, sub2 ,sub3,
sub4 & sub5
Step 3: Use Avg computation and to get Avg value
Step 4: Display the output

6. Coding:

V. Write a program to print ZeroDivisionError

try:
a = int(input("Enter a:"))
b = int(input("Enter b:"))
c = a/b
print("a/b = %d"%c)
# Using exception object with the except statement
except Exception as e:
print("can't divide by zero")
print(e)
else:
print("Hi I am else block")

VI. Write a program to display voter’s age validity

# input age
age = int(input("Enter Age : "))

# condition to check voting eligibility

if age>=18:
status="Eligible"
else:
status="Not Eligible"

print("You are ",status," for Vote.")

VII. Write a program to find a student mark range validation

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sub1=int(input("Enter marks of the first subject: "))

sub2=int(input("Enter marks of the second subject: "))
sub3=int(input("Enter marks of the third subject: "))
sub4=int(input("Enter marks of the fourth subject: "))
sub5=int(input("Enter marks of the fifth subject: "))
avg=(sub1+sub2+sub3+sub4+sub4)/5
if(avg>=90):
print("Grade: A")
elif(avg>=80&avg<90):
print("Grade: B")
elif(avg>=70&avg<80):
print("Grade: C")
elif(avg>=60&avg<70):
print("Grade: D")
else:
print("Grade: F")

7. Test case :

Input Output
I Enter a:10 ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
Enter b:0
Enter a:10 Will not throw division by zero
Enter b:5
I Enter Age : 19 Yes,You are Eligible for Vote
Enter Age : 17 No,You are not Eligible for Vote
III Enter marks of the first subject: 85
Enter marks of the second subject: 95
Enter marks of the third subject: 99
Enter marks of the fourth subject: 93 Grade: A
Enter marks of the fifth subject: 100

Enter marks of the first subject: 81

Enter marks of the second subject: 72
Enter marks of the third subject: 94
Enter marks of the fourth subject: 85
Enter marks of the fifth subject: 80 Grade: B

8. Output :

I. ZeroDivisionError: division by zero

II. You are Eligible for Vote
III. Grade: A

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9. Result

Thus The programs real-time/technical applications using Exception handling(divide by zero error,
voter’s age validity, student mark range validation) are successfully implemented.

10. Viva Questions

G. What is Exception Handling?

An exception can be defined as an unusual condition in a program resulting in the
interruption in the flow of the program.

Whenever an exception occurs, the program stops the execution, and thus the further code
is not executed.

H. List out some common exceptions?

A list of common exceptions that can be thrown from a standard Python program is given
below.

 ZeroDivisionError: Occurs when a number is divided by zero.

 NameError: It occurs when a name is not found. It may be local or global.
 IndentationError: If incorrect indentation is given.
 IOError: It occurs when Input Output operation fails.
 EOFError: It occurs when the end of the file is reached, and yet operations are
being performed..
I. What is the difference between Exception and without the Exception?

 We can use the exception variable with the except statement. It is used by using the as
keyword. this object will return the cause of the exception.
.
 Without the Exception, It will not interrupt the program execution and will not through a
exception message.

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[Link]: 11 Exploring Pygame

Date :

1. Problem Statement: Exploring a cross-platform that is used to develop video games.

2. Expected Learning Outcomes: As a beginner, it helps students to understand the basic

concepts of Pygame and how to install and use this module.

3. Description
Pygame

 Pygame is a cross-platform set of Python modules which is used to create video games.
 It consists of computer graphics and sound libraries designed to be used with the Python
programming language.
 Pygame was officially written by Pete Shinners to replace PySDL.
 Pygame is suitable to create client-side applications that can be potentially wrapped in a
standalone executable.

Prerequisites for Pygame:

Before learning about pygame, we need to understand what kind of game we want to develop.

 To learn pygame, it is required to have basic knowledge of Python.

Pygame Installation

Install pygame in Windows

Before installing Pygame, Python should be installed in the system, and it is good to have 3.6.1 or
above version because it is much friendlier to beginners, and additionally runs faster. There are
mainly two ways to install Pygame, which are given below:

1. Installing through pip: The good way to install Pygame is with the pip tool (which is what
python uses to install packages). The command is the following:
PIP is a tool that is used to install python packages. PIP is automatically installed with Python
2.7. 9+ and Python 3.4+. Open the command prompt and enter the command shown below to
check whether pip is installed or not.
pip install package_name
pip will look for that package on PyPI and if found, it will download and install the package on
your local system.

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Download and Install pip:

pip can be downloaded and installed using command-line by going through the following steps:
 Download the [Link] file and store it in the same directory as python is installed.

Change the current path of the directory in the command line to the path of the directory where
the above file exists.

Run the command given below:

python [Link]

and wait through the installation process.

pip is now installed on your system.

Step 3: Install Pygame

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To install Pygame, open the command prompt and give the command as shown below:
pip install pygame

Step 4: Check Whether PyGame is Working or not

Now open a new terminal and import the Pygame library to see whether it is working fine or not
in our system. The library is imported successfully means we got success.

Installing through an IDE: The second way is to install it is through an IDE and here we are using
Pycharm IDE. Installation of pygame in the pycharm is straightforward. We can install it by running
the above command in the terminal or use the following steps:

o Open the File tab and click on the Settings option.

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o Select the Project Interpreter and click on the + icon.

o It will display the search box. Search the pygame and click on the install package button.

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To check whether the pygame is properly installed or not, in the IDLE interpreter, type the following
command and press Enter:

import pygame

If the command runs successfully without throwing any errors, it means we have successfully
installed Pygame and found the correct version of IDLE to use for pygame programming.

Basic pygame methods

[Link]() - This is used to initialize all the required module of the pygame.

[Link].set_mode((width, height)) - This is used to display a window of the desired size.

The return value is a Surface object which is the object where we will perform graphical operations.

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[Link]()- This is used to empty the event queue. If we do not call this, the window
messages will start to pile up and, the game will become unresponsive in the opinion of the operating
system.

[Link] - This is used to terminate the event when we click on the close button at the corner
of the window.

[Link]() - Pygame is double-buffered, so this shifts the buffers. It is essential to call

this function in order to make any updates that you make on the game screen to make visible.

PygameBlit

The pygameblit is the process to render the game object onto the surface, and this process is
called blitting. When we create the game object, we need to render it. If we don't render the game
objects and run the program, then it will give the black window as an output.

Blitting is one of the slowest operations in any game so, we need to be careful to not to blit much
onto the screen in every frame. The primary function used in blitting is blit(), which is:

blit()

Pygame Adding Image

To add an image on the window, first, we need to instantiate a blank surface by calling the Surface
constructor with a width and height tuple.

surface = [Link]((100,100))

The above line creates a blank 24-bit RGB image that's 100*100 pixels with the default black color.

For the transparent initialization of Surface, pass the SRCALPHA argument.

surface = [Link]((100,100), [Link])

4. Result
Thus to study and explore Pygame was successfully completed.

5. Viva Questions

A. Can PyGame make 3D games?

No, Pygame is a wrapper for SDL, which is a 2D api. Pygame doesn't provide any 3D capability
and probably never will.

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B. Is Pygame a game engine?

It is an advanced, feature-packed, multi-platform 2D and 3D open source game engine.

C. How do you make your character jump in Pygame?

Start a jump by pressing the space bar (set a variable) and stop it, when you touch the floor. you
start a jump on keydown (pygame. KEYDOWN) not if pressed.

D. How do you Blit an image in pygame?

Create a Image surface object [Link] object in which image is drawn on it, using image. load()
method of pygame. Copy the image surface object to the display surface object using blit() method
of pygame display surface object. Show the display surface object on the pygame window using
display.

E. How do you flip an image in pygame?

To flip the image we need to use pygame. transform. flip(Surface, xbool, ybool) method which is
called to flip the image in vertical direction or horizontal direction according to our needs

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[Link]: 12 Developing a game activity using Pygame

Date :

1. Problem Statement: Write a python program to develop a game activity like bouncing ball,
elliptical orbit etc. using Pygame

2. Expected Learning Outcomes: As a beginner, it helps students to create dynamic scripts

and to build their first game using Pygame.
 Once learning coding games, it gainsinsights into the complex processes that go into
building games.
 It ensuresthe students to create a code with better readability with lesser code lines
and better design

3. Problem Analysis:

a. Using pygame. image. Load() the ball image has been opened and an infinite loop has
been created to make the ball move continuously and reverse the direction of ball if it hits
the edges. Pygame provides move() method to make an object move smoothly across the
[Link]() method the surface background color is [Link] also need to render
the moving object on the window In pygame, this is called blitting of an object and
implemented with blit() method. flip () method is used to make all image visible.

b. Using [Link]() set the screen size .Let us set the x and y radius of ellipse.
starting from degree 0 ending with 360 degrees in increments of 10 degrees calculate the
(x1, y1) coordinates to find a point in the elliptical [Link] (degree * 2 * [Link] /
360) x1 = (type conversion int) ([Link](radians) * xradius) + screensize/2 formula
convert degree to [Link]() and [Link]() a
centre circle ,ellipse and another smaller circle on the ellipse are drawn.

4. A. Expected Input:

a. Load the ball image as input

b. Entering X and Y as radius

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5. B. Expected Output:

IV.

6. Algorithm:

I.
Step 1: Start the program
Step 2: Set the screen size and background colour
Step 3: Set the speed of the moving ball
Step 4: Create a graphical window using set_mode()
Step 5: Set the caption
Step 6: Load the ball image and create a rectangle area covering the image.
Step 7: Use blit() method to copy the pixel color of the ball to the screen.
Step 8 :Set the background color of the screen and use the flip() method to make
all the images visible
Step 9: Move the ball in specified speed.
Step 10: If the ball hits the edges of the screen reverse the direction.

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Step 11: Create an infinite loop and repeat the steps 9 and 10 until the user exits
the program.
Step 12: Stop the program

II.
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Set screen size and caption.
Step 3: Create clock variable
Step 4: Set the x and y radius of the ellipse.
Step 5: Starting from the degree 0 ending with 360 degrees in increments of 10
degrees calculate the (x1,y1) coordinates to find a point in the elliptical orbit.
Step 6: Convert degree to radiants (degree * 2*[Link]/360)
Step 7 : Set the background color ,draw the center circle ,ellipse and another
smaller circle on the ellipse
Step 8: Refresh the screen for every 5 clock ticks.
Step 9: Repeat the steps 4 to 8 until user quits the program.
Step 10: Stop

7. Coding:

a. Write a program to develop a game activity like bouncing ball using Pygame

import pygame,sys
[Link]()
size=width,height=1000,600
speed=[2,2]
screen=[Link].set_mode(size)
[Link].set_caption("Bouncing ball")
ball=[Link]("D:\IMAGES\Small [Link]")
ballrect=ball.get_rect()
while(True):
for event in [Link]():
if [Link]==[Link]:
[Link]()
ballrect=[Link](speed)
if [Link]<0 or [Link]>width:
speed[0]=-speed[0]
if [Link]<0 or [Link]>height:
speed[1]=-speed[1]
[Link]("white")
[Link](ball,ballrect)
[Link]()

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b. Write a program to develop a game activity like elliptical orbit using Pygame

importpygame
import math
import sys
[Link]()
screen=[Link].set_mode((600,500))
[Link].set_caption("Elliptical Orbit")
clock=[Link]()
while(True):
for event in [Link]():
if [Link]==[Link]:
[Link]()
xRadius=250
yRadius=100
for degree in range(0,360,10):
x1=int([Link](degree*2*[Link]/360)*xRadius)+300
y1=int([Link](degree*2*[Link]/360)*yRadius)+150
[Link]("black") #erase the screen by filling it with black color
[Link](screen,(255,70,0),[300,150],40)
[Link](screen,[Link]("yellow"),[50,50,500,200],1)
[Link](screen,(0,255,0),[x1,y1],20)
[Link]()
[Link](5)

8. Output :
I.

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II.

9. Result

Thus simulation of game activity like bouncing ball and elliptical orbit using pygame were
successfully implemented and output was obtained.

10. Viva Questions

[Link] do you make a circle surface in pygame?

To draw a circle in your pygame project you can use draw. circle() function.

B. Is pygame a GUI?

Pygame GUI is a module to help you make graphical user interfaces in for games written in
pygame.

C. How to change screen background color in Pygame?

* [Link](): This function is used to initialize all the pygame modules.

* [Link].set_mode(): This function is used to initialize a screen for display.
* fill(): This method is used to fill the display with the color specified.

D. How do you draw an ellipse in Pygame?

*Create a pygame. Surface object with a per-pixel alpha format and with the size of the
shape.
*Draw the shape on the Surface.
*Rotate the Surface with the shape around its center.
* Blit the Surface with the shape onto the target Surface

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