EPM 416 - Electrical Installation and Standard Specifications

Lecture 7: Lighting design using software program Dialux

by : DR. Rania Gamal Mohamed

Lighting design using software program (Dialux):

In this method, we use a software program (Dialux) to make the required calculations to get the number
of lamps and their spacing layout for specified room by using data given by the user such as

 Room dimensions.
 Types of luminaires to be used.
 The value of illumination required.
 Reflection factors of walls, ceiling and floor.
 Maintenance factors for the lamp
 Working plane height
 Outdoor Lighting

Street lighting
Specifies the general requirements for lighting columns, mounting height, arrangement, spacing, lighting
sources and distribution box of street lighting. It also covers the type of cable and feeder lengths
recommended for the street lighting distribution.

Definitions:

 Arrangement:
The pattern according to which luminaires are sited in plan for instance staggered, opposite, single side
and twin central.
 Glare:
The Condition of vision in which there is discomfort or reduction of ability to see, or both, caused by
an unsuitable distribution or range of luminance.
 Luminance (B) = I/A:
The physical quantity corresponding to the brightness of a surface (e.g. a lamp, luminaire, sky or
reflecting material) in a specified direction. It is the luminous intensity of the surface divided by that
area, measured in units of cd/ m2.
 Projection:
The distance measured horizontally from the centre of a bracket-mounted luminaire, to the centre of
the column or pole.
 Overhang:
The distance measured horizontally between the photometric centre of a luminaire and the adjacent
edge of a carriageway.
 Set back:
The shortest distance from the forward face of a column to the edge of a carriageway.
 Tilt angel:
The angle by which the axis of the fixing spigot entry is tilted above the horizontal when the luminaire
is installed

Lighting Columns:

Typical forms of columns:

The following figure shows the exterior appearances of typical street lighting with one and two arms.
 One arm
One arm Two arms

[Figure] Typical forms of street lighting

Locations of columns:

A minimum clearance of 800 mm. The minimum clearances according to the design speed of the road
are given below.

Design speed (km/h) Clearance (m)

50 0.8
Absolute minimum 1.0
80
Recommended minimum 1.5
100 Absolute minimum 1.5
120 Absolute minimum 1.5
Lighting Columns:

General:

[Geometry in elevation of street lighting]

When a mounting height is generally higher, a glare is decreasing and overall quality of surrounding
circumstances is improving, but a capital cost is higher and overall efficiency is lower. The same mounting
height shall be kept not only in the same width of roadways, but also at road junctions. As far as possible.
Therefore, before a mounting height is determined, luminance distribution, overall lighting effect and
economic efficacy shall be considered and compared.

6 M mounting height or less than

6 M or less than shall be installed at some locations where the majority of side streets, public gardens
and parking lots to make people feel safe

8 M mounting height.

8 M shall be installed at some locations where the urban traffic route where, owing to the multiplicity of
road junctions, no reduction in the number of lighting points is to be gained by the use of a higher mounting
height, or relatively narrow roads such as local distributor and access roads to residential areas in which a
mounting height between 10 M or 12 M and 5 M or 6 M is desirable.
 10 M mounting height

10 M shall be installed at some locations where the majority of urban traffic routes, or lighting for traffic
routes in which a mounting height of 12 M would be an undesirable appearance, or lighting for wide
heavily used routes where a large number of intersection, bends, etc., could lead to a short spacing
making the use of 12 M mounting height uneconomical.

12 M mounting height

12 M shall be installed at the location of wide or heavily used routes where advantage can be taken of a
longer spacing of luminaires.

18M mounting height or more than

High mast lighting poles shall be installed at large-scale area such as airports, dockyards, large industrial
areas, sports areas and road intersections.

Lighting Arrangement

Methods of pole arrangement according to the no. of lanes in the road.

Numbers of lane 2 ~ 3 lanes Over 4 lanes

Staggered or single Opposite or twin

Arrangement
Side central

 Single side arrangement (W<=h).

 Opposite arrangement (W=3/2h).
 Twin central arrangement on dual roadways (W>h).
Where: W= width of road. &h=height of column

For straight streets.

Road lighting design and lighting requirements should be based on the characteristics of roads and streets,
there are general lighting and pole lighting available. General lighting arrangement can be divided into
unilateral arrangement, bilateral staggered arrangement, bilaterally symmetrical arrangement, the central
and lateral suspension disposed symmetrically arranged (Figure 1). When using conventional lighting
methods, how to choose the width and lighting requirements should be based on road cross section form,
and shall meet the following requirements.
 Figure 1 the five basic conventional lighting arrangement for conventional lighting arrangement: (a)
unilateral arrangement; (b) bilateral staggered; (c) bilaterally symmetrical arrangement; (d)
symmetrically lamp arranged; (e) lateral suspension lamps arranged.

:Method of calculating the distance between the columns

𝑼. 𝑭 × 𝑴. 𝑭 × 𝑳𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒏
𝑫=
𝑬×𝑾

Where:

Lumen= flux per lamp.

E= Lux (lighting level).

U.F= utilization factor.

D= distance between towers in (m).

M.F= maintenance factor.

W= street width in (m).

Single-level road junctions

The lighting at a junction shall be related to the need of drivers approaching the junction to see vehicles
approaching from other directions. The illuminance, on the carriageway, throughout a junction shall be
not less than the illuminance provided on the main roads leading to the junction.

T-junction

To achieve the required luminance on the T-junction, typical lighting positions shall be as shown in figure.
 To achieve the required luminance on the T-junction, typical lighting
positions shall be as shown in figure.

Luminaire Aon the major road shall be sited in line with center line of the approach lanes of the minor
road. Luminaire Bon the major road shall be sited at a distance from the kerb of the minor road
approximately equal to one-third of the design spacing for the major road and preferably not greater than
12m along the major road. Luminaire Con the major road shall be sited at a distance from the kerb of the
minor road of about one-half of the same design spacing along the major road. Luminaire Don the minor
road shall be sited at a distance from the kerb of the major road of about one-half of the design spacing for
the major road.

Cross roads

Typical light positions for a cross roads are shown below. On each road, there shall be a luminaire A on
the nearside for traffic leaving the junction at a distance from the kerb of the cross roads approximately
equal to one-third of the design spacing for the major road. These four luminaires shall be of the same
type and mounted at the same height.

The next luminaire B, on each road, on the offside for traffic leaving the junction, shall be at not more
than two-thirds of the design spacing for the major road, from luminaire A.
Bridges

When street lighting is installed at bridges, the appearance of opposite arrangements is preferred
particularly as this may make possible a lower mounting height. A central arrangement appears as a
regularly spaced array of columns from any viewpoint and Needs fewer columns than an opposite
arrangement. All luminaires shall be at the same mounting height at bridges.

Types of lamps used in street lightning

We have to choose suitable kinds of lamps for different streets. The lamp must be convenient for
vehicles and pedestrians.

1. High pressure sodium

 High efficiency (has an initial efficiency in excess of 100 lumen per watt). Good colour rendition.
 Median lamp live is 6000 hours (may be improved with improved construction
Techniques).

 Used in high ways.

 Its light is yellow and its light is suitable for such kinds of lightning even cloudy weather

2. Low pressure sodium lamps:

 Give very strong light under small power

 Has dark yellow light
 Have relatively long life.
 This type of lams used in tunnels and closed public places

3. Metal halide lamps:

 Turning off quickly and turning on slowly.

 This type of lamps used in medical operation room and flood lightning.

4. Mercury lamps:

 There are several types of Mercury lamps such as:-

 High pressure, Low pressure and Compound mercury lamps.
 This type has special
Design of street lighting:

They are a few steps to design street lighting.

The method according to the CIE only to know the lighting requirements for example:

Step no. 1 specify the type of street according to

a) Typical speed of main user type.

b) Main user type.
c) Other allowed user type.
d) Excluded user type.

The user type may be:

 Motorized traffic.
 Slow moving vehicles
 Cyclists
 Pedestrians
Step no. 2 determine the status of lightning

The following steps can do this.

 Determine the status of public weather (Dry or Wet)

 Determine if there is separation in the lanes in the carriageway
 Determine the type of junctions.
 Determine the number of cars (usually when you are not provided with Sufficient information, take
the extreme case 25000 Car per day.

After specifying the conditions in the previous page, We can easily know the status of lighting from the
table below, which is concerned with the type 1 of street

After we specify the status of lighting, we go to the next step.

Step no. 3 Knowledge requirements of lighting condition

1) Luminance (B) = I/Acd/ m2

2) Uo (min value/average value of lightning on (street)
3) U1 (min value/average value of lightning on (lane)
4) T1 (Value of glow lighting of devices)
5) SR (lightning of surroundings)
Street lighting control

There are three ways of lighting control methods such as:

Timer control, Photocell control and Wireless remote control.

Most of main streets shall be controlled by the wireless remote control system which consists of a central
controller and a receiver installed at a distribution box, if necessary a pole receiver. In case of controlling
the range of streetlights, for instances by each branch circuit or column, the way of controlling each
branch circuit must be more economical, suitable than controlling each column. In rural areas, a timer
control or photocell control shall be applied as a control way of street lighting.

The circuit diagram present here is that of a street light that automatically switches ON when the night
falls and turns OFF when the sun rises. In fact, you can this circuit for implementing any type of automatic
night light. The circuit uses a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) to sense the light. When there is light the
resistance of LDR will be low. Therefore, the voltage drop across R2 will be high. This keeps the transistor
Q1 ON. The collector of Q1 is coupled to base of Q2 So Q2 will be OFF and so do the relay. The bulb
will remain OFF. When night falls the resistance of LDR increases to make the voltage across the R2 to
decrease below 0.6V. This makes transistor Q1 OFF which in turn makes Q2 ON. The relay will be
energized and the bulb will glow.