BAŞLIK EKLEMEK İÇİN TIKLAYIN

PSY468
Academic Writing Techniques
in Psychology
Week 11

Anatomy of an Article II:

Writing the Methods Section
Dr. Berk Efe Altınal
 BAŞLIK
This Week
EKLEMEK İÇİN TIKLAYIN
• The Methods section is where your research
becomes transparent, testable, and
reproducible.
• It answers a simple but demanding question:
• “If someone wanted to replicate this study
exactly, could they?”
• A strong Methods section:
• Makes your research credible
• Allows others to evaluate your design choices
• Enables replication and verification
• Shows that your conclusions are grounded in a
clear procedure
• Without a clear Methods section, even strong
findings lose their value.

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 BAŞLIK
The Core
EKLEMEK
Principle:İÇİN
Replicability
TIKLAYIN

• The Methods section is built on one central principle:

• Replicability
• This means:
• Another researcher should be able to repeat your study
• Using your description alone
• And arrive at comparable results (in principle)
• This is directly connected to:
• The replication crisis
• The importance of open science practices
• If your method is vague, your study cannot be trusted.

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 BAŞLIK EKLEMEK
Methods as Alignment
İÇİN TIKLAYIN
• The Methods section is not just what you did.
• It shows how your research question became an actual study.
• Every methodological choice should fit the research question:
• The sample
• The measure
• The procedure
• The design
• The analysis
• This is what we mean by alignment.
• The reader should be able to see why these choices make sense
for this specific study.

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 Example: From Research
BAŞLIK EKLEMEK Question to Method
İÇİN TIKLAYIN
• Imagine this research question:
• “Is perceived stress related to academic performance among university
students?”
• This question already points toward several methodological choices:
• A student sample
• A validated perceived stress scale
• A measure of academic performance
• A correlational design
• A statistical analysis that tests association
• The Methods section shows how these choices were actually carried out.
• This makes the study easier to evaluate.

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 BAŞLIK EKLEMEK
Standard StructureİÇİN
of the
TIKLAYIN
Methods Section
• In APA-style research writing, the Methods section usually
includes:
• Participants
• Materials / Measures
• Procedure
• Design (sometimes integrated)
• Ethical considerations (sometimes integrated)
• Transparency and openness (when relevant)
• These are often presented as subheadings.
• Each part answers a different question:
• Who?
• With what?
• How?
• Under what structure?
• With what level of transparency?

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 BAŞLIK
A QuickEKLEMEK
RoadmapİÇİN TIKLAYIN

• Think of the Methods section as a sequence:

1. Who participated? → Participants
2. How was the sample size decided? → Power analysis / sampling rationale
3. What did you use? → Materials / Measures
4. What did you do? → Procedure
5. How was the study structured? → Design
6. Was the study preregistered or openly documented? → Transparency and
openness
• If a reader cannot follow this sequence clearly, the section needs revision.

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 BAŞLIK EKLEMEK
Contents of a Methods
İÇİN TIKLAYIN
section

Subheading Key Question to Answer

Preregistration (If the study is preregistered) OSF Link
Participants Who took part and how were they chosen?
Measures / Materials What tools were used to collect data?
Procedure What was the step-by-step experience of the participant?
How are the variables structured (e.g., Experimental vs.
Design
Correlational)?
Ethics & Transparency Was the study approved and is it open-science compliant?

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 BAŞLIK EKLEMEK
Participants: WhatİÇİN
Needs
TIKLAYIN
to Be Reported
• The Participants section describes who took part in the study.
• Usually report:
• Final sample size (N = ...)
• Age information
• Mean, standard deviation, and range
• Gender distribution
• Recruitment method
• Inclusion and exclusion criteria
• Depending on the study, also report:
• Education level
• Socioeconomic background
• Language background
• Clinical status
• Cultural or national background
• The key question is:
• Which participant characteristics are relevant for understanding this study?

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 Should
BAŞLIKWe Always Report
EKLEMEK İÇİN TIKLAYIN
Gender, Age, and Similar Variables?
• In most psychology studies, age and gender are commonly reported because
they help readers understand the sample.
• But participant information should not be reported mechanically.
• Ask:
• Is this variable relevant to the research question?
• Does it affect interpretation or generalizability?
• Was it actually measured?
• Can it be reported without compromising anonymity?
• For example, in a small sample, reporting too many demographic details may
make participants identifiable.
• The Methods section should be transparent, but also ethically careful.

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 Protecting Anonymity
BAŞLIK EKLEMEK in Participant
İÇİN TIKLAYIN Reporting
• When demographic reporting may compromise anonymity, researchers
can adjust how they report participant characteristics.
• Possible solutions include:
• Reporting broader age ranges instead of very specific details
• Collapsing very small categories when appropriate
• Reporting only the demographic variables that matter for the study
• Explaining that some details were omitted to protect anonymity
• For example, instead of reporting highly specific combinations of age, occupation,
city, and diagnosis, the researcher may report only the details needed to understand
the sample.
• Transparency does not require making participants identifiable.

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 BAŞLIK
How toEKLEMEK
Report Participant
İÇİN TIKLAYIN
Characteristics
• Participant characteristics are usually reported with clear numbers.
• For continuous variables, report:
• Mean
• Standard deviation
• Range, when useful
• For categorical variables, report:
• Frequencies
• Percentages, when useful
• Example:
• “Most participants were psychology students (n = 104, 73.2%).”
• We don’t have to describe every possible characteristic. The goal is to describe
the sample well enough for the reader to evaluate the study.

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 BAŞLIK EKLEMEK
Example: Participant
İÇİNReporting
TIKLAYIN
• Example:
• “Participants were 142 undergraduate students aged between 18 and 28 years (M =
20.64, SD = 2.11). Of the participants, 96 identified as women, 43 as men, and 3 as
nonbinary.”
• This example reports:
• Sample size
• Age range
• Mean age
• Standard deviation
• Gender distribution
• The wording is descriptive.
• It does not interpret the meaning of the sample yet.

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 BAŞLIK
A Note EKLEMEK
on GenderİÇİN
andTIKLAYIN
Sex Reporting
• Reporting practices around gender (identity;
woman/man/nonbinary) and sex (biology;
female/male/intersex) are evolving.
• We should:
• Follow the current guidelines of the journal,
department, or thesis manual
• Distinguish gender from sex when these are
relevant to the study
• Use the categories participants actually selected
• Avoid forcing participant identities into overly
narrow categories
• This is both a methodological and ethical issue.
• Good reporting should be clear, respectful, and
appropriate for the study.

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 BAŞLIK EKLEMEK
Participants: Sample
İÇİNSize
TIKLAYIN
and Power
• Before reporting who participated, the researcher
should explain how the required sample size was
decided.
• In quantitative studies, this often involves a power
analysis.
• A power analysis helps estimate:
• How many participants are needed
• To detect an expected effect
• With a planned level of statistical power
• Using a specific statistical test
• This is where software such as G*Power is commonly
used.
• Sample size is not just a technical detail.
• It affects whether the study has a reasonable chance
of detecting the effect it is designed to examine.

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 Using
BAŞLIKG*Power:
EKLEMEK What Needs
İÇİN to Be Decided?
TIKLAYIN
• Before using G*Power, the researcher needs to
know several things:
• What statistical test will be used?
• What effect size is expected?
• What alpha level will be used?
• Usually α = .05
• What level of power is desired?
• Often .80 or higher
• How many groups or predictors are involved?
• G*Power does not decide these for you.
• It calculates sample size based on the
assumptions you enter.

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 BAŞLIKtoEKLEMEK
What Report From
İÇİNaTIKLAYIN
Power Analysis
• A power analysis should be reported briefly but clearly.
• Usually include:
• The software used
• The planned statistical test
• The assumed effect size
• The alpha level
• The desired power
• The required sample size
• This also helps the reader understand whether the final sample was close to the
planned sample.
• Typing “we used G*Power.” is not enough. The point is to show the assumptions
behind the sample size decision.

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 BAŞLIK EKLEMEK
Example: Reporting
İÇİN
G*Power
TIKLAYIN
• Example:
• “An a priori power analysis was conducted using GPower 3.1. For a Pearson correlation,
assuming a medium effect size (r = .30), α = .05, and power = .80, the required sample
size was N = 84.”
• This tells the reader:
• The software used
• The planned test
• The expected effect size
• The desired power
• The required number of participants
• This is a compact but transparent way to report the sample size decision.

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 Participants:
BAŞLIK EKLEMEKPlanned, Recruited,
İÇİN TIKLAYIN and Final
Samples
• A Methods section should make clear which sample number is being reported.
• These numbers may be different:
• Planned sample size : The number targeted before data collection
• Recruited sample size : The number of people who initially participated
• Final analyzed sample size : The number remaining after exclusions
• Example:
• “The power analysis indicated a required sample size of N = 84. A total of 92
participants completed the survey. After excluding 5 participants who failed
the attention check, the final sample consisted of N = 87 participants.”

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 BAŞLIK EKLEMEK
Participants: Recruitment
İÇİN TIKLAYIN
and Exclusion
• The Participants section should also explain how the final sample was formed.
• Report:
• Where participants were recruited from
• Whether participation was voluntary
• Whether participants received compensation or course credit
• Whether any participants were excluded
• Why they were excluded
• Example:
• “Five participants were excluded because they failed the attention check, resulting in a
final sample of N = 137.”
• This prevents confusion between:
• Target sample size
• Recruited sample size
• Final analyzed sample size

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 BAŞLIK EKLEMEK
Participants: WhatİÇİN
to Avoid
TIKLAYIN
• Common problems:
• Reporting only “students participated”
• Giving sample size but no demographic information
• Reporting demographic details without explaining relevance
• Hiding exclusions or not giving an explanation about why we excluded some
participants
• Reporting the planned sample but not the final analyzed sample
• Using inconsistent numbers across Methods and Results
• The Participants section should allow the reader to understand who the
findings are based on.
• It should be descriptive, clear, and ethically responsible.

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 Materials and Measures:
BAŞLIK EKLEMEK What This Includes
İÇİN TIKLAYIN
• This section explains what tools you used to collect data.
• This may include:
• Questionnaires
• Scales
• Experimental stimuli
• Interview protocols
• Observation forms
• Coding schemes
• You should describe:
• What the measure assesses
• Example items
• Response format
• Reliability, if applicable
• Scoring procedure, if needed
• The reader should understand what was measured and how the measurement worked.

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 BAŞLIK EKLEMEK
Measures: Example
İÇİN TIKLAYIN
• Example:
• “Perceived stress was measured using the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS;
Cohen et al., 1983). Participants rated items such as ‘How often have you felt unable
to control important things in your life?’ on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = never, 5 = very
often).”
• This includes:
• Name of the scale
• Citation
• Example item
• Response format
• A measure should not appear in the paper as a mysterious tool.
• The reader should know what kind of responses the data are based on.

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 BAŞLIK EKLEMEK
Measures: Reliability
İÇİN TIKLAYIN
• Whenever possible, report reliability for the present sample.
• Common examples include:
• Cronbach’s alpha, for example α = .84
• McDonald’s omega, for example ω = .86
• Reliability tells the reader whether the measure worked consistently in
the current study.
• It is usually not enough to say that a previous study found the scale
reliable.
• The reader also needs to know how it performed in your own sample.

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 BAŞLIK Omega,
Alpha, EKLEMEKandİÇİN
Practical
TIKLAYIN
Reporting
• Cronbach’s alpha is still commonly reported.
• McDonald’s omega is increasingly preferred in many contexts because it
can be more appropriate when scale items do not contribute equally to
the construct.
• For writing, the safest approach is:
• Follow the journal, thesis, or course guidelines
• Report the reliability index clearly
• Use the same variable names across Methods and Results
• Explain subdimensions if the scale has them
• If the scale has subdimensions, explain which subdimensions were used and how
they were scored.

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 BAŞLIK EKLEMEK
Measures: Adapted
İÇİN
or TIKLAYIN
Translated Materials
• If a measure was adapted or translated, this should be reported.
• For example:
• Was an existing Turkish adaptation used?
• Was the scale translated by the researcher?
• Was back-translation used?
• Were items modified?
• Were any items removed?
• Example:
• “The Turkish adaptation of the scale was used. Higher scores indicated higher perceived
stress.”
• If you change a measure, the reader needs to know.
• Even small changes can affect interpretation.

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 BAŞLIK EKLEMEK
Procedure: Step-by-Step
İÇİN TIKLAYIN
Logic
• The Procedure section explains: What happened, in what order
• The key is Chronological clarity.
• The procedure should read like a timeline:
1. Recruitment: How did you find them?
2. Consent: When did they agree to the study?
3. Task: In what order did they see the scales/stimuli?
4. Duration: How long did it take?
5. Debriefing: Were they informed of the study's true aim afterward?

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 BAŞLIK EKLEMEK
Procedure: Example
İÇİN TIKLAYIN
• Example:
• “Participants were invited to complete an online survey. After providing informed
consent, they completed measures of stress and social support. The survey took
approximately 15 minutes.”
• Notice:
• Clear sequence
• No unnecessary detail
• No missing steps
• The reader can imagine the actual flow of the study.
• That is what a Procedure section should do.

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 BAŞLIK EKLEMEK
Procedure: Level of
İÇİN
Detail
TIKLAYIN

• A common mistake is either: Too vague → cannot replicate

• Or: Too detailed → becomes unreadable
• You need: Sufficient detail for replication
• Without turning the section into a manual
• Ask: Would another researcher know exactly what to do?
• If the answer is no, the Procedure section needs more detail.

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 BAŞLIK EKLEMEK
Design: Different Dimensions
İÇİN TIKLAYIN
• The Design section explains:
• How the study is structured and how variables are organized
• Different design terms refer to different dimensions of the study.
• For example:
• Experimental vs. correlational → whether variables are manipulated
• Between-subjects vs. within-subjects → whether participants are in one condition
or several conditions
• Cross-sectional vs. longitudinal → whether data are collected at one time point or
across time
• These terms help the reader understand the structure of the study.

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 Design
BAŞLIKCategories
EKLEMEKAre NotTIKLAYIN
İÇİN Mutually Exclusive
• Design categories are not always alternatives to each other.
• A study can be:
• Experimental
• Between-subjects
• Cross-sectional
• all at the same time.
• Example:
• “The study used a between-subjects experimental design with two conditions: social
exclusion and inclusion.”
• This tells us that participants were assigned to one of two conditions.
• The design should be visible before the reader reaches the Results section.

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 BAŞLIK and
Design EKLEMEK
Variables
İÇİN TIKLAYIN
Clearly define:
• Independent variable(s)
• Dependent variable(s)
• Predictor variables
• Outcome variables
• Control variables, if applicable
• Example:
• “The independent variable was social exclusion condition. The dependent variable was
self-reported mood.”
• Clarity here prevents confusion in the Results section.
• If the variables are named differently in different sections, the reader may lose
track of the study.

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 BAŞLIK Not
Ethics: EKLEMEK
Optional
İÇİN TIKLAYIN
• Ethical considerations must be addressed.
• Common points include:
• Informed consent
• Voluntary participation
• Right to withdraw
• Confidentiality or anonymity
• Data protection
• Debriefing, if relevant
• Ethics committee approval
• This reflects:
• Professional standards
• Responsibility toward participants
• Awareness of power and vulnerability in research

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 BAŞLIK Example
Ethics: EKLEMEK İÇİN TIKLAYIN
• Example:
• “Participants provided informed consent prior to participation. The study was
approved by the university ethics committee. All responses were collected
anonymously.”
• Clear, concise, sufficient.
• However, more detail may be needed when:
• Participants are children
• Participants are clinical or vulnerable groups
• The study involves deception
• Sensitive topics are discussed
• Identifiable data are collected
• Ethics reporting should match the ethical complexity of the study.

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 BAŞLIK
Tone ofEKLEMEK
the Methods
İÇİNSection
TIKLAYIN
• The Methods section uses a specific tone:
• Precise
• Neutral
• Objective
• Chronological
• Avoid:
• Emotional language
• Interpretation
• Overly casual phrasing
• Claims that belong in the Discussion section
• Use:
• Past tense
• Clear structure
• Consistent terminology
• Active voice when the agent is clear
• The Methods section should sound controlled and transparent, not dramatic or persuasive.

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 BAŞLIKvs.
Active EKLEMEK
Passive Voice
İÇİN TIKLAYIN
• Both active and passive voice are acceptable in academic writing.
• Examples:
• “Participants completed the survey.” (active)
• “The survey was completed by participants.” (passive)
• APA style permits both, but passive voice can become unclear or
unnecessarily heavy when it is overused.
• Useful guideline:
• Use active voice when it makes the sentence clearer.
• Use passive voice when the action matters more than the actor, or when the actor is
obvious.
• But remember, some journals or universities might require passive voice despite
APA permit, so make sure you check the guidelines.

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 BAŞLIK EKLEMEK
Common MistakesİÇİN
in Methods
TIKLAYINWriting
• Frequent issues:
• Missing details that prevent replication
• Mixing Results into Methods
• Overexplaining simple steps
• Underexplaining key procedures
• Inconsistent terminology
• Reporting demographic variables without clarity
• Forgetting sample size justification
• Forgetting ethics or preregistration information
• The Methods section should feel:
• Structured
• Predictable
• Easy to follow
• If the reader feels lost in the Methods section, the Results section will also feel
confusing.

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 BAŞLIK EKLEMEK
Methods and Open
İÇİN
Science
TIKLAYIN
• The Methods section connects directly to open science.
• A transparent Methods section helps readers understand:
• What was planned
• What was done
• What was measured
• What was analyzed
• This is especially important when the study was preregistered.
• Preregistration means documenting the research plan before data collection or analysis.
• This helps distinguish:
• Planned analyses
• Exploratory analyses
• Later changes to the research process

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 BAŞLIK EKLEMEK
Where to MentionİÇİN
Preregistration
TIKLAYIN and OSF

• If the study was preregistered, mention this clearly in the Methods

section.
• This can appear:
• Near the beginning of the Methods section
• In a separate Transparency and Openness subsection
• In the Procedure section, if it fits the flow of the study
• The important point is that the reader should not have to search for this
information.
• If the study has an OSF page, provide the link clearly and consistently.

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 BAŞLIK EKLEMEK
Example: OSF andİÇİN
Preregistration
TIKLAYIN Wording

• Example:
• “This study was preregistered on the Open Science Framework prior to data
collection. The preregistration, study materials, and analysis plan are available at
[OSF link].”
• If the paper includes open data or materials, also state this clearly.
• Example:
• “The anonymized data, analysis code, and study materials are available on the
project’s OSF page.”
• These statements help the reader locate the research materials and
understand what was planned in advance.

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 How to Write
BAŞLIK AboutİÇİN
EKLEMEK Deviations From
TIKLAYIN
Preregistration
• Preregistration does not mean that nothing can change.
• But changes should be reported transparently.
• Example:
• “Although the preregistered plan specified a one-way ANOVA, assumptions were not
met. Therefore, a non-parametric alternative was used. This deviation from the
preregistered plan is reported for transparency.”
• The goal is not to appear perfect.
• The goal is to make the research process visible and accountable.
• Transparent writing protects the credibility of the study more than
pretending that the process was perfectly linear.

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 BAŞLIK EKLEMEK
Bridging to ResultsİÇİN TIKLAYIN

• A strong Methods section prepares the reader for the Results section.
• It should make clear:
• What variables exist
• How they were measured
• What comparisons are possible
• What analyses make sense
• Which sample the analyses are based on
• If Results feel confusing, the problem is often in the Methods section.
• The Methods section is where the reader learns how to understand the
numbers that will come next.

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 BAŞLIK EKLEMEK
Methods Section Checklist
İÇİN TIKLAYIN
• Before finalizing the Methods section, ask:
• Did I explain how sample size was determined?
• Did I report the final sample clearly?
• Did I describe relevant participant characteristics?
• Did I explain recruitment and exclusion criteria?
• Did I describe all measures and materials?
• Did I report reliability when relevant?
• Did I explain the procedure chronologically?
• Did I make the design and variables clear?
• Did I mention ethics approval and consent?
• Did I mention preregistration, OSF, data, or materials when relevant?
• This checklist can also be used as a drafting tool when students are writing their
own Methods sections.

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 BAŞLIK
Final Reflection
EKLEMEK İÇİN TIKLAYIN
• The Methods section answers:
• What did you do?
• How did you do it?
• Why did you do it this way?
• But more importantly:
• Can your study be trusted, evaluated, and repeated?
• That is the real function of Methods.
• A clear Methods section beyond a technical requirement. It is part of the
ethical and scientific responsibility of research writing.

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 Looking Ahead: Writing
BAŞLIK EKLEMEK İÇİNthe Results Section
TIKLAYIN
• Next week, we move from what you did to what you found.
• The Results section will answer:
• What patterns are in the data?
• Which hypotheses are supported?
• What do the statistical tests show?
• Next week, we will focus on:
• Reporting descriptive statistics and correlations
• Writing clear statistical sentences
• Connecting results to hypotheses without interpretation

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 BAŞLIK
Mini Quiz
EKLEMEK İÇİN TIKLAYIN
• 1. A researcher is writing a Methods section for a study on social media and
body image. Which of the following sentences represents the best approach to
ensuring "alignment" as discussed in the lecture?
• A) "We used a 10-point Likert scale because it was the most aesthetically
pleasing format for the online survey interface."
• B) "Participants were recruited via Instagram because the research question
specifically focuses on the habits of active social media users."
• C) "We included a section on the history of social psychology to give the reader a
broader context of the field before the procedure."
• D) "The study was conducted in a laboratory setting to ensure that participants
felt a sense of professional academic authority."
• E) "We chose to measure heart rate because it is a common biological marker,
even though our hypothesis focuses on self-reported feelings."

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 BAŞLIK
Mini Quiz
EKLEMEK İÇİN TIKLAYIN
• 2. Imagine you are reviewing a draft where the author states: "We recruited
100 people and they all did the survey." According to the "Replicability"
principle, what is the most critical missing element?
• A) The emotional state of the participants during the recruitment process.
• B) A detailed description of the physical location where the researcher wrote the
draft.
• C) The specific recruitment method and the inclusion/exclusion criteria used to
form the sample.
• D) The exact brand of computer used by the participants to access the online
survey.
• E) A list of the participants' names to ensure the study can be verified by others.

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 BAŞLIK
Mini Quiz
EKLEMEK İÇİN TIKLAYIN
• 3. A study on "Workplace Stress" mentions: "The final sample consisted of
N=150 office workers (M(age)=42). Most identified as women." Which
common mistake from the lecture does this reporting style illustrate?
• A) Mixing Results into the Methods section by providing descriptive statistics.
• B) Overexplaining simple demographic steps that are not relevant to the reader.
• C) Using inconsistent terminology between the Participants and the Measures
section.
• D) Providing demographic details without enough precision or standard
deviation (SD).
• E) Reporting the planned sample size instead of the final analyzed sample size.

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 BAŞLIK
Mini Quiz
EKLEMEK İÇİN TIKLAYIN
• 4. You are conducting a study with a very small, specific clinical group in a small
town. To adhere to both "Transparency" and "Ethics," how should you report
demographics?
• A) Provide the exact age, occupation, and diagnosis of every individual
participant for maximum transparency.
• B) Report only the total number of participants and omit all other characteristics
to ensure 100% anonymity.
• C) Report broader age ranges and collapse small categories to prevent
participants from being identifiable.
• D) Include a photograph of the group with their faces blurred to prove the
sample was actually recruited.
• E) Only report demographics if the participants give written permission to have
their identities revealed in the journal.

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 BAŞLIK
Mini Quiz
EKLEMEK İÇİN TIKLAYIN
• 5. A researcher calculates that they need 120 participants for 80%
power, recruits 130, but 15 fail an attention check. Which number
should be emphasized as the "Final Analyzed Sample"?
• A) N = 120
• B) N = 130
• C) N = 145
• D) N = 15
• E) N = 115

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 BAŞLIK
Mini Quiz
EKLEMEK İÇİN TIKLAYIN
• 6. Which of the following is the WRONG way to report a measure in an APA-
style Methods section?
• A) "We used the PSS-10 (Cohen et al., 1983), which is a widely accepted measure
of stress."
• B) "Reliability for the current sample was high, with a Cronbach’s alpha of .88."
• C) "An example item is: 'In the last month, how often have you felt that you were
on top of things?'"
• D) "The scale was a 5-point Likant scale ranging from 1 (Never) to 5 (Always)."
• E) "The measure was used to find out if people were stressed, and the results
showed they were."

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 BAŞLIK
Mini Quiz
EKLEMEK İÇİN TIKLAYIN
• 7. When describing the "Procedure," which of the following details is usually
considered "unnecessary detail" that makes a section unreadable?
• A) The fact that participants provided informed consent before beginning the
tasks.
• B) The specific brand of blue ink pens provided to participants to sign the
consent form.
• C) The chronological order in which the different scales were presented to the
participants.
• D) The approximate time it took for a typical participant to complete the entire
study.
• E) The information that participants were debriefed regarding the study’s goals
at the end.

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 BAŞLIK
Mini Quiz
EKLEMEK İÇİN TIKLAYIN
• 8. A study title is "The Effect of Sleep Deprivation on Reaction Time." In the
Design section, how should the variables be classified?
• A) Sleep deprivation is the Independent Variable; Reaction time is the
Dependent Variable.
• B) Sleep deprivation is the Predictor; Reaction time is the Independent Variable.
• C) Reaction time is the Independent Variable; Sleep deprivation is the
Dependent Variable.
• D) Sleep deprivation is the Control Variable; Reaction time is the Outcome
Variable.
• E) Reaction time is the Predictor; Sleep deprivation is the Outcome Variable.

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EKLEMEK İÇİN TIKLAYIN
• 9. Why is reporting McDonald’s omega (omega) increasingly preferred
over Cronbach’s alpha (alpha)?
• A) Because omega is easier to calculate by hand than alpha.
• B) Because omega is a newer formula and makes the paper look more
modern.
• C) Because omega accounts for the fact that different items in a scale may
not contribute equally to the construct.
• D) Because alpha can only be used for experimental designs, whereas
omega is for correlational designs.
• E) Because omega automatically corrects for small sample sizes in
qualitative research.

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Mini Quiz
EKLEMEK İÇİN TIKLAYIN
• 10. A researcher realizes during data analysis that their data is not normally
distributed, so they switch from a t-test to a Mann-Whitney U test. According
to "Open Science" principles, how should this be handled?
• A) Change the Preregistration document retroactively to make it look like the U
test was always the plan.
• B) Report the U test in the Results but do not mention the original plan to avoid
confusing the reader.
• C) Report the change transparently in the Methods or Results, explaining that
the deviation was due to unmet assumptions.
• D) Perform the original t-test anyway, even if the results are wrong, to stay
consistent with the plan.
• E) Remove the "Preregistered" badge from the paper since the original plan was
not followed exactly.

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Mini Quiz
EKLEMEK İÇİN TIKLAYIN
• 11. Which of the following sentences uses the "Active Voice" appropriately for
an APA Methods section?
• A) "The participants were instructed by the research assistant to remain silent."
• B) "A 15-minute break was taken by the students between the two experimental
blocks."
• C) "We recruited participants through the university’s online participant pool."
• D) "The survey was distributed via email to all sophomore psychology students."
• E) "Informed consent was obtained from each participant before the study
began."

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EKLEMEK İÇİN TIKLAYIN
• 12. In G*Power, if a researcher increases the "Desired Power" from .80
to .95, what will happen to the "Required Sample Size"?
• A) The required sample size will decrease.
• B) The required sample size will stay exactly the same.
• C) The required sample size will increase.
• D) The alpha level will automatically change to alpha = .01.
• E) The effect size will automatically double to compensate.

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Mini Quiz
EKLEMEK İÇİN TIKLAYIN
• 13. Which of the following would be an ETHICAL violation if omitted
from the Methods section of a study involving deception?
• A) The number of years the researcher has been teaching at the
university.
• B) The specific statistical software version used to clean the data (e.g.,
SPSS v28).
• C) A description of the debriefing process where the deception was
revealed to participants.
• D) The font size used in the printed version of the questionnaires.
• E) The exact time of day the participants were recruited in the cafeteria.

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EKLEMEK İÇİN TIKLAYIN
• 14. A researcher writes: "We measured aggression using an observation
form." What is the main problem with this "Measures" description?
• A) It is too technical for a general psychology audience.
• B) It lacks detail on the coding scheme, what behaviors were observed,
and reliability.
• C) Observation forms are not allowed in APA-style research.
• D) Aggression should only be measured using self-report Likert scales.
• E) The sentence is written in the active voice, which is prohibited in
Measures sections.

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EKLEMEK İÇİN TIKLAYIN
• 15. "Participants were randomly assigned to either a high-caffeine or
low-caffeine group. They then completed a memory task." This
describes which type of design?
• A) Within-subjects correlational design.
• B) Between-subjects experimental design.
• C) Longitudinal observational design.
• D) Cross-sectional qualitative design.
• E) Single-case study design.

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