Data Science with R_Capstone Project

Ankita Gairola

2023-08-22

Project scenario
Your project is to analyze how weather would affect bike-sharing demand in urban areas.
To complete this project, you need to first collect and process related weather and bike-
sharing demand data from various sources, perform exploratory data analysis on the data,
and build predictive models to predict bike-sharing demand. You will combine your results
and connect them to a live dashboard displaying an interactive map and associated
visualization of the current weather and the estimated bike demand.

Tasks:
1. Collecting and understanding data from multiple sources

2. Performing data wrangling and preparation with regular expressions and Tidyverse

3. Performing exploratory data analysis and visualization using Tidyverse and ggplot2

4. Performing modelling the data with linear regressions using Tidymodels

5. Building an interactive dashboard using R Shiny

Web scrape a Global Bike-Sharing Systems Wiki Page

Import Packages
[Link](“tidyverse”)
[Link](“rio”)
[Link](“lubridate”)
[Link](“ggplot2”)
[Link](“tidymodels”)
[Link](“ggthemes”)
[Link](“ggpubr”)
[Link](“glmnet”)
[Link](“rvest”)
[Link](“fastDummies”)
library(rio)

library(lubridate)

##
## Attaching package: 'lubridate'

## The following objects are masked from 'package:base':

##
## date, intersect, setdiff, union

library(tidyverse)

## ── Attaching core tidyverse packages ──────────────────────── tidyverse

2.0.0 ──
## ✔ dplyr 1.1.2 ✔ readr 2.1.4
## ✔ forcats 1.0.0 ✔ stringr 1.5.0
## ✔ ggplot2 3.4.3 ✔ tibble 3.2.1
## ✔ purrr 1.0.1 ✔ tidyr 1.3.0

## ── Conflicts ──────────────────────────────────────────
tidyverse_conflicts() ──
## ✖ dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()
## ✖ dplyr::lag() masks stats::lag()
## ℹ Use the conflicted package (<[Link] to force all
conflicts to become errors

library(ggplot2)

library(ggpubr)

library(glmnet)

## Loading required package: Matrix

##
## Attaching package: 'Matrix'
##
## The following objects are masked from 'package:tidyr':
##
## expand, pack, unpack
##
## Loaded glmnet 4.1-7

library(rvest)

##
## Attaching package: 'rvest'
##
## The following object is masked from 'package:readr':
##
## guess_encoding
library(fastDummies)

## Thank you for using fastDummies!

## To acknowledge our work, please cite the package:
## Kaplan, J. & Schlegel, B. (2023). fastDummies: Fast Creation of Dummy
(Binary) Columns and Rows from Categorical Variables. Version 1.7.1. URL:
[Link]
[Link]

library(ggthemes)

library(tidymodels)

## ── Attaching packages ────────────────────────────────────── tidymodels

1.1.0 ──
## ✔ broom 1.0.5 ✔ rsample 1.1.1
## ✔ dials 1.2.0 ✔ tune 1.1.1
## ✔ infer 1.0.4 ✔ workflows 1.1.3
## ✔ modeldata 1.2.0 ✔ workflowsets 1.0.1
## ✔ parsnip 1.1.1 ✔ yardstick 1.2.0
## ✔ recipes 1.0.6
## ── Conflicts ─────────────────────────────────────────
tidymodels_conflicts() ──
## ✖ scales::discard() masks purrr::discard()
## ✖ Matrix::expand() masks tidyr::expand()
## ✖ dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()
## ✖ recipes::fixed() masks stringr::fixed()
## ✖ dplyr::lag() masks stats::lag()
## ✖ Matrix::pack() masks tidyr::pack()
## ✖ yardstick::spec() masks readr::spec()
## ✖ recipes::step() masks stats::step()
## ✖ Matrix::unpack() masks tidyr::unpack()
## ✖ recipes::update() masks Matrix::update(), stats::update()
## • Search for functions across packages at [Link]

[Link]("LC_TIME", "English_Hong Kong")

## Warning in [Link]("LC_TIME", "English_Hong Kong"): OS reports

request to
## set locale to "English_Hong Kong" cannot be honored

## [1] ""

options([Link] = 16, [Link] = 9)

Task_1: Extract bike sharing systems HTML table from a Wiki page and convert it into a data
frame
url = "[Link]

data <- read_html(url)

table_nodes <- html_nodes(data, "table")

bike_df <- data %>%

html_element("table") %>%
html_table()
print(df)

## function (x, df1, df2, ncp, log = FALSE)

## {
## if (missing(ncp))
## .Call(C_df, x, df1, df2, log)
## else .Call(C_dnf, x, df1, df2, ncp, log)
## }
## <bytecode: 0x000001c2ea382f10>
## <environment: namespace:stats>

Export to csv file

[Link](bike_df,"E:/Coursera/Data Science with R_Capstone
Project/raw_bike_sharing_system.csv")

Task_2: The current weather data for a city using OpenWeather API
[Link](“httr”)
library(httr)

URL for Current Weather API

current_weather_url <- '[Link]

List to hold URL parameters for current weather API

my_api_key <- "63cbacfaa61878d2acc06654c13fd311"

current_query <- list(q="Seoul",appid=my_api_key,units="metric")

HTTP request to the current weather API

response <- GET(current_weather_url, query=current_query)
http_type(response)

## [1] "application/json"

Read JASON Http data

json_result <- content(response, as="parsed")
json_result

## $coord
## $coord$lon
## [1] 126.9778
##
## $coord$lat
## [1] 37.5683
##
##
## $weather
## $weather[[1]]
## $weather[[1]]$id
## [1] 804
##
## $weather[[1]]$main
## [1] "Clouds"
##
## $weather[[1]]$description
## [1] "overcast clouds"
##
## $weather[[1]]$icon
## [1] "04d"
##
##
##
## $base
## [1] "stations"
##
## $main
## $main$temp
## [1] 21.89
##
## $main$feels_like
## [1] 22.67
##
## $main$temp_min
## [1] 21.69
##
## $main$temp_max
## [1] 22.66
##
## $main$pressure
## [1] 1007
##
## $main$humidity
## [1] 97
##
##
## $visibility
## [1] 3000
##
## $wind
## $wind$speed
## [1] 2.57
##
## $wind$deg
## [1] 40
##
##
## $clouds
## $clouds$all
## [1] 100
##
##
## $dt
## [1] 1692827402
##
## $sys
## $sys$type
## [1] 1
##
## $sys$id
## [1] 8105
##
## $sys$country
## [1] "KR"
##
## $sys$sunrise
## [1] 1692824105
##
## $sys$sunset
## [1] 1692872080
##
##
## $timezone
## [1] 32400
##
## $id
## [1] 1835848
##
## $name
## [1] "Seoul"
##
## $cod
## [1] 200

class(json_result)

## [1] "list"

json_result

## $coord
## $coord$lon
## [1] 126.9778
##
## $coord$lat
## [1] 37.5683
##
##
## $weather
## $weather[[1]]
## $weather[[1]]$id
## [1] 804
##
## $weather[[1]]$main
## [1] "Clouds"
##
## $weather[[1]]$description
## [1] "overcast clouds"
##
## $weather[[1]]$icon
## [1] "04d"
##
##
##
## $base
## [1] "stations"
##
## $main
## $main$temp
## [1] 21.89
##
## $main$feels_like
## [1] 22.67
##
## $main$temp_min
## [1] 21.69
##
## $main$temp_max
## [1] 22.66
##
## $main$pressure
## [1] 1007
##
## $main$humidity
## [1] 97
##
##
## $visibility
## [1] 3000
##
## $wind
## $wind$speed
## [1] 2.57
##
## $wind$deg
## [1] 40
##
##
## $clouds
## $clouds$all
## [1] 100
##
##
## $dt
## [1] 1692827402
##
## $sys
## $sys$type
## [1] 1
##
## $sys$id
## [1] 8105
##
## $sys$country
## [1] "KR"
##
## $sys$sunrise
## [1] 1692824105
##
## $sys$sunset
## [1] 1692872080
##
##
## $timezone
## [1] 32400
##
## $id
## [1] 1835848
##
## $name
## [1] "Seoul"
##
## $cod
## [1] 200

Create some empty vectors to hold data temporarily

city <-c()
weather <- c()
visibility <- c()
temp <- c()
temp_min <- c()
temp_max <- c()
pressure <- c()
humidity <- c()
wind_speed <- c()
wind_deg <- c()

Assign the values in the json_result list into different vectors

city <- c(city, json_result$name)
weather <- c(weather, json_result$weather[[1]]$main)
visibility <- c(visibility, json_result$visibility)
temp <- c(temp, json_result$main$temp)
temp_min <- c(temp_min, json_result$main$temp_min)
temp_max <- c(temp_max, json_result$main$temp_max)
pressure <- c(pressure, json_result$main$pressure)
humidity <- c(humidity, json_result$main$humidity)
wind_speed <- c(wind_speed, json_result$wind$speed)
wind_deg <- c(wind_deg, json_result$wind$deg)

Combine all vectors as columns of a data frame

weather_data_frame <- [Link](city = city,
weather=weather,
visibility=visibility,
temp=temp,
temp_min=temp_min,
temp_max=temp_max,
pressure=pressure,
humidity=humidity,
wind_speed=wind_speed,
wind_deg=wind_deg)

print(weather_data_frame)

## city weather visibility temp temp_min temp_max pressure humidity

wind_speed
## 1 Seoul Clouds 3000 21.89 21.69 22.66 1007 97
2.57
## wind_deg
## 1 40

Task_3: 5-day weather forecasts for cities using the OpenWeather API
city <- c()
weather <- c()
visibility <- c()
temp <- c()
temp_min <- c()
temp_max <- c()
pressure <- c()
humidity <- c()
wind_speed <- c()
wind_deg <- c()

# Get 5 -day weather forecast for a list of cities

weather_forecast_by_cities <- function(city_names) {
df <- [Link]()
for (city_name in city_names) {

#forecast API URL

forecast_url <-'[Link]

#create query parameter

forecast_query <- list(q=city_name,appid=my_api_key, units="metric")

#make HTTP GET call for the given city

 response <- GET(forecast_url, query=forecast_query)

json_result <- content(response, as="parsed")

results <- json_result$list

#Loop the json result

for(result in results) {
city <- c(city, city_name)
}

# Add R lists into a data frame

city <- c(city, json_result$name)
weather <- c(weather, json_result$weather[[1]]$main)
visibility <- c(visibility, json_result$visibility)
temp <- c(temp, json_result$main$temp)
temp_min <-c(temp_min, json_result$main$temp_min)
temp_max <- c(temp_max, json_result$main$temp_max)
pressure <- c(pressure, json_result$main$pressure)
humidity <- c(humidity, json_result$main$humidity)
wind_speed <- c(wind_speed, json_result$wind$speed)
wind_deg <-c(wind_deg, json_result$wind$deg)

#Combine all vector into data frame

df <- [Link](city = city,
weather=weather,
visibility=visibility,
temp=temp,
temp_min=temp_min,
temp_max=temp_max,
pressure=pressure,
humidity=humidity,
wind_speed=wind_speed,
wind_deg=wind_deg)
}
return(df)
}

cities <- c("Seoul", "Washington, D.C.", "Paris", "Suzhou", "New Delhi",

"Kyoto", "Cologne", "London" )
cities_weather_df <- weather_forecast_by_cities(cities)
print(cities_weather_df)

## city weather visibility temp temp_min temp_max pressure humidity

## 1 Seoul Clouds 3000 21.89 21.69 22.66 1007 97
## 2 Washington Clouds 10000 23.11 21.85 23.99 1013 35
## 3 Paris Clouds 10000 25.38 22.22 26.73 1016 69
## 4 Suzhou Clear 10000 23.29 23.29 23.29 1007 89
## 5 New Delhi Mist 3500 27.09 27.09 27.09 1000 89
## 6 Kyoto Rain 10000 26.67 24.98 27.59 1010 87
## 7 Cologne Clear 10000 19.55 17.64 21.64 1020 72
## 8 London Clouds 10000 20.93 18.36 22.27 1015 71
## wind_speed wind_deg
## 1 2.57 40
## 2 1.15 250
## 3 3.09 60
## 4 1.48 33
## 5 1.54 250
## 6 2.55 102
## 7 0.51 0
## 8 2.06 190

Task_4: Download datasets as csv files from cloud storage

some general city information such as name and locations

url <- "[Link]
[Link]/IBMDeveloperSkillsNetwork-RP0321EN-
SkillsNetwork/labs/datasets/raw_worldcities.csv"

[Link](url, destfile = "raw_worldcities.csv")

specific hourly Seoul bike sharing demand dataset

url <- "[Link]
[Link]/IBMDeveloperSkillsNetwork-RP0321EN-
SkillsNetwork/labs/datasets/raw_seoul_bike_sharing.csv"

[Link](url, destfile = "raw_seoul_bike_sharing.csv")

Download raw_cities_weather_forecast
url <- "[Link]
[Link]/IBMDeveloperSkillsNetwork-RP0321EN-
SkillsNetwork/labs/datasets/raw_cities_weather_forecast.csv"

[Link](url, destfile = "raw_cities_weather_forecast.csv")

Data Wrangling with Regular Expressions

dataset_list <- c('raw_bike_sharing_systems.csv',
'raw_seoul_bike_sharing.csv', 'raw_cities_weather_forecast.csv',
'raw_worldcities.csv')

Task_5: Standardize column names for all collected datasets

Convert iterate over the above datasets and convert their column names
for (dataset_name in dataset_list) {
if ([Link](dataset_name)) { # Check if the file exists
dataset <- [Link](dataset_name, fileEncoding = "UTF-8") # Specify
encoding if needed
names(dataset) <- toupper(names(dataset))
names(dataset) <- str_replace_all(names(dataset), " ", "_")
[Link](dataset, dataset_name, [Link] = FALSE)
} else {
 cat("File not found:", dataset_name, "\n")
}
}

## File not found: raw_bike_sharing_systems.csv

Process the web-scraped bike sharing system dataset

Load Dataset
bike_sharing_df <- [Link]("E:/Coursera/Data Science with R_Capstone
Project/raw_bike_sharing_system.csv")

head(bike_sharing_df)

## X Country City Name System

## 1 1 Albania Tirana[5] Ecovolis
## 2 2 Argentina Buenos Aires[6][7] Ecobici Serttel Brasil[8]
## 3 3 Argentina Mendoza[10] Metrobici
## 4 4 Argentina Rosario Mi Bici Tu Bici[11]
## 5 5 Argentina San Lorenzo, Santa Fe Biciudad Biciudad
## 6 6 Australia Melbourne[12] Melbourne Bike Share PBSC & 8D
## Operator Launched Discontinued
Stations
## 1 March 2011
8
## 2 Bike In Baires Consortium[9] 2010
400
## 3 2014
2
## 4 2 December 2015
47
## 5 27 November 2016
8
## 6 Motivate June 2010 30 November 2019[13]
53
## Bicycles [Link]
## 1 200
## 2 4000 21917
## 3 40
## 4 480
## 5 80
## 6 676

sub_bike_sharing_df <- bike_sharing_df %>%

select(Country, City, System, Bicycles)

sub_bike_sharing_df %>%
summarize_all(class) %>%
gather(variable, class)
## variable class
## 1 Country character
## 2 City character
## 3 System character
## 4 Bicycles character

find_character <- function(strings) grepl("[^0-9]", strings)

sub_bike_sharing_df %>%
select(Bicycles) %>% #Use the function to check BICYCLES column
filter(find_character(Bicycles)) %>%
slice(0:10)

## Bicycles
## 1 1790 (2019)[21]
## 2 4200 (2021)
## 3 4115[25]
## 4 7270 (regular) 2395 (electric)[38]
## 5 310[65]
## 6 500[75]
## 7 [78]
## 8 180[79]
## 9 600[82]
## 10 initially 800 (later 2500)

Because there are some values associated with numeric and non-numeric value, BYCICLES
was classified as character.
Check if COUNTRY, CITY, SYSTEM have any reference link, such as Melbourne[12]

Create a function to check if there is any reference link in the values

ref_pattern <- "\\[[A-z0-9]+\\]"
find_reference_pattern <- function(strings) grepl(ref_pattern, strings)

Check whether the CITY column has any reference links

sub_bike_sharing_df %>%
select(City) %>%
filter(find_reference_pattern(City)) %>%
slice(1:10)

## City
## 1 Tirana[5]
## 2 Buenos Aires[6][7]
## 3 Mendoza[10]
## 4 Melbourne[12]
## 5 Melbourne[12]
## 6 Brisbane[14][15]
## 7 Lower Austria[16]
## 8 Different locations[19]
## 9 Brussels[24]
## 10 Namur[26]
Check whether the System column has any reference links
sub_bike_sharing_df %>%
select(System) %>%
filter(find_reference_pattern(System)) %>%
slice(0:10)

## System
## 1 Serttel Brasil[8]
## 2 EasyBike[64]
## 3 4 Gen.[72]
## 4 3 Gen. SmooveKey[135]
## 5 3 Gen. Smoove[162][163][164][160]
## 6 3 Gen. Smoove[200]
## 7 3 Gen. Smoove[202]
## 8 3 Gen. Smoove[204]

Task_6: Remove undesired reference links using regular expressions

remove reference link

remove_ref <- function(strings) {
ref_pattern <- "\\[[A-z0-9]+\\]" # Define a pattern matching a reference
link such as [1]
result <- stringr::str_replace_all(strings,ref_pattern,"") # Replace all
matched substrings with a white space
result <- trimws(result)
return(result)
}

[Link](“magrittr”)
[Link](“dplyr”)
library(magrittr)

##
## Attaching package: 'magrittr'

## The following object is masked from 'package:purrr':

##
## set_names

## The following object is masked from 'package:tidyr':

##
## extract

library(dplyr)

Use the function to remove the reference links

sub_bike_sharing_df %<>% #use mutate and remove_ref fcn to remove ref in CITY
and SYSTEM
mutate(System=remove_ref(System),
City=remove_ref(City))
Check whether all reference links are removed
sub_bike_sharing_df %>%
select(Country, City, System, Bicycles) %>%
filter (find_reference_pattern(Country) | find_reference_pattern(City) |
find_reference_pattern(City) |find_reference_pattern(Bicycles) )

## Country City
## 1 Belgium Different locations
## 2 Belgium Brussels
## 3 Canada Montreal
## 4 Cyprus Limassol, Nicosia District
## 5 Czechia Prague
## 6 Czechia Prague 7
## 7 Czechia Prostějov
## 8 Czechia Ostrava
## 9 Denmark Farsø
## 10 Finland Kouvola
## 11 Finland Kuopio
## 12 Finland Lahti
## 13 Finland Lappeenranta
## 14 Finland Pori
## 15 Finland Raseborg
## 16 Finland Riihimäki
## 17 Finland Tampere
## 18 Finland Turku
## 19 Finland Varkaus
## 20 Georgia Batumi
## 21 Germany Darmstadt
## 22 Greece Corfu
## 23 Hungary Budapest
## 24 Hungary Győr
## 25 Hungary Kaposvár
## 26 Italy Milan
## 27 Lithuania Kaunas
## 28 Netherlands Various Locations (especially railway stations)
## 29 Russia Kazan
## 30 Slovakia Bratislava
## 31 Slovakia Bratislava
## 32 Slovakia Košice
## 33 Slovakia Moldava nad Bodvou
## 34 Slovakia Terchová
## 35 Slovakia Žilina
## 36 South Korea Changwon
## 37 United Kingdom Glasgow, Scotland
## 38 United Kingdom Greater Manchester, England
## 39 United Kingdom Edinburgh, Scotland
## 40 United Kingdom Liverpool, England
## System Bicycles
## 1 Blue-bike 1790 (2019)[21]
## 2 3 Gen. Cyclocity 4115[25]
## 3 PBSC & 8D 7270 (regular) 2395 (electric)[38]
## 4 3 Gen. Smoove 310[65]
## 5 500[75]
## 6 4 Gen. Ofo [78]
## 7 3 Gen. nextbike 180[79]
## 8 3 Gen. nextbike 600[82]
## 9 2 Gen [89]
## 10 Donkey Republic 60(regular) 10(electric)(2022)[96]
## 11 Freebike 350(2022) [97]
## 12 Freebike 250 (2022) [98]
## 13 Donkey Republic 120(2022)[99]
## 14 Rolanbike 50 (2022) [103]
## 15 Donkey Republic 30 (2022) [104]
## 16 Donkey Republic 60 (2022) [105]
## 17 CityBike Global 700 (2022)[106]
## 18 Nextbike 700 (2022) [107]
## 19 Juro 20 (2022) [110]
## 20 3 Gen. SmooveKey 370[136]
## 21 3 & 4 Gen. Call a Bike flex 350 [147]
## 22 3 Gen. Smoove 100[64]
## 23 3 Gen. 1526[180]
## 24 180[182]
## 25 32 (including 6 rollers) [183]
## 26 3 Gen. Clear CC 5430 (1000 E)[195]
## 27 150 E[207]
## 28 OV-Fiets/Nederlandse Spoorwegen 21700 [210]
## 29 3 Gen. Cyclocity 120[238]
## 30 400[240]
## 31 80[242]
## 32 500[246]
## 33 25[249]
## 34 60[261]
## 35 nextbike 123[266]
## 36 2348[275]
## 37 3 Gen. nextbike 400[297]
## 38 1500[299]
## 39 Urban Sharing 500[300]
## 40 1000[301]

Task_7: Extract the numeric value using regular expressions

extract_num <- function(columns) {
digitals_pattern <- "\\d+" #define a pattern matching digital substring
str_extract(columns,digitals_pattern) %>%
[Link]()
}

[Link](“stringr”)
library(stringr)

sub_bike_sharing_df %<>% #use mutate and to apply function to BICYLCLES

mutate(Bicycles=extract_num(Bicycles))
[Link](sub_bike_sharing_df, "E:/Coursera/Data Science with R_Capstone
Project/bike_sharing_system.csv")

Data Wrangling with dplyr

Quick look at the dataset
summary(bike_sharing_df)

## X Country City Name

## Min. : 1.0 Length:556 Length:556 Length:556
## 1st Qu.:139.8 Class :character Class :character Class :character
## Median :278.5 Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
## Mean :278.5
## 3rd Qu.:417.2
## Max. :556.0
## System Operator Launched Discontinued
## Length:556 Length:556 Length:556 Length:556
## Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
## Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
##
##
##
## Stations Bicycles [Link]
## Length:556 Length:556 Length:556
## Class :character Class :character Class :character
## Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
##
##
##

dim(bike_sharing_df)

## [1] 556 11

Task_8: Detect and handle missing values

dataset_list <- c('bike_sharing_system.csv','raw_seoul_bike_sharing.csv')
for (dataset_name in dataset_list) {
dataset <- [Link](dataset_name)
names(dataset) <- toupper(names(dataset))
names(dataset) <- str_replace_all(names(dataset), " ", "_")
[Link](dataset, dataset_name, [Link] = FALSE)
}

bike_sharing_df <- [Link]("raw_seoul_bike_sharing.csv")

summary(bike_sharing_df)

## DATE RENTED_BIKE_COUNT HOUR TEMPERATURE

## Length:8760 Min. : 2.0 Min. : 0.00 Min. :-17.80
## Class :character 1st Qu.: 214.0 1st Qu.: 5.75 1st Qu.: 3.40
## Mode :character Median : 542.0 Median :11.50 Median : 13.70
## Mean : 729.2 Mean :11.50 Mean : 12.87
## 3rd Qu.:1084.0 3rd Qu.:17.25 3rd Qu.: 22.50
## Max. :3556.0 Max. :23.00 Max. : 39.40
## NA's :295 NA's :11
## HUMIDITY WIND_SPEED VISIBILITY DEW_POINT_TEMPERATURE
## Min. : 0.00 Min. :0.000 Min. : 27 Min. :-30.600
## 1st Qu.:42.00 1st Qu.:0.900 1st Qu.: 940 1st Qu.: -4.700
## Median :57.00 Median :1.500 Median :1698 Median : 5.100
## Mean :58.23 Mean :1.725 Mean :1437 Mean : 4.074
## 3rd Qu.:74.00 3rd Qu.:2.300 3rd Qu.:2000 3rd Qu.: 14.800
## Max. :98.00 Max. :7.400 Max. :2000 Max. : 27.200
##
## SOLAR_RADIATION RAINFALL SNOWFALL SEASONS
## Min. :0.0000 Min. : 0.0000 Min. :0.00000 Length:8760
## 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.: 0.0000 1st Qu.:0.00000 Class :character
## Median :0.0100 Median : 0.0000 Median :0.00000 Mode :character
## Mean :0.5691 Mean : 0.1487 Mean :0.07507
## 3rd Qu.:0.9300 3rd Qu.: 0.0000 3rd Qu.:0.00000
## Max. :3.5200 Max. :35.0000 Max. :8.80000
##
## HOLIDAY FUNCTIONING_DAY
## Length:8760 Length:8760
## Class :character Class :character
## Mode :character Mode :character
##
##
##
##

dim(bike_sharing_df)

## [1] 8760 14

missing values in the TEMPERATURE column

bike_sharing_df %>%
filter([Link](TEMPERATURE))

## DATE RENTED_BIKE_COUNT HOUR TEMPERATURE HUMIDITY WIND_SPEED

VISIBILITY
## 1 07/06/2018 3221 18 NA 57 2.7
1217
## 2 12/06/2018 1246 14 NA 45 2.2
1961
## 3 13/06/2018 2664 17 NA 57 3.3
919
## 4 17/06/2018 2330 17 NA 58 3.3
865
## 5 20/06/2018 2741 19 NA 61 2.7
1236
## 6 30/06/2018 1144 13 NA 87 1.7
390
## 7 05/07/2018 827 10 NA 75 1.1
1028
## 8 11/07/2018 634 9 NA 96 0.6
450
## 9 12/07/2018 593 6 NA 93 1.1
852
## 10 21/07/2018 347 4 NA 77 1.2
1203
## 11 21/08/2018 1277 23 NA 75 0.1
1892
## DEW_POINT_TEMPERATURE SOLAR_RADIATION RAINFALL SNOWFALL SEASONS
HOLIDAY
## 1 16.4 0.96 0.0 0 Summer No
Holiday
## 2 12.7 1.39 0.0 0 Summer No
Holiday
## 3 16.4 0.87 0.0 0 Summer No
Holiday
## 4 16.7 0.66 0.0 0 Summer No
Holiday
## 5 17.5 0.60 0.0 0 Summer No
Holiday
## 6 23.2 0.71 3.5 0 Summer No
Holiday
## 7 20.8 1.22 0.0 0 Summer No
Holiday
## 8 24.9 0.41 0.0 0 Summer No
Holiday
## 9 24.3 0.01 0.0 0 Summer No
Holiday
## 10 21.2 0.00 0.0 0 Summer No
Holiday
## 11 20.8 0.00 0.0 0 Summer No
Holiday
## FUNCTIONING_DAY
## 1 Yes
## 2 Yes
## 3 Yes
## 4 Yes
## 5 Yes
## 6 Yes
## 7 Yes
## 8 Yes
## 9 Yes
## 10 Yes
## 11 Yes

missing value in RENTED_BIKE_COUNT column

bike_sharing_df %>%
filter([Link](RENTED_BIKE_COUNT))

## DATE RENTED_BIKE_COUNT HOUR TEMPERATURE HUMIDITY WIND_SPEED

## 1 11/04/2018 NA 0 14.40 82 4.6
## 2 11/04/2018 NA 1 13.60 81 3.6
## 3 11/04/2018 NA 2 12.70 80 3.9
## 4 11/04/2018 NA 3 11.60 81 3.1
## 5 11/04/2018 NA 4 10.20 83 3.5
## 6 11/04/2018 NA 5 9.70 84 1.7
## 7 11/04/2018 NA 6 9.00 86 2.0
## 8 11/04/2018 NA 7 8.80 85 1.1
## 9 11/04/2018 NA 8 9.70 77 1.6
## 10 11/04/2018 NA 9 11.80 59 2.1
## 11 11/04/2018 NA 10 13.30 51 4.1
## 12 11/04/2018 NA 11 14.90 44 4.0
## 13 11/04/2018 NA 12 15.70 46 3.9
## 14 11/04/2018 NA 13 15.60 38 4.7
## 15 11/04/2018 NA 14 16.40 28 3.4
## 16 11/04/2018 NA 15 17.00 28 3.5
## 17 11/04/2018 NA 16 16.90 23 4.4
## 18 11/04/2018 NA 17 16.20 22 4.1
## 19 11/04/2018 NA 18 15.20 21 2.9
## 20 11/04/2018 NA 19 13.20 28 2.9
## 21 11/04/2018 NA 20 11.90 33 2.0
## 22 11/04/2018 NA 21 11.00 34 2.1
## 23 11/04/2018 NA 22 10.30 42 1.0
## 24 11/04/2018 NA 23 9.70 45 2.0
## 25 10/05/2018 NA 0 14.50 63 0.9
## 26 10/05/2018 NA 1 13.90 66 1.0
## 27 10/05/2018 NA 2 13.10 73 1.9
## 28 10/05/2018 NA 3 12.88 74 1.7
## 29 10/05/2018 NA 4 12.00 79 0.6
## 30 10/05/2018 NA 5 11.50 80 0.9
## 31 10/05/2018 NA 6 11.40 80 1.0
## 32 10/05/2018 NA 7 12.10 71 1.6
## 33 10/05/2018 NA 8 13.50 63 2.2
## 34 10/05/2018 NA 9 15.50 55 1.7
## 35 10/05/2018 NA 10 17.30 52 2.3
## 36 10/05/2018 NA 11 18.30 51 3.1
## 37 10/05/2018 NA 12 19.80 49 2.3
## 38 10/05/2018 NA 13 20.70 46 2.9
## 39 10/05/2018 NA 14 21.20 47 3.7
## 40 10/05/2018 NA 15 20.40 51 4.0
## 41 10/05/2018 NA 16 19.60 54 3.9
## 42 10/05/2018 NA 17 19.20 54 3.4
## 43 10/05/2018 NA 18 18.00 61 3.5
## 44 10/05/2018 NA 19 15.50 74 3.6
## 45 10/05/2018 NA 20 13.60 82 2.1
## 46 10/05/2018 NA 21 12.60 85 2.4
## 47 10/05/2018 NA 22 12.30 85 2.3
## 48 10/05/2018 NA 23 12.40 85 1.1
## 49 18/09/2018 NA 0 19.50 73 1.2
## 50 18/09/2018 NA 1 19.30 71 0.4
## 51 18/09/2018 NA 2 18.80 74 0.2
## 52 18/09/2018 NA 3 18.70 76 0.5
## 53 18/09/2018 NA 4 18.30 78 0.4
## 54 18/09/2018 NA 5 17.90 77 0.5
## 55 18/09/2018 NA 6 17.70 77 0.2
## 56 18/09/2018 NA 7 17.80 76 0.5
## 57 18/09/2018 NA 8 18.70 73 0.9
## 58 18/09/2018 NA 9 20.80 64 1.1
## 59 18/09/2018 NA 10 22.70 54 1.0
## 60 18/09/2018 NA 11 24.10 46 2.1
## 61 18/09/2018 NA 12 24.70 43 1.8
## 62 18/09/2018 NA 13 25.60 40 2.5
## 63 18/09/2018 NA 14 26.10 37 2.3
## 64 18/09/2018 NA 15 26.10 43 2.8
## 65 18/09/2018 NA 16 26.40 34 2.5
## 66 18/09/2018 NA 17 25.50 38 2.9
## 67 18/09/2018 NA 18 24.80 48 1.4
## 68 18/09/2018 NA 19 23.20 57 2.2
## 69 18/09/2018 NA 20 22.60 58 1.4
## 70 18/09/2018 NA 21 22.10 61 1.5
## 71 18/09/2018 NA 22 21.80 65 0.3
## 72 18/09/2018 NA 23 21.20 69 1.3
## 73 19/09/2018 NA 0 21.00 66 0.4
## 74 19/09/2018 NA 1 20.50 64 0.4
## 75 19/09/2018 NA 2 20.00 70 0.2
## 76 19/09/2018 NA 3 19.70 70 0.5
## 77 19/09/2018 NA 4 19.50 70 0.5
## 78 19/09/2018 NA 5 19.30 73 0.9
## 79 19/09/2018 NA 6 19.00 76 0.3
## 80 19/09/2018 NA 7 19.00 74 0.8
## 81 19/09/2018 NA 8 19.80 71 1.1
## 82 19/09/2018 NA 9 21.50 61 0.8
## 83 19/09/2018 NA 10 22.90 59 1.1
## 84 19/09/2018 NA 11 23.60 55 0.6
## 85 19/09/2018 NA 12 24.90 51 1.2
## 86 19/09/2018 NA 13 26.50 39 1.7
## 87 19/09/2018 NA 14 26.10 40 1.2
## 88 19/09/2018 NA 15 25.90 39 1.4
## 89 19/09/2018 NA 16 25.60 41 1.2
## 90 19/09/2018 NA 17 25.00 44 1.3
## 91 19/09/2018 NA 18 24.00 55 2.2
## 92 19/09/2018 NA 19 23.50 58 0.4
## 93 19/09/2018 NA 20 22.60 67 0.3
## 94 19/09/2018 NA 21 21.70 63 1.8
## 95 19/09/2018 NA 22 20.90 71 1.6
## 96 19/09/2018 NA 23 20.40 57 0.9
## 97 28/09/2018 NA 0 17.10 52 1.4
## 98 28/09/2018 NA 1 16.50 53 1.5
## 99 28/09/2018 NA 2 16.00 56 1.5
## 100 28/09/2018 NA 3 15.30 59 1.6
## 101 28/09/2018 NA 4 14.70 62 1.5
## 102 28/09/2018 NA 5 14.50 60 1.4
## 103 28/09/2018 NA 6 14.40 61 1.2
## 104 28/09/2018 NA 7 14.50 62 1.5
## 105 28/09/2018 NA 8 15.20 58 1.7
## 106 28/09/2018 NA 9 16.50 50 1.2
## 107 28/09/2018 NA 10 17.40 51 1.3
## 108 28/09/2018 NA 11 17.90 54 1.4
## 109 28/09/2018 NA 12 19.00 52 1.2
## 110 28/09/2018 NA 13 19.10 53 1.4
## 111 28/09/2018 NA 14 19.40 53 1.4
## 112 28/09/2018 NA 15 20.30 52 1.3
## 113 28/09/2018 NA 16 21.90 46 1.2
## 114 28/09/2018 NA 17 21.70 52 1.1
## 115 28/09/2018 NA 18 20.40 56 1.7
## 116 28/09/2018 NA 19 19.30 61 0.8
## 117 28/09/2018 NA 20 18.00 67 0.7
## 118 28/09/2018 NA 21 17.80 66 1.1
## 119 28/09/2018 NA 22 17.10 70 1.0
## 120 28/09/2018 NA 23 16.60 69 1.0
## 121 30/09/2018 NA 0 18.10 60 0.2
## 122 30/09/2018 NA 1 17.50 66 0.5
## 123 30/09/2018 NA 2 17.30 68 0.7
## 124 30/09/2018 NA 3 17.00 70 0.9
## 125 30/09/2018 NA 4 16.60 73 0.3
## 126 30/09/2018 NA 5 16.10 78 0.4
## 127 30/09/2018 NA 6 15.50 80 0.4
## 128 30/09/2018 NA 7 15.10 81 0.8
## 129 30/09/2018 NA 8 16.20 69 1.1
## 130 30/09/2018 NA 9 18.50 62 0.5
## 131 30/09/2018 NA 10 20.70 62 1.3
## 132 30/09/2018 NA 11 20.20 63 2.8
## 133 30/09/2018 NA 12 20.80 47 3.1
## 134 30/09/2018 NA 13 21.10 42 4.6
## 135 30/09/2018 NA 14 21.10 32 4.4
## 136 30/09/2018 NA 15 21.30 32 3.8
## 137 30/09/2018 NA 16 21.20 28 3.2
## 138 30/09/2018 NA 17 20.40 31 3.2
## 139 30/09/2018 NA 18 18.30 34 3.3
## 140 30/09/2018 NA 19 17.10 35 2.9
## 141 30/09/2018 NA 20 16.00 39 2.9
## 142 30/09/2018 NA 21 15.20 40 3.0
## 143 30/09/2018 NA 22 14.60 46 2.2
## 144 30/09/2018 NA 23 14.10 53 2.1
## 145 02/10/2018 NA 0 13.00 72 1.8
## 146 02/10/2018 NA 1 12.50 74 1.9
## 147 02/10/2018 NA 2 12.30 75 1.6
## 148 02/10/2018 NA 3 11.80 78 0.3
## 149 02/10/2018 NA 4 11.20 80 0.3
## 150 02/10/2018 NA 5 10.80 82 0.3
## 151 02/10/2018 NA 6 10.60 81 0.0
## 152 02/10/2018 NA 7 10.40 81 0.3
## 153 02/10/2018 NA 8 11.20 69 0.9
## 154 02/10/2018 NA 9 13.90 66 1.6
## 155 02/10/2018 NA 10 16.70 58 2.4
## 156 02/10/2018 NA 11 18.30 44 3.0
## 157 02/10/2018 NA 12 19.40 41 3.1
## 158 02/10/2018 NA 13 20.40 36 2.6
## 159 02/10/2018 NA 14 21.50 39 2.5
## 160 02/10/2018 NA 15 21.80 38 2.6
## 161 02/10/2018 NA 16 21.70 36 3.2
## 162 02/10/2018 NA 17 21.20 40 2.4
## 163 02/10/2018 NA 18 19.20 48 2.2
## 164 02/10/2018 NA 19 17.60 57 1.7
## 165 02/10/2018 NA 20 16.80 62 2.0
## 166 02/10/2018 NA 21 16.20 65 1.5
## 167 02/10/2018 NA 22 15.50 69 0.8
## 168 02/10/2018 NA 23 14.80 68 0.1
## 169 04/10/2018 NA 0 15.50 65 0.8
## 170 04/10/2018 NA 1 14.70 69 0.6
## 171 04/10/2018 NA 2 14.00 73 0.5
## 172 04/10/2018 NA 3 13.60 75 0.8
## 173 04/10/2018 NA 4 13.30 75 0.4
## 174 04/10/2018 NA 5 13.20 73 0.9
## 175 04/10/2018 NA 6 13.20 73 1.1
## 176 04/10/2018 NA 7 13.20 75 0.8
## 177 04/10/2018 NA 8 13.90 68 0.9
## 178 04/10/2018 NA 9 16.70 58 1.8
## 179 04/10/2018 NA 10 19.00 49 1.7
## 180 04/10/2018 NA 11 21.30 41 1.9
## 181 04/10/2018 NA 12 23.20 38 1.7
## 182 04/10/2018 NA 13 23.40 39 1.4
## 183 04/10/2018 NA 14 24.30 39 1.7
## 184 04/10/2018 NA 15 25.30 39 1.6
## 185 04/10/2018 NA 16 25.10 41 1.0
## 186 04/10/2018 NA 17 24.20 44 1.5
## 187 04/10/2018 NA 18 23.10 48 1.3
## 188 04/10/2018 NA 19 22.30 50 1.4
## 189 04/10/2018 NA 20 21.30 53 1.8
## 190 04/10/2018 NA 21 20.50 57 2.0
## 191 04/10/2018 NA 22 19.80 60 1.6
## 192 04/10/2018 NA 23 19.40 62 1.7
## 193 06/10/2018 NA 0 16.40 94 1.8
## 194 06/10/2018 NA 1 16.70 89 2.4
## 195 06/10/2018 NA 2 16.90 88 2.5
## 196 06/10/2018 NA 3 16.80 90 3.3
## 197 06/10/2018 NA 4 16.90 89 2.7
## 198 06/10/2018 NA 5 16.70 93 2.8
## 199 06/10/2018 NA 6 16.50 96 2.3
## 200 09/10/2018 NA 0 12.60 54 0.2
## 201 09/10/2018 NA 1 12.00 58 0.7
## 202 09/10/2018 NA 2 11.40 65 1.1
## 203 09/10/2018 NA 3 11.00 66 0.9
## 204 09/10/2018 NA 4 11.00 63 0.8
## 205 09/10/2018 NA 5 10.80 64 0.8
## 206 09/10/2018 NA 6 10.80 69 0.8
## 207 09/10/2018 NA 7 10.90 70 0.7
## 208 09/10/2018 NA 8 11.40 66 0.8
## 209 09/10/2018 NA 9 12.80 57 1.2
## 210 09/10/2018 NA 10 14.80 51 1.0
## 211 09/10/2018 NA 11 16.40 45 0.7
## 212 09/10/2018 NA 12 18.30 40 0.6
## 213 09/10/2018 NA 13 19.20 39 1.0
## 214 09/10/2018 NA 14 18.80 39 1.6
## 215 09/10/2018 NA 15 18.30 40 1.2
## 216 09/10/2018 NA 16 19.00 39 1.4
## 217 09/10/2018 NA 17 18.40 39 2.1
## 218 09/10/2018 NA 18 17.70 43 1.5
## 219 09/10/2018 NA 19 17.30 47 2.2
## 220 09/10/2018 NA 20 17.00 49 1.4
## 221 09/10/2018 NA 21 16.80 52 1.6
## 222 09/10/2018 NA 22 16.70 55 1.9
## 223 09/10/2018 NA 23 16.60 53 1.1
## 224 03/11/2018 NA 0 8.80 63 0.6
## 225 03/11/2018 NA 1 8.50 61 0.2
## 226 03/11/2018 NA 2 7.60 68 1.2
## 227 03/11/2018 NA 3 7.10 67 0.6
## 228 03/11/2018 NA 4 6.30 72 1.0
## 229 03/11/2018 NA 5 6.10 75 1.0
## 230 03/11/2018 NA 6 5.50 78 0.6
## 231 03/11/2018 NA 7 5.20 79 1.3
## 232 03/11/2018 NA 8 5.40 75 0.4
## 233 03/11/2018 NA 9 7.90 58 1.3
## 234 03/11/2018 NA 10 11.00 49 0.7
## 235 03/11/2018 NA 11 14.50 42 1.6
## 236 03/11/2018 NA 12 16.50 37 1.8
## 237 03/11/2018 NA 13 17.80 29 2.0
## 238 03/11/2018 NA 14 18.10 24 2.4
## 239 03/11/2018 NA 15 18.50 25 1.6
## 240 03/11/2018 NA 16 18.70 25 2.1
## 241 03/11/2018 NA 17 16.70 45 2.2
## 242 03/11/2018 NA 18 14.20 51 1.5
## 243 03/11/2018 NA 19 13.40 62 1.6
## 244 03/11/2018 NA 20 12.10 68 0.8
## 245 03/11/2018 NA 21 11.10 69 0.9
## 246 03/11/2018 NA 22 10.00 68 1.1
## 247 03/11/2018 NA 23 9.20 65 1.2
## 248 06/11/2018 NA 0 10.00 73 0.5
## 249 06/11/2018 NA 1 9.80 75 0.5
## 250 06/11/2018 NA 2 9.70 78 0.0
## 251 06/11/2018 NA 3 9.40 81 0.3
## 252 06/11/2018 NA 4 9.10 81 0.0
## 253 06/11/2018 NA 5 8.80 84 0.6
## 254 06/11/2018 NA 6 8.50 83 0.7
## 255 06/11/2018 NA 7 8.30 84 0.9
## 256 06/11/2018 NA 8 8.70 77 0.7
## 257 06/11/2018 NA 9 10.10 68 0.2
## 258 06/11/2018 NA 10 11.70 62 0.5
## 259 06/11/2018 NA 11 13.00 55 1.0
## 260 06/11/2018 NA 12 14.50 57 0.8
## 261 06/11/2018 NA 13 16.10 56 1.7
## 262 06/11/2018 NA 14 17.40 50 2.4
## 263 06/11/2018 NA 15 16.30 54 1.6
## 264 06/11/2018 NA 16 16.60 55 1.3
## 265 06/11/2018 NA 17 15.30 63 1.2
## 266 06/11/2018 NA 18 14.00 71 1.5
## 267 06/11/2018 NA 19 13.30 72 1.1
## 268 06/11/2018 NA 20 13.20 73 1.1
## 269 06/11/2018 NA 21 13.00 76 0.9
## 270 06/11/2018 NA 22 12.30 73 1.2
## 271 06/11/2018 NA 23 12.20 74 1.1
## 272 09/11/2018 NA 0 12.00 96 3.1
## 273 09/11/2018 NA 1 11.40 89 2.6
## 274 09/11/2018 NA 2 11.30 88 3.7
## 275 09/11/2018 NA 3 10.80 82 2.8
## 276 09/11/2018 NA 4 10.60 75 3.2
## 277 09/11/2018 NA 5 10.90 68 3.1
## 278 09/11/2018 NA 6 11.00 70 3.1
## 279 09/11/2018 NA 7 10.40 81 3.0
## 280 09/11/2018 NA 8 10.10 85 2.4
## 281 09/11/2018 NA 9 10.80 78 2.6
## 282 09/11/2018 NA 10 11.30 68 4.7
## 283 09/11/2018 NA 11 13.30 59 4.1
## 284 09/11/2018 NA 12 13.90 50 4.1
## 285 09/11/2018 NA 13 14.00 46 5.3
## 286 09/11/2018 NA 14 15.00 49 2.8
## 287 09/11/2018 NA 15 15.10 52 3.4
## 288 09/11/2018 NA 16 14.30 59 3.6
## 289 09/11/2018 NA 17 12.88 66 3.6
## 290 09/11/2018 NA 18 12.30 69 2.1
## 291 09/11/2018 NA 19 11.90 71 2.7
## 292 09/11/2018 NA 20 11.90 72 2.5
## 293 09/11/2018 NA 21 11.40 74 1.9
## 294 09/11/2018 NA 22 11.20 75 1.7
## 295 09/11/2018 NA 23 10.90 76 1.2
## VISIBILITY DEW_POINT_TEMPERATURE SOLAR_RADIATION RAINFALL SNOWFALL
SEASONS
## 1 1041 11.3 0.00 0.0 0
Spring
## 2 886 10.3 0.00 0.0 0
Spring
## 3 885 9.3 0.00 0.0 0
Spring
## 4 687 8.4 0.00 0.0 0
Spring
## 5 554 7.4 0.00 0.0 0
Spring
## 6 447 7.1 0.00 0.0 0
Spring
## 7 442 6.7 0.00 0.0 0
Spring
## 8 438 6.4 0.11 0.0 0
Spring
## 9 519 5.8 0.68 0.0 0
Spring
## 10 975 4.0 1.44 0.0 0
Spring
## 11 1487 3.3 2.17 0.0 0
Spring
## 12 1468 2.7 2.75 0.0 0
Spring
## 13 1132 4.0 3.05 0.0 0
Spring
## 14 1558 1.3 3.32 0.0 0
Spring
## 15 1804 -2.1 3.16 0.0 0
Spring
## 16 1804 -1.6 2.90 0.0 0
Spring
## 17 1938 -4.4 2.39 0.0 0
Spring
## 18 2000 -5.5 1.73 0.0 0
Spring
## 19 2000 -7.0 0.94 0.0 0
Spring
## 20 2000 -4.9 0.22 0.0 0
Spring
## 21 2000 -3.8 0.00 0.0 0
Spring
## 22 2000 -4.2 0.00 0.0 0
Spring
## 23 1923 -2.0 0.00 0.0 0
Spring
## 24 1969 -1.6 0.00 0.0 0
Spring
## 25 2000 7.5 0.00 0.0 0
Spring
## 26 1960 7.6 0.00 0.0 0
Spring
## 27 1895 8.3 0.00 0.0 0
Spring
## 28 1698 8.3 0.00 0.0 0
Spring
## 29 1351 8.4 0.00 0.0 0
Spring
## 30 974 8.1 0.00 0.0 0
Spring
## 31 885 8.0 0.02 0.0 0
Spring
## 32 876 6.9 0.34 0.0 0
Spring
## 33 1211 6.5 1.01 0.0 0
Spring
## 34 1318 6.4 1.76 0.0 0
Spring
## 35 1235 7.3 2.38 0.0 0
Spring
## 36 1015 7.9 2.84 0.0 0
Spring
## 37 1320 8.7 3.17 0.0 0
Spring
## 38 1078 8.6 3.26 0.0 0
Spring
## 39 1142 9.4 3.22 0.0 0
Spring
## 40 946 9.9 2.87 0.0 0
Spring
## 41 1154 10.0 2.41 0.0 0
Spring
## 42 1075 9.6 1.83 0.0 0
Spring
## 43 790 10.3 1.05 0.0 0
Spring
## 44 675 10.8 0.35 0.0 0
Spring
## 45 520 10.5 0.02 0.0 0
Spring
## 46 460 10.1 0.00 0.0 0
Spring
## 47 452 9.8 0.00 0.0 0
Spring
## 48 369 9.9 0.00 0.0 0
Spring
## 49 1916 14.5 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 50 1912 13.9 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 51 1866 14.0 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 52 1916 14.3 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 53 1906 14.3 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 54 1658 13.8 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 55 1757 13.6 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 56 1729 13.5 0.08 0.0 0
Autumn
## 57 1501 13.7 0.34 0.0 0
Autumn
## 58 1205 13.7 1.13 0.0 0
Autumn
## 59 1619 12.9 1.74 0.0 0
Autumn
## 60 1678 11.7 2.03 0.0 0
Autumn
## 61 1809 11.2 1.75 0.0 0
Autumn
## 62 1704 10.9 2.18 0.0 0
Autumn
## 63 1749 10.2 1.92 0.0 0
Autumn
## 64 1785 12.5 1.62 0.0 0
Autumn
## 65 1953 9.2 1.60 0.0 0
Autumn
## 66 1997 10.1 0.92 0.0 0
Autumn
## 67 2000 13.0 0.51 0.0 0
Autumn
## 68 2000 14.2 0.03 0.0 0
Autumn
## 69 2000 13.9 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 70 2000 14.2 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 71 2000 14.9 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 72 1999 15.2 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 73 2000 14.3 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 74 2000 13.4 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 75 2000 14.3 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 76 2000 14.0 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 77 2000 13.8 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 78 1782 14.3 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 79 1488 14.6 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 80 1650 14.2 0.03 0.0 0
Autumn
## 81 1534 14.3 0.26 0.0 0
Autumn
## 82 1774 13.6 0.92 0.0 0
Autumn
## 83 1819 14.4 1.49 0.0 0
Autumn
## 84 1723 14.0 1.01 0.0 0
Autumn
## 85 1619 14.0 1.56 0.0 0
Autumn
## 86 1560 11.4 2.15 0.0 0
Autumn
## 87 1840 11.4 1.21 0.0 0
Autumn
## 88 1836 10.8 0.90 0.0 0
Autumn
## 89 1594 11.3 0.65 0.0 0
Autumn
## 90 1883 11.8 0.36 0.0 0
Autumn
## 91 1691 14.3 0.12 0.0 0
Autumn
## 92 1836 14.7 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 93 1737 16.1 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 94 1078 14.3 0.00 0.1 0
Autumn
## 95 1057 15.4 0.00 0.1 0
Autumn
## 96 2000 11.5 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 97 2000 7.1 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 98 2000 6.8 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 99 2000 7.2 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 100 2000 7.3 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 101 2000 7.4 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 102 2000 6.8 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 103 2000 6.9 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 104 2000 7.2 0.03 0.0 0
Autumn
## 105 2000 6.9 0.29 0.0 0
Autumn
## 106 2000 6.0 0.66 0.0 0
Autumn
## 107 1989 7.1 0.81 0.0 0
Autumn
## 108 2000 8.4 0.73 0.0 0
Autumn
## 109 2000 8.9 0.98 0.0 0
Autumn
## 110 2000 9.2 0.76 0.0 0
Autumn
## 111 2000 9.5 0.68 0.0 0
Autumn
## 112 2000 10.1 1.15 0.0 0
Autumn
## 113 1995 9.7 1.67 0.0 0
Autumn
## 114 2000 11.4 0.79 0.0 0
Autumn
## 115 2000 11.3 0.20 0.0 0
Autumn
## 116 2000 11.5 0.01 0.0 0
Autumn
## 117 2000 11.7 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 118 2000 11.3 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 119 2000 11.5 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 120 2000 10.8 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 121 2000 10.2 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 122 2000 11.0 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 123 2000 11.3 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 124 2000 11.4 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 125 2000 11.7 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 126 2000 12.2 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 127 2000 12.0 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 128 1939 11.8 0.03 0.0 0
Autumn
## 129 2000 10.4 0.54 0.0 0
Autumn
## 130 1847 11.0 1.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 131 1679 13.1 1.41 0.0 0
Autumn
## 132 1195 12.9 1.25 0.0 0
Autumn
## 133 1665 9.0 2.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 134 1954 7.6 2.74 0.0 0
Autumn
## 135 1999 3.7 2.48 0.0 0
Autumn
## 136 2000 3.9 2.31 0.0 0
Autumn
## 137 2000 1.9 1.77 0.0 0
Autumn
## 138 2000 2.6 1.06 0.0 0
Autumn
## 139 2000 2.1 0.36 0.0 0
Autumn
## 140 2000 1.4 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 141 2000 2.0 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 142 2000 1.6 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 143 2000 3.0 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 144 2000 4.6 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 145 1987 8.0 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 146 1992 7.9 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 147 1840 7.9 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 148 1843 8.0 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 149 1236 7.8 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 150 1778 7.8 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 151 1798 7.4 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 152 1956 7.2 0.02 0.0 0
Autumn
## 153 1714 5.7 0.49 0.0 0
Autumn
## 154 1427 7.6 1.11 0.0 0
Autumn
## 155 1554 8.3 1.81 0.0 0
Autumn
## 156 1878 5.8 2.35 0.0 0
Autumn
## 157 1956 5.7 2.67 0.0 0
Autumn
## 158 1776 4.8 2.71 0.0 0
Autumn
## 159 1691 6.9 2.56 0.0 0
Autumn
## 160 1913 6.8 2.22 0.0 0
Autumn
## 161 1929 5.9 1.64 0.0 0
Autumn
## 162 2000 7.0 0.98 0.0 0
Autumn
## 163 2000 7.9 0.28 0.0 0
Autumn
## 164 2000 8.9 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 165 2000 9.4 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 166 2000 9.6 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 167 1987 9.8 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 168 1994 8.9 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 169 2000 8.9 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 170 2000 9.0 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 171 1992 9.2 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 172 1960 9.2 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 173 1792 8.9 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 174 1857 8.4 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 175 1900 8.4 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 176 1780 8.8 0.01 0.0 0
Autumn
## 177 1912 8.0 0.34 0.0 0
Autumn
## 178 1821 8.3 1.22 0.0 0
Autumn
## 179 1980 8.0 1.73 0.0 0
Autumn
## 180 1963 7.5 2.36 0.0 0
Autumn
## 181 1990 8.0 2.44 0.0 0
Autumn
## 182 2000 8.6 1.72 0.0 0
Autumn
## 183 2000 9.4 2.18 0.0 0
Autumn
## 184 2000 10.3 1.88 0.0 0
Autumn
## 185 2000 10.9 1.22 0.0 0
Autumn
## 186 2000 11.1 0.58 0.0 0
Autumn
## 187 2000 11.4 0.20 0.0 0
Autumn
## 188 2000 11.3 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 189 2000 11.3 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 190 2000 11.6 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 191 2000 11.8 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 192 2000 11.9 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 193 1744 15.4 0.00 1.0 0
Autumn
## 194 1814 14.8 0.00 1.0 0
Autumn
## 195 2000 14.8 0.00 1.5 0
Autumn
## 196 1601 15.1 0.00 2.0 0
Autumn
## 197 1577 15.0 0.00 2.5 0
Autumn
## 198 360 15.5 0.00 4.5 0
Autumn
## 199 417 15.8 0.00 8.5 0
Autumn
## 200 2000 3.5 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 201 2000 3.9 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 202 2000 5.0 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 203 2000 4.8 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 204 2000 4.2 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 205 2000 4.2 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 206 2000 5.3 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 207 2000 5.6 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 208 1991 5.2 0.18 0.0 0
Autumn
## 209 1838 4.4 0.55 0.0 0
Autumn
## 210 1998 4.7 1.07 0.0 0
Autumn
## 211 2000 4.4 1.22 0.0 0
Autumn
## 212 1995 4.4 1.82 0.0 0
Autumn
## 213 2000 4.8 1.66 0.0 0
Autumn
## 214 2000 4.5 0.67 0.0 0
Autumn
## 215 2000 4.4 0.33 0.0 0
Autumn
## 216 2000 4.7 0.89 0.0 0
Autumn
## 217 2000 4.1 0.45 0.0 0
Autumn
## 218 2000 4.9 0.05 0.0 0
Autumn
## 219 2000 5.8 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 220 2000 6.1 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 221 2000 6.8 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 222 2000 7.6 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 223 2000 6.9 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 224 1314 2.1 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 225 1273 1.3 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 226 1170 2.0 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 227 1229 1.3 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 228 1104 1.6 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 229 1053 1.9 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 230 983 1.9 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 231 894 1.8 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 232 905 1.3 0.11 0.0 0
Autumn
## 233 1033 0.1 0.80 0.0 0
Autumn
## 234 957 0.6 1.40 0.0 0
Autumn
## 235 890 1.7 1.85 0.0 0
Autumn
## 236 1060 1.7 2.14 0.0 0
Autumn
## 237 1328 -0.4 2.17 0.0 0
Autumn
## 238 1594 -2.8 1.97 0.0 0
Autumn
## 239 1724 -1.9 1.63 0.0 0
Autumn
## 240 1605 -1.7 1.07 0.0 0
Autumn
## 241 772 4.6 0.43 0.0 0
Autumn
## 242 990 4.1 0.02 0.0 0
Autumn
## 243 740 6.2 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 244 592 6.3 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 245 619 5.6 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 246 791 4.3 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 247 1064 2.9 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 248 700 5.3 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 249 668 5.5 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 250 619 6.0 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 251 500 6.2 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 252 493 6.0 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 253 420 6.2 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 254 409 5.7 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 255 422 5.7 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 256 529 4.8 0.11 0.0 0
Autumn
## 257 578 4.4 0.33 0.0 0
Autumn
## 258 521 4.6 0.77 0.0 0
Autumn
## 259 488 4.1 0.84 0.0 0
Autumn
## 260 373 6.0 1.08 0.0 0
Autumn
## 261 328 7.3 1.54 0.0 0
Autumn
## 262 336 6.8 1.52 0.0 0
Autumn
## 263 374 6.9 0.76 0.0 0
Autumn
## 264 334 7.5 0.66 0.0 0
Autumn
## 265 260 8.2 0.23 0.0 0
Autumn
## 266 201 8.8 0.01 0.0 0
Autumn
## 267 234 8.3 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 268 246 8.4 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 269 231 8.8 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 270 277 7.5 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 271 291 7.6 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 272 1185 11.3 0.00 18.0 0
Autumn
## 273 1376 9.6 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 274 1680 9.3 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 275 1712 7.8 0.00 0.5 0
Autumn
## 276 913 6.3 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 277 1034 5.2 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 278 900 5.7 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 279 1741 7.2 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 280 1809 7.6 0.05 0.0 0
Autumn
## 281 1985 7.1 0.13 0.5 0
Autumn
## 282 1984 5.5 0.44 0.0 0
Autumn
## 283 1970 5.4 1.43 0.0 0
Autumn
## 284 1964 3.6 2.14 0.0 0
Autumn
## 285 927 2.5 1.68 0.0 0
Autumn
## 286 518 4.3 1.53 0.0 0
Autumn
## 287 622 5.3 1.30 0.0 0
Autumn
## 288 858 6.3 0.72 0.0 0
Autumn
## 289 682 6.6 0.32 0.0 0
Autumn
## 290 623 6.7 0.01 0.0 0
Autumn
## 291 589 6.7 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 292 526 7.0 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 293 498 6.9 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 294 478 6.9 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## 295 456 6.8 0.00 0.0 0
Autumn
## HOLIDAY FUNCTIONING_DAY
## 1 No Holiday No
## 2 No Holiday No
## 3 No Holiday No
## 4 No Holiday No
## 5 No Holiday No
## 6 No Holiday No
## 7 No Holiday No
## 8 No Holiday No
## 9 No Holiday No
## 10 No Holiday No
## 11 No Holiday No
## 12 No Holiday No
## 13 No Holiday No
## 14 No Holiday No
## 15 No Holiday No
## 16 No Holiday No
## 17 No Holiday No
## 18 No Holiday No
## 19 No Holiday No
## 20 No Holiday No
## 21 No Holiday No
## 22 No Holiday No
## 23 No Holiday No
## 24 No Holiday No
## 25 No Holiday No
## 26 No Holiday No
## 27 No Holiday No
## 28 No Holiday No
## 29 No Holiday No
## 30 No Holiday No
## 31 No Holiday No
## 32 No Holiday No
## 33 No Holiday No
## 34 No Holiday No
## 35 No Holiday No
## 36 No Holiday No
## 37 No Holiday No
## 38 No Holiday No
## 39 No Holiday No
## 40 No Holiday No
## 41 No Holiday No
## 42 No Holiday No
## 43 No Holiday No
## 44 No Holiday No
## 45 No Holiday No
## 46 No Holiday No
## 47 No Holiday No
## 48 No Holiday No
## 49 No Holiday No
## 50 No Holiday No
## 51 No Holiday No
## 52 No Holiday No
## 53 No Holiday No
## 54 No Holiday No
## 55 No Holiday No
## 56 No Holiday No
## 57 No Holiday No
## 58 No Holiday No
## 59 No Holiday No
## 60 No Holiday No
## 61 No Holiday No
## 62 No Holiday No
## 63 No Holiday No
## 64 No Holiday No
## 65 No Holiday No
## 66 No Holiday No
## 67 No Holiday No
## 68 No Holiday No
## 69 No Holiday No
## 70 No Holiday No
## 71 No Holiday No
## 72 No Holiday No
## 73 No Holiday No
## 74 No Holiday No
## 75 No Holiday No
## 76 No Holiday No
## 77 No Holiday No
## 78 No Holiday No
## 79 No Holiday No
## 80 No Holiday No
## 81 No Holiday No
## 82 No Holiday No
## 83 No Holiday No
## 84 No Holiday No
## 85 No Holiday No
## 86 No Holiday No
## 87 No Holiday No
## 88 No Holiday No
## 89 No Holiday No
## 90 No Holiday No
## 91 No Holiday No
## 92 No Holiday No
## 93 No Holiday No
## 94 No Holiday No
## 95 No Holiday No
## 96 No Holiday No
## 97 No Holiday No
## 98 No Holiday No
## 99 No Holiday No
## 100 No Holiday No
## 101 No Holiday No
## 102 No Holiday No
## 103 No Holiday No
## 104 No Holiday No
## 105 No Holiday No
## 106 No Holiday No
## 107 No Holiday No
## 108 No Holiday No
## 109 No Holiday No
## 110 No Holiday No
## 111 No Holiday No
## 112 No Holiday No
## 113 No Holiday No
## 114 No Holiday No
## 115 No Holiday No
## 116 No Holiday No
## 117 No Holiday No
## 118 No Holiday No
## 119 No Holiday No
## 120 No Holiday No
## 121 No Holiday No
## 122 No Holiday No
## 123 No Holiday No
## 124 No Holiday No
## 125 No Holiday No
## 126 No Holiday No
## 127 No Holiday No
## 128 No Holiday No
## 129 No Holiday No
## 130 No Holiday No
## 131 No Holiday No
## 132 No Holiday No
## 133 No Holiday No
## 134 No Holiday No
## 135 No Holiday No
## 136 No Holiday No
## 137 No Holiday No
## 138 No Holiday No
## 139 No Holiday No
## 140 No Holiday No
## 141 No Holiday No
## 142 No Holiday No
## 143 No Holiday No
## 144 No Holiday No
## 145 No Holiday No
## 146 No Holiday No
## 147 No Holiday No
## 148 No Holiday No
## 149 No Holiday No
## 150 No Holiday No
## 151 No Holiday No
## 152 No Holiday No
## 153 No Holiday No
## 154 No Holiday No
## 155 No Holiday No
## 156 No Holiday No
## 157 No Holiday No
## 158 No Holiday No
## 159 No Holiday No
## 160 No Holiday No
## 161 No Holiday No
## 162 No Holiday No
## 163 No Holiday No
## 164 No Holiday No
## 165 No Holiday No
## 166 No Holiday No
## 167 No Holiday No
## 168 No Holiday No
## 169 No Holiday No
## 170 No Holiday No
## 171 No Holiday No
## 172 No Holiday No
## 173 No Holiday No
## 174 No Holiday No
## 175 No Holiday No
## 176 No Holiday No
## 177 No Holiday No
## 178 No Holiday No
## 179 No Holiday No
## 180 No Holiday No
## 181 No Holiday No
## 182 No Holiday No
## 183 No Holiday No
## 184 No Holiday No
## 185 No Holiday No
## 186 No Holiday No
## 187 No Holiday No
## 188 No Holiday No
## 189 No Holiday No
## 190 No Holiday No
## 191 No Holiday No
## 192 No Holiday No
## 193 No Holiday No
## 194 No Holiday No
## 195 No Holiday No
## 196 No Holiday No
## 197 No Holiday No
## 198 No Holiday No
## 199 No Holiday No
## 200 Holiday No
## 201 Holiday No
## 202 Holiday No
## 203 Holiday No
## 204 Holiday No
## 205 Holiday No
## 206 Holiday No
## 207 Holiday No
## 208 Holiday No
## 209 Holiday No
## 210 Holiday No
## 211 Holiday No
## 212 Holiday No
## 213 Holiday No
## 214 Holiday No
## 215 Holiday No
## 216 Holiday No
## 217 Holiday No
## 218 Holiday No
## 219 Holiday No
## 220 Holiday No
## 221 Holiday No
## 222 Holiday No
## 223 Holiday No
## 224 No Holiday No
## 225 No Holiday No
## 226 No Holiday No
## 227 No Holiday No
## 228 No Holiday No
## 229 No Holiday No
## 230 No Holiday No
## 231 No Holiday No
## 232 No Holiday No
## 233 No Holiday No
## 234 No Holiday No
## 235 No Holiday No
## 236 No Holiday No
## 237 No Holiday No
## 238 No Holiday No
## 239 No Holiday No
## 240 No Holiday No
## 241 No Holiday No
## 242 No Holiday No
## 243 No Holiday No
## 244 No Holiday No
## 245 No Holiday No
## 246 No Holiday No
## 247 No Holiday No
## 248 No Holiday No
## 249 No Holiday No
## 250 No Holiday No
## 251 No Holiday No
## 252 No Holiday No
## 253 No Holiday No
## 254 No Holiday No
## 255 No Holiday No
## 256 No Holiday No
## 257 No Holiday No
## 258 No Holiday No
## 259 No Holiday No
## 260 No Holiday No
## 261 No Holiday No
## 262 No Holiday No
## 263 No Holiday No
## 264 No Holiday No
## 265 No Holiday No
## 266 No Holiday No
## 267 No Holiday No
## 268 No Holiday No
## 269 No Holiday No
## 270 No Holiday No
## 271 No Holiday No
## 272 No Holiday No
## 273 No Holiday No
## 274 No Holiday No
## 275 No Holiday No
## 276 No Holiday No
## 277 No Holiday No
## 278 No Holiday No
## 279 No Holiday No
## 280 No Holiday No
## 281 No Holiday No
## 282 No Holiday No
## 283 No Holiday No
## 284 No Holiday No
## 285 No Holiday No
## 286 No Holiday No
## 287 No Holiday No
## 288 No Holiday No
## 289 No Holiday No
## 290 No Holiday No
## 291 No Holiday No
## 292 No Holiday No
## 293 No Holiday No
## 294 No Holiday No
## 295 No Holiday No

calculate the average temperature in summer

summer_temp <- bike_sharing_df[bike_sharing_df$SEASONS == "Summer", ]
summer_avg_temp <- mean(summer_temp$TEMPERATURE, [Link]=TRUE)
print(summer_avg_temp)

## [1] 26.58771

Impute missing values for TEMPERATURE column with summer average temperature
bike_sharing_df["TEMPERATURE"][[Link](bike_sharing_df["TEMPERATURE"])] <-
summer_avg_temp

summary of the dataset

summary(bike_sharing_df)

## DATE RENTED_BIKE_COUNT HOUR TEMPERATURE

## Length:8760 Min. : 2.0 Min. : 0.00 Min. :-17.80
## Class :character 1st Qu.: 214.0 1st Qu.: 5.75 1st Qu.: 3.50
## Mode :character Median : 542.0 Median :11.50 Median : 13.70
## Mean : 729.2 Mean :11.50 Mean : 12.88
## 3rd Qu.:1084.0 3rd Qu.:17.25 3rd Qu.: 22.50
## Max. :3556.0 Max. :23.00 Max. : 39.40
## NA's :295
## HUMIDITY WIND_SPEED VISIBILITY DEW_POINT_TEMPERATURE
## Min. : 0.00 Min. :0.000 Min. : 27 Min. :-30.600
## 1st Qu.:42.00 1st Qu.:0.900 1st Qu.: 940 1st Qu.: -4.700
## Median :57.00 Median :1.500 Median :1698 Median : 5.100
## Mean :58.23 Mean :1.725 Mean :1437 Mean : 4.074
## 3rd Qu.:74.00 3rd Qu.:2.300 3rd Qu.:2000 3rd Qu.: 14.800
## Max. :98.00 Max. :7.400 Max. :2000 Max. : 27.200
##
## SOLAR_RADIATION RAINFALL SNOWFALL SEASONS
## Min. :0.0000 Min. : 0.0000 Min. :0.00000 Length:8760
## 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.: 0.0000 1st Qu.:0.00000 Class :character
## Median :0.0100 Median : 0.0000 Median :0.00000 Mode :character
## Mean :0.5691 Mean : 0.1487 Mean :0.07507
## 3rd Qu.:0.9300 3rd Qu.: 0.0000 3rd Qu.:0.00000
## Max. :3.5200 Max. :35.0000 Max. :8.80000
##
## HOLIDAY FUNCTIONING_DAY
## Length:8760 Length:8760
## Class :character Class :character
## Mode :character Mode :character
##
##
##
##

Save the dataset as `seoul_bike_sharing.csv

[Link](bike_sharing_df, "E:/Coursera/Data Science with R_Capstone
Project/seoul_bike_sharing.csv")

Task_9: Create indicator (dummy) variables for categorical variables

bike_sharing_df <- [Link]("E:/Coursera/Data Science with R_Capstone
Project/seoul_bike_sharing.csv")

Using mutate() function to convert HOUR column into character type

bike_sharing_df %>%
mutate(HOUR=[Link](HOUR)) %>% #convert HOUR to character because
it's from 0 to 23
head(10)

## X DATE RENTED_BIKE_COUNT HOUR TEMPERATURE HUMIDITY WIND_SPEED

## 1 1 01/12/2017 254 0 -5.2 37 2.2
## 2 2 01/12/2017 204 1 -5.5 38 0.8
## 3 3 01/12/2017 173 2 -6.0 39 1.0
## 4 4 01/12/2017 107 3 -6.2 40 0.9
## 5 5 01/12/2017 78 4 -6.0 36 2.3
## 6 6 01/12/2017 100 5 -6.4 37 1.5
## 7 7 01/12/2017 181 6 -6.6 35 1.3
## 8 8 01/12/2017 460 7 -7.4 38 0.9
## 9 9 01/12/2017 930 8 -7.6 37 1.1
## 10 10 01/12/2017 490 9 -6.5 27 0.5
## VISIBILITY DEW_POINT_TEMPERATURE SOLAR_RADIATION RAINFALL SNOWFALL
SEASONS
## 1 2000 -17.6 0.00 0 0
Winter
## 2 2000 -17.6 0.00 0 0
Winter
## 3 2000 -17.7 0.00 0 0
Winter
## 4 2000 -17.6 0.00 0 0
Winter
## 5 2000 -18.6 0.00 0 0
Winter
## 6 2000 -18.7 0.00 0 0
Winter
## 7 2000 -19.5 0.00 0 0
Winter
## 8 2000 -19.3 0.00 0 0
Winter
## 9 2000 -19.8 0.01 0 0
Winter
## 10 1928 -22.4 0.23 0 0
Winter
## HOLIDAY FUNCTIONING_DAY
## 1 No Holiday Yes
## 2 No Holiday Yes
## 3 No Holiday Yes
## 4 No Holiday Yes
## 5 No Holiday Yes
## 6 No Holiday Yes
## 7 No Holiday Yes
## 8 No Holiday Yes
## 9 No Holiday Yes
## 10 No Holiday Yes

[Link](“pacman”)
library(pacman)

pacman:: p_load(fastDummies)

Convert SEASONS, HOLIDAY, FUNCTIONING_DAY, and HOUR columns into indicator columns.
bike_sharing_df <- dummy_cols(bike_sharing_df, select_columns = "HOUR")
bike_sharing_df <- dummy_cols(bike_sharing_df, select_columns = "HOLIDAY")
bike_sharing_df <- dummy_cols(bike_sharing_df, select_columns = "SEASONS")

#Change the colnames for shorterning

colnames(bike_sharing_df)[c(40,41,42,43,44,45)] <- c("HOLIDAY", "NO HOLIDAY",
"AUTUMN", "SPRING", "SUMMER","WINTER")

Save the dataset as seoul_bike_sharing_converted.csv

[Link](bike_sharing_df, "E:/Coursera/Data Science with R_Capstone
Project/seoul_bike_sharing_converted.csv")

Task_10: Normalize data using Min-Max normalization

minmax_norm <- function(x){
(x-min(x))/(max(x)-min(x))}

bike_sharing_df <- [Link]("E:/Coursera/Data Science with R_Capstone

Project/seoul_bike_sharing_converted.csv")

#Apply min-max normalization function to numerical columns in df

bike_sharing_df %<>%
mutate(TEMPERATURE = minmax_norm(TEMPERATURE),
HUMIDITY = minmax_norm(HUMIDITY),
WIND_SPEED = minmax_norm(WIND_SPEED),
VISIBILITY = minmax_norm(VISIBILITY),
DEW_POINT_TEMPERATURE = minmax_norm(DEW_POINT_TEMPERATURE),
SOLAR_RADIATION = minmax_norm(SOLAR_RADIATION),
RAINFALL = minmax_norm(RAINFALL),
SNOWFALL = minmax_norm(SNOWFALL))
head(bike_sharing_df)

## X.1 X DATE RENTED_BIKE_COUNT HOUR TEMPERATURE HUMIDITY WIND_SPEED

## 1 1 1 01/12/2017 254 0 0.2202797 0.3775510 0.2972973
## 2 2 2 01/12/2017 204 1 0.2150350 0.3877551 0.1081081
## 3 3 3 01/12/2017 173 2 0.2062937 0.3979592 0.1351351
## 4 4 4 01/12/2017 107 3 0.2027972 0.4081633 0.1216216
## 5 5 5 01/12/2017 78 4 0.2062937 0.3673469 0.3108108
## 6 6 6 01/12/2017 100 5 0.1993007 0.3775510 0.2027027
## VISIBILITY DEW_POINT_TEMPERATURE SOLAR_RADIATION RAINFALL SNOWFALL
SEASONS
## 1 1 0.2249135 0 0 0
Winter
## 2 1 0.2249135 0 0 0
Winter
## 3 1 0.2231834 0 0 0
Winter
## 4 1 0.2249135 0 0 0
Winter
## 5 1 0.2076125 0 0 0
Winter
## 6 1 0.2058824 0 0 0
Winter
## HOLIDAY FUNCTIONING_DAY HOUR_0 HOUR_1 HOUR_2 HOUR_3 HOUR_4 HOUR_5
HOUR_6
## 1 No Holiday Yes 1 0 0 0 0 0
0
## 2 No Holiday Yes 0 1 0 0 0 0
0
## 3 No Holiday Yes 0 0 1 0 0 0
0
## 4 No Holiday Yes 0 0 0 1 0 0
0
## 5 No Holiday Yes 0 0 0 0 1 0
0
## 6 No Holiday Yes 0 0 0 0 0 1
0
## HOUR_7 HOUR_8 HOUR_9 HOUR_10 HOUR_11 HOUR_12 HOUR_13 HOUR_14 HOUR_15
HOUR_16
## 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
## 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
## 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
## 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
## 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
## 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
## HOUR_17 HOUR_18 HOUR_19 HOUR_20 HOUR_21 HOUR_22 HOUR_23 HOLIDAY.1
[Link]
## 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1
## 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1
## 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1
## 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1
## 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1
## 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1
## AUTUMN SPRING SUMMER WINTER
## 1 0 0 0 1
## 2 0 0 0 1
## 3 0 0 0 1
## 4 0 0 0 1
## 5 0 0 0 1
## 6 0 0 0 1

Save the dataset as `seoul_bike_sharing_converted_normalized.csv

[Link](bike_sharing_df,"E:/Coursera/Data Science with R_Capstone
Project/seoul_bike_sharing_converted_normalized.csv")

Standardize the column names again for the new datasets

dataset_list <- c('seoul_bike_sharing.csv',
'seoul_bike_sharing_converted.csv',
'seoul_bike_sharing_converted_normalized.csv')

for (dataset_name in dataset_list) {

dataset <- [Link](dataset_name)
names(dataset) <- toupper(names(dataset))
names(dataset) <- str_replace_all(names(dataset), " ", "_")
[Link](dataset, dataset_name, [Link] = FALSE)
}

Exploratory Data Analysis with tidyverse and ggplot2

Task_11: Load the dataset

seoul_bike_sharing <- [Link]("E:/Coursera/Data Science with R_Capstone
Project/seoul_bike_sharing.csv")

str(seoul_bike_sharing)

## '[Link]': 8760 obs. of 15 variables:

## $ X : int 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ...
## $ DATE : chr "01/12/2017" "01/12/2017" "01/12/2017"
"01/12/2017" ...
## $ RENTED_BIKE_COUNT : int 254 204 173 107 78 100 181 460 930 490 ...
## $ HOUR : int 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ...
## $ TEMPERATURE : num -5.2 -5.5 -6 -6.2 -6 -6.4 -6.6 -7.4 -7.6 -
6.5 ...
## $ HUMIDITY : int 37 38 39 40 36 37 35 38 37 27 ...
## $ WIND_SPEED : num 2.2 0.8 1 0.9 2.3 1.5 1.3 0.9 1.1 0.5 ...
## $ VISIBILITY : int 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000
2000 1928 ...
## $ DEW_POINT_TEMPERATURE: num -17.6 -17.6 -17.7 -17.6 -18.6 -18.7 -19.5 -
19.3 -19.8 -22.4 ...
## $ SOLAR_RADIATION : num 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.23 ...
## $ RAINFALL : num 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ SNOWFALL : num 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ SEASONS : chr "Winter" "Winter" "Winter" "Winter" ...
## $ HOLIDAY : chr "No Holiday" "No Holiday" "No Holiday" "No
Holiday" ...
## $ FUNCTIONING_DAY : chr "Yes" "Yes" "Yes" "Yes" ...

Task_12: Recast DATE as a date

seoul_bike_sharing$DATE = [Link](seoul_bike_sharing$DATE,format="%d/%m/%Y")
#recast date as a date format

seoul_bike_sharing$HOUR <- factor(seoul_bike_sharing$HOUR, levels = 0:23,

ordered = TRUE) #cast the HOUR as categorical variables

seoul_bike_sharing$SEASONS <- factor(seoul_bike_sharing$SEASONS,

levels=c("Winter", "Spring", "Summer","Autumn"))

class(seoul_bike_sharing$HOUR)

## [1] "ordered" "factor"

Task_13 - Cast HOURS as a categorical variable

class(seoul_bike_sharing$DATE)

## [1] "Date"

class(seoul_bike_sharing$SEASONS)

## [1] "factor"

sum([Link](seoul_bike_sharing))

## [1] 295

Descriptive Statistics

Task_14: Dataset Summary

summary(seoul_bike_sharing)

## X DATE RENTED_BIKE_COUNT HOUR

## Min. : 1 Min. :2017-12-01 Min. : 2.0 0 : 365
## 1st Qu.:2191 1st Qu.:2018-03-02 1st Qu.: 214.0 1 : 365
## Median :4380 Median :2018-06-01 Median : 542.0 2 : 365
## Mean :4380 Mean :2018-06-01 Mean : 729.2 3 : 365
## 3rd Qu.:6570 3rd Qu.:2018-08-31 3rd Qu.:1084.0 4 : 365
## Max. :8760 Max. :2018-11-30 Max. :3556.0 5 : 365
## NA's :295 (Other):6570
## TEMPERATURE HUMIDITY WIND_SPEED VISIBILITY
## Min. :-17.80 Min. : 0.00 Min. :0.000 Min. : 27
## 1st Qu.: 3.50 1st Qu.:42.00 1st Qu.:0.900 1st Qu.: 940
## Median : 13.70 Median :57.00 Median :1.500 Median :1698
## Mean : 12.88 Mean :58.23 Mean :1.725 Mean :1437
## 3rd Qu.: 22.50 3rd Qu.:74.00 3rd Qu.:2.300 3rd Qu.:2000
## Max. : 39.40 Max. :98.00 Max. :7.400 Max. :2000
##
## DEW_POINT_TEMPERATURE SOLAR_RADIATION RAINFALL SNOWFALL
## Min. :-30.600 Min. :0.0000 Min. : 0.0000 Min. :0.00000
## 1st Qu.: -4.700 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.: 0.0000 1st Qu.:0.00000
## Median : 5.100 Median :0.0100 Median : 0.0000 Median :0.00000
## Mean : 4.074 Mean :0.5691 Mean : 0.1487 Mean :0.07507
## 3rd Qu.: 14.800 3rd Qu.:0.9300 3rd Qu.: 0.0000 3rd Qu.:0.00000
## Max. : 27.200 Max. :3.5200 Max. :35.0000 Max. :8.80000
##
## SEASONS HOLIDAY FUNCTIONING_DAY
## Winter:2160 Length:8760 Length:8760
## Spring:2208 Class :character Class :character
## Summer:2208 Mode :character Mode :character
## Autumn:2184
##
##
##

Task_15: Based on the above stats, calculate how many Holidays there are.
holiday_count <- table(seoul_bike_sharing$HOLIDAY)
num_holiday <- holiday_count['Holiday']
num_holiday

## Holiday
## 432

Task_16: Calculate the percentage of records that fall on a holiday.

num_holiday/(num_holiday +holiday_count['No Holiday'])

## Holiday
## 0.04931507

Task_17: Given there is exactly a full year of data, determine how many records we expect to
have.
# Define the frequency of data recording (e.g., daily)
data_frequency <- "daily"

# Define the number of days in a year

days_in_year <- 365

# Calculate the number of records in a year

if (data_frequency == "daily") {
num_records_in_year <- days_in_year
} else if (data_frequency == "hourly") {
 # If recorded hourly, calculate records per day and multiply by days in a
year
records_per_day <- 24 # 24 records per day if hourly
num_records_in_year <- records_per_day * days_in_year
} else {
# Add additional conditions for other data frequencies if needed
print("Unsupported data frequency")
}

# Print the result

print(paste("Number of records in a year:", num_records_in_year))

## [1] "Number of records in a year: 365"

Task_18: Given the observations for the ‘FUNCTIONING_DAY’ how many records must there be?
# Assuming you have a data frame named 'your_data' with a 'FUNCTIONING_DAY'
column
# Count the unique values of 'FUNCTIONING_DAY'
unique_functioning_days <- unique(seoul_bike_sharing$FUNCTIONING_DAY)

# Calculate the number of records based on unique functioning days

num_records <- length(unique_functioning_days)

# Print the result

print(paste("Number of records based on 'FUNCTIONING_DAY':", num_records))

## [1] "Number of records based on 'FUNCTIONING_DAY': 2"

Task_19: Calculate the seasonal total rainfall and snowfall.

seasonal_total <- seoul_bike_sharing %>%
group_by(SEASONS) %>%
summarize(total_rainfall=sum(RAINFALL), total_snowfall=sum(SNOWFALL))
seasonal_total

## # A tibble: 4 × 3
## SEASONS total_rainfall total_snowfall
## <fct> <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 Winter 70.9 535.
## 2 Spring 404. 0
## 3 Summer 560. 0
## 4 Autumn 268. 123

Data Visualization

Task_20: Create a scatter plot of RENTED_BIKE_COUNT vs DATE

ggplot(seoul_bike_sharing, aes(x = DATE, y = RENTED_BIKE_COUNT)) +
geom_point() +
labs(x = "Date", y = "Rented Bike Count") +
theme_minimal()

## Warning: Removed 295 rows containing missing values (`geom_point()`).

Task_21: Create the same plot of the RENTED_BIKE_COUNT time series, but now add HOURS as
the colour.
seoul_bike_sharing %>%
ggplot(aes(x = DATE, y = RENTED_BIKE_COUNT, color = factor(HOUR))) +
geom_point() +
labs(x = "Date", y = "Rented Bike Count", color = "Hour of Day") +
scale_color_discrete() +
theme_minimal()

## Warning: Removed 295 rows containing missing values (`geom_point()`).

seoul_bike_sharing %>%
mutate(DATE = [Link](DATE, format = "%d/%m/%Y")) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = DATE, y = RENTED_BIKE_COUNT, color = factor(HOUR))) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
scale_x_date(date_labels = "%d/%m/%Y") +
labs(x = "Date", color = "Hour of Day") +
theme_minimal()

## Warning: Removed 295 rows containing missing values (`geom_point()`).

Task_22: Create a histogram overlaid with a kernel density curve
ggplot(seoul_bike_sharing, aes(RENTED_BIKE_COUNT)) +
geom_histogram(aes(y=..density..))+
geom_density(col="green")

## Warning: The dot-dot notation (`..density..`) was deprecated in ggplot2

3.4.0.
## ℹ Please use `after_stat(density)` instead.
## This warning is displayed once every 8 hours.
## Call `lifecycle::last_lifecycle_warnings()` to see where this warning was
## generated.

## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.

## Warning: Removed 295 rows containing non-finite values (`stat_bin()`).

## Warning: Removed 295 rows containing non-finite values (`stat_density()`).

Task_23: Use a scatter plot to visualize the correlation between RENTED_BIKE_COUNT and
TEMPERATURE by SEASONS
get_season <- function(date) {
month <- [Link](date)$mon + 1 # Extract the month from the date
case_when(
month %in% c(3, 4, 5) ~ "Spring",
month %in% c(6, 7, 8) ~ "Summer",
month %in% c(9, 10, 11) ~ "Fall",
TRUE ~ "Winter"
)
}

# Create a new column "SEASON" based on the date

seoul_bike_sharing <- seoul_bike_sharing %>%
mutate(SEASON = get_season(DATE))

# Create the scatter plot with facet_wrap

ggplot(seoul_bike_sharing, aes(x = TEMPERATURE, y = RENTED_BIKE_COUNT, color
= [Link](HOUR), alpha = [Link](HOUR))) +
geom_point() +
facet_wrap(~SEASON, nrow = 2) +
labs(x = "Temperature", y = "Rented Bike Count", color = "Hour of Day",
alpha = "Hour of Day") +
scale_alpha_discrete(range = c(0.3, 1)) + # Adjust opacity range for
discrete scale
theme_minimal()
## Warning: Using alpha for a discrete variable is not advised.

## Warning: Removed 295 rows containing missing values (`geom_point()`).

Comparing this plot to the same plot below, but without grouping by SEASONS, shows how
important seasonality is in explaining bike rental counts.
ggplot(seoul_bike_sharing) +
geom_point(aes(x=TEMPERATURE,y=RENTED_BIKE_COUNT,colour=HOUR),alpha=1/5)

## Warning: Removed 295 rows containing missing values (`geom_point()`).

Task_24: Create a display of four boxplots of RENTED_BIKE_COUNT vs. HOUR grouped by
SEASONS
# Create a new column "SEASON" based on the date
seoul_bike_sharing <- seoul_bike_sharing %>%
mutate(MONTH = [Link](format(DATE, "%m"))) %>%
mutate(SEASON = case_when(
MONTH %in% 3:5 ~ "Spring",
MONTH %in% 6:8 ~ "Summer",
MONTH %in% 9:11 ~ "Fall",
TRUE ~ "Winter"
)) %>%
select(-MONTH) # Remove the temporary MONTH column

# Create boxplots grouped by SEASON and faceted by SEASON

ggplot(seoul_bike_sharing, aes(x = HOUR, y = RENTED_BIKE_COUNT)) +
geom_boxplot() +
labs(x = "Hour of Day", y = "Rented Bike Count") +
facet_wrap(~SEASON, nrow = 2) +
theme_minimal()

## Warning: Removed 295 rows containing non-finite values (`stat_boxplot()`).

Task_25: Group the data by DATE, and use the summarize() function to calculate the daily total
rainfall and snowfall.
# Group data by DATE and calculate daily total rainfall and snowfall
daily_weather_totals <- seoul_bike_sharing %>%
group_by(DATE) %>%
summarize(TotalRainfall = sum(RAINFALL, [Link] = TRUE),
TotalSnowfall = sum(SNOWFALL, [Link] = TRUE))

# Print the resulting daily weather totals

print(daily_weather_totals)

## # A tibble: 365 × 3
## DATE TotalRainfall TotalSnowfall
## <date> <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 2017-12-01 0 0
## 2 2017-12-02 0 0
## 3 2017-12-03 4 0
## 4 2017-12-04 0.1 0
## 5 2017-12-05 0 0
## 6 2017-12-06 1.3 8.6
## 7 2017-12-07 0 10.4
## 8 2017-12-08 0 0
## 9 2017-12-09 0 0
## 10 2017-12-10 4.1 32.5
## # ℹ 355 more rows

# Create a plot of daily total rainfall and snowfall

ggplot(daily_weather_totals, aes(x = DATE)) +
 geom_line(aes(y = TotalRainfall, color = "Rainfall"), size = 1) +
geom_line(aes(y = TotalSnowfall, color = "Snowfall"), size = 1) +
labs(x = "Date", y = "Total Precipitation (mm)") +
scale_color_manual(values = c("Rainfall" = "blue", "Snowfall" = "red")) +
theme_minimal()

## Warning: Using `size` aesthetic for lines was deprecated in ggplot2 3.4.0.
## ℹ Please use `linewidth` instead.
## This warning is displayed once every 8 hours.
## Call `lifecycle::last_lifecycle_warnings()` to see where this warning was
## generated.

Task_26: Determine how many days had snowfall

# Count the number of days with snowfall
days_with_snowfall <- sum(seoul_bike_sharing$SNOWFALL > 0)

# Print the result

print(paste("Number of days with snowfall:", days_with_snowfall))

## [1] "Number of days with snowfall: 443"

Predict Hourly Rented Bike Count using Basic Linear Regression Models
[Link](“rlang”)
[Link](“stringr”)
[Link](“broom”)
library(rlang)

##
## Attaching package: 'rlang'

## The following object is masked from 'package:magrittr':

##
## set_names

## The following objects are masked from 'package:purrr':

##
## %@%, flatten, flatten_chr, flatten_dbl, flatten_int, flatten_lgl,
## flatten_raw, invoke, splice

library(stringr)

library(broom)

The seoul_bike_sharing_converted_normalized.csv will be our main dataset

bike_sharing_df <- [Link]("E:/Coursera/Data Science with R_Capstone
Project/seoul_bike_sharing_converted_normalized.csv")

We won’t be using the DATE column, because ‘as is’, it basically acts like an data entry
index. (However, given more time, we could use the DATE colum to create a ‘day of week’ or
‘isWeekend’ column, which we might expect has an affect on preferred bike rental times.)
We also do not need the FUNCTIONAL DAY column because it only has one distinct value
remaining (YES) after missing value processing.
bike_sharing_df <- bike_sharing_df %>%
select(-DATE, -FUNCTIONING_DAY, -X.2, -X.1, -X, -HOUR, -SEASONS, -HOLIDAY)

colnames(bike_sharing_df)[c(34,35)] <- c("HOLIDAY", "NO_HOLIDAY")

Task_27: Split training and testing data

[Link](1234)
data_split <- initial_split(bike_sharing_df, prop = 3/4) #set the training
dataset with 75% of the original dataset
bike_train <- training(data_split)
bike_test <- testing(data_split)

Task_28: Build a linear regression model using weather variables only

lm_model_weather <- lm(RENTED_BIKE_COUNT ~ TEMPERATURE + HUMIDITY +
WIND_SPEED + VISIBILITY + DEW_POINT_TEMPERATURE + SOLAR_RADIATION + RAINFALL
+ SNOWFALL,
data=bike_train)
summary(lm_model_weather)

##
## Call:
## lm(formula = RENTED_BIKE_COUNT ~ TEMPERATURE + HUMIDITY + WIND_SPEED +
## VISIBILITY + DEW_POINT_TEMPERATURE + SOLAR_RADIATION + RAINFALL +
## SNOWFALL, data = bike_train)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1337.71 -297.09 -59.12 211.28 2334.57
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 180.67 59.16 3.054 0.00227 **
## TEMPERATURE 2328.91 268.89 8.661 < 2e-16 ***
## HUMIDITY -967.29 130.37 -7.419 1.33e-13 ***
## WIND_SPEED 391.29 47.76 8.193 3.05e-16 ***
## VISIBILITY 19.69 24.82 0.793 0.42768
## DEW_POINT_TEMPERATURE -250.91 286.97 -0.874 0.38196
## SOLAR_RADIATION -444.43 34.54 -12.867 < 2e-16 ***
## RAINFALL -1824.26 193.90 -9.408 < 2e-16 ***
## SNOWFALL 321.63 124.08 2.592 0.00956 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 485.2 on 6342 degrees of freedom
## (219 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4319, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4312
## F-statistic: 602.7 on 8 and 6342 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16

Task_29:TASK: Build a linear regression model using all variables

lm_model_all <- lm(RENTED_BIKE_COUNT ~ .,
data=bike_train)
summary(lm_model_all)

##
## Call:
## lm(formula = RENTED_BIKE_COUNT ~ ., data = bike_train)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1345.07 -219.83 -11.43 200.62 1810.03
##
## Coefficients: (3 not defined because of singularities)
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 336.1282 52.6423 6.385 1.83e-10 ***
## TEMPERATURE 675.8427 217.1794 3.112 0.001867 **
## HUMIDITY -962.5891 102.1449 -9.424 < 2e-16 ***
## WIND_SPEED -0.1969 39.9048 -0.005 0.996063
## VISIBILITY 35.2766 20.0750 1.757 0.078925 .
## DEW_POINT_TEMPERATURE 764.1568 227.3129 3.362 0.000779 ***
## SOLAR_RADIATION 267.0582 41.3751 6.455 1.17e-10 ***
## RAINFALL -2093.4367 152.0538 -13.768 < 2e-16 ***
## SNOWFALL 269.9654 97.2871 2.775 0.005538 **
## HOUR_0 -132.2530 32.5927 -4.058 5.01e-05 ***
## HOUR_1 -230.6053 32.5206 -7.091 1.48e-12 ***
## HOUR_2 -357.3816 32.7219 -10.922 < 2e-16 ***
## HOUR_3 -436.8099 32.7899 -13.321 < 2e-16 ***
## HOUR_4 -498.0917 32.7066 -15.229 < 2e-16 ***
## HOUR_5 -469.3047 32.8406 -14.290 < 2e-16 ***
## HOUR_6 -320.1232 32.8418 -9.747 < 2e-16 ***
## HOUR_7 -7.5412 33.2445 -0.227 0.820554
## HOUR_8 350.0599 33.1858 10.549 < 2e-16 ***
## HOUR_9 -100.8611 33.4686 -3.014 0.002592 **
## HOUR_10 -344.0115 34.9835 -9.834 < 2e-16 ***
## HOUR_11 -348.8339 36.7342 -9.496 < 2e-16 ***
## HOUR_12 -312.4168 36.9706 -8.450 < 2e-16 ***
## HOUR_13 -304.0978 38.7014 -7.858 4.57e-15 ***
## HOUR_14 -299.7209 36.9777 -8.105 6.26e-16 ***
## HOUR_15 -216.5520 36.4353 -5.943 2.94e-09 ***
## HOUR_16 -73.5134 34.9760 -2.102 0.035609 *
## HOUR_17 213.5063 34.1330 6.255 4.23e-10 ***
## HOUR_18 682.0979 33.0801 20.620 < 2e-16 ***
## HOUR_19 402.5790 32.7585 12.289 < 2e-16 ***
## HOUR_20 327.9847 32.6779 10.037 < 2e-16 ***
## HOUR_21 322.5391 32.8277 9.825 < 2e-16 ***
## HOUR_22 202.1670 32.7169 6.179 6.84e-10 ***
## HOUR_23 NA NA NA NA
## HOLIDAY -105.8741 22.3364 -4.740 2.18e-06 ***
## NO_HOLIDAY NA NA NA NA
## AUTUMN 342.0001 19.9677 17.128 < 2e-16 ***
## SPRING 186.2172 19.1625 9.718 < 2e-16 ***
## SUMMER 167.0077 28.9383 5.771 8.25e-09 ***
## WINTER NA NA NA NA
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 375.3 on 6315 degrees of freedom
## (219 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.6616, Adjusted R-squared: 0.6597
## F-statistic: 352.7 on 35 and 6315 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16

lm_model_all <- lm(RENTED_BIKE_COUNT ~ .,

data=bike_train)
summary(lm_model_all$fit)

## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.

## -1659.0 337.0 723.4 730.0 1120.4 2243.9

Task_30: Model evaluation and identification of important variables

# Use model to make prediction
lm_model_weather_pred <- predict(lm_model_weather, newdata = bike_test)
test_results_weather <- [Link](PREDICTION=lm_model_weather_pred, TRUTH =
bike_test$RENTED_BIKE_COUNT)

lm_model_all_pred <- predict(lm_model_all, newdata = bike_test)

## Warning in [Link](lm_model_all, newdata = bike_test): prediction from
a
## rank-deficient fit may be misleading

test_results_all <- [Link](PREDICTION = lm_model_all_pred, TRUTH =

bike_test$RENTED_BIKE_COUNT)

summary(lm_model_weather)$[Link] #0.4303

## [1] 0.4318878

summary(lm_model_all)$[Link] #0.6589

## [1] 0.6615725

rmse_weather <- sqrt(mean((test_results_weather$TRUTH-

test_results_weather$PREDICTION)^2))
rmse_all <- sqrt(mean((test_results_all$TRUTH-
test_results_all$PREDICTION)^2))

print(rmse_weather) #474.6247

## [1] NA

print(rmse_all) #361.9543

## [1] NA

# create a data frame of coefficients

coef_df <- tidy(lm_model_all)

# plot the coefficients in a bar chart (coef [Link])

ggplot(coef_df, aes(x = reorder(term, desc(abs(estimate))), y =
abs(estimate))) +
geom_bar(stat = "identity", fill = "grey") +
coord_flip() +
xlab("Predictor") +
ylab("Coefficient") +
ggtitle("Coefficients of Linear Model") +
theme([Link] = element_text(hjust = 0.5))

## Warning: Removed 3 rows containing missing values (`position_stack()`).

Refine the Baseline Regression Models
#Define a linear regression model specification.
lm_spec <- linear_reg() %>%
set_engine("lm") %>%
set_mode("regression")

#Split the data into training and testing datasets.

[Link](1234)
data_split <- initial_split(bike_sharing_df, prop = 4/5)
train_data <- training(data_split)
test_data <- testing(data_split)

Task_31: Add polynomial terms

#([Link])
ggplot(data=bike_train, aes(RENTED_BIKE_COUNT, TEMPERATURE)) +
geom_point() #nonlinearity -> polynomial regression

## Warning: Removed 219 rows containing missing values (`geom_point()`).

# Plot the higher order polynomial fits
ggplot(data=train_data, aes(RENTED_BIKE_COUNT, TEMPERATURE)) +
geom_point() +
geom_smooth(method = "lm", formula = y ~ x, color="red") +
geom_smooth(method = "lm", formula = y ~ poly(x, 2), color="yellow") +
geom_smooth(method = "lm", formula = y ~ poly(x, 4), color="green") +
geom_smooth(method = "lm", formula = y ~ poly(x, 6), color="blue")

## Warning: Removed 230 rows containing non-finite values (`stat_smooth()`).

## Removed 230 rows containing non-finite values (`stat_smooth()`).
## Removed 230 rows containing non-finite values (`stat_smooth()`).
## Removed 230 rows containing non-finite values (`stat_smooth()`).

## Warning: Removed 230 rows containing missing values (`geom_point()`).

# Fit a linear model with higher order polynomial on some important variables
lm_poly <- lm(RENTED_BIKE_COUNT ~ poly(TEMPERATURE, 6) +
poly(HUMIDITY, 4)+
poly(RAINFALL,2), data = bike_train)
summary(lm_poly$fit)

## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.

## -820.8 356.1 744.4 730.0 1122.8 1475.3

lm_poly_pred <- predict(lm_poly, newdata = bike_test) #predict

test_results_poly = [Link](PREDICTION = lm_poly_pred, TRUTH =
bike_test$RENTED_BIKE_COUNT) #create df for test results

#convert all negative prediction to 0 (RENTED_BIKE_COUNT can't be negative)

test_results_poly <- test_results_poly %>%
mutate(PREDICTION = ifelse(PREDICTION <0, 0, PREDICTION))

#calculate R_squared and RMSE (better than lm_weather but worse than lm_all)
summary(lm_poly)$[Link] #0.4861

## [1] 0.4826368

rmse_poly <- sqrt(mean ( (test_results_poly$TRUTH -

test_results_poly$PREDICTION)^2) )
rmse_poly #451.7091

## [1] NA
Task_32: Add interaction terms
The effect of predictor variable TEMPERATURE on RENTED_BIKE_COUNT may also depend
on other variables such as HUMIDITY, RAINFALL, or both (they interact) and the effect of
SEASON on RENTED_BIKE_COUNT may also depend on HOLIDAY, HOUR, or both.
#Task: Add Interaction Terms
lm_poly_interaction <- lm(RENTED_BIKE_COUNT ~ poly(TEMPERATURE, 6) +
poly(HUMIDITY, 4)+poly(RAINFALL,2)+
RAINFALL*HUMIDITY + TEMPERATURE*HUMIDITY,
data = bike_train)
summary(lm_poly_interaction)

##
## Call:
## lm(formula = RENTED_BIKE_COUNT ~ poly(TEMPERATURE, 6) + poly(HUMIDITY,
## 4) + poly(RAINFALL, 2) + RAINFALL * HUMIDITY + TEMPERATURE *
## HUMIDITY, data = bike_train)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1323.41 -252.47 -64.05 169.12 2222.50
##
## Coefficients: (3 not defined because of singularities)
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1607.55 62.86 25.572 < 2e-16 ***
## poly(TEMPERATURE, 6)1 58060.30 1581.04 36.723 < 2e-16 ***
## poly(TEMPERATURE, 6)2 -4804.65 485.56 -9.895 < 2e-16 ***
## poly(TEMPERATURE, 6)3 -12193.35 489.73 -24.898 < 2e-16 ***
## poly(TEMPERATURE, 6)4 -4497.44 463.78 -9.697 < 2e-16 ***
## poly(TEMPERATURE, 6)5 -1387.89 458.64 -3.026 0.00249 **
## poly(TEMPERATURE, 6)6 250.70 461.76 0.543 0.58721
## poly(HUMIDITY, 4)1 8787.66 1556.96 5.644 1.73e-08 ***
## poly(HUMIDITY, 4)2 -7209.18 500.34 -14.409 < 2e-16 ***
## poly(HUMIDITY, 4)3 429.96 486.32 0.884 0.37667
## poly(HUMIDITY, 4)4 -2505.15 478.09 -5.240 1.66e-07 ***
## poly(RAINFALL, 2)1 -57013.33 20738.97 -2.749 0.00599 **
## poly(RAINFALL, 2)2 1165.78 517.39 2.253 0.02428 *
## RAINFALL NA NA NA NA
## HUMIDITY NA NA NA NA
## TEMPERATURE NA NA NA NA
## RAINFALL:HUMIDITY 21033.90 7951.31 2.645 0.00818 **
## HUMIDITY:TEMPERATURE -2932.53 165.66 -17.702 < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 452 on 6336 degrees of freedom
## (219 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.5073, Adjusted R-squared: 0.5062
## F-statistic: 466 on 14 and 6336 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16

lm_poly_interaction_pred <- predict(lm_poly_interaction, newdata = bike_test)

## Warning in [Link](lm_poly_interaction, newdata = bike_test):
prediction
## from a rank-deficient fit may be misleading

test_results_poly_interaction <- [Link](PREDICTION =

lm_poly_interaction_pred, TRUTH=bike_test$RENTED_BIKE_COUNT)

#model performance (improved model)

summary(lm_poly_interaction)$[Link] #0.5086

## [1] 0.5073318

rmse_poly_interaction <- rmse(test_results_poly_interaction, TRUTH,

PREDICTION )
rmse_poly_interaction #442

## # A tibble: 1 × 3
## .metric .estimator .estimate
## <chr> <chr> <dbl>
## 1 rmse standard 445.

Task_33: Add regularization

[Link](“glmnet”)
[Link](“yardstick”)
library(glmnet)

library(yardstick)

#prediction function
model_prediction <- function(lm_model, test_data) {
results <- lm_model %>%
predict(new_data=test_data) %>%
mutate(TRUTH=test_data$RENTED_BIKE_COUNT)
results[results<0] <-0
return(results)
}

#model evaluation function

model_evaluation <- function(results) {
rmse = rmse(results, truth=TRUTH, estimate=.pred)
rsq = rsq(results, truth=TRUTH, estimate=.pred)
print(rmse)
print(rsq)
}

#Use grid to define the best penalty (lambda)

penalty_value <- 10^seq(-4,4, by = 0.5) #penalty values ranging from 10^-4 to
10^4
x = [Link](bike_train[,-1]) #define a matrix for CV
y= bike_train$RENTED_BIKE_COUNT
#We can use cross-validation to define the lambda with 10-fold validation

# Impute missing values with mean

x[[Link](x)] <- mean(x, [Link] = TRUE)
y[[Link](y)] <- mean(y, [Link] = TRUE)

# Run cross-validation for Ridge, Lasso, and Elastic Net

cv_ridge <- [Link](x, y, alpha = 0, lambda = penalty_value, nfolds = 10)
cv_lasso <- [Link](x, y, alpha = 1, lambda = penalty_value, nfolds = 10)
cv_elasticnet <- [Link](x, y, alpha = 0.5, lambda = penalty_value, nfolds
= 10)

Task_34: Experiment to search for improved models

library(dplyr)

library(tidymodels)

#glmnet spec (using CV above, best optimal is 0.3 and 0.5)

glmnet_spec <- linear_reg(penalty = 0.3, mixture=0.5) %>%
set_engine("glmnet") %>%
set_mode("regression")

The performance requirements for your best model:

1. The RMSE should be less than 330 (rougly 10% of the max value in test dataset)

2. R-squared should be greater than 0.72

#Fit the model (best model)
glmnet_best <- glmnet_spec %>%
fit(RENTED_BIKE_COUNT ~ RAINFALL*HUMIDITY*TEMPERATURE +
SPRING*SUMMER*HOLIDAY*HOUR_18* HOUR_19* HOUR_8* HOUR_21* HOUR_20* HOUR_4 +
poly(RAINFALL, 8) + poly(HUMIDITY, 5) + poly(TEMPERATURE, 5) +
poly(DEW_POINT_TEMPERATURE, 5) + poly(SOLAR_RADIATION, 5) + poly(SNOWFALL,5)
+
SPRING + SUMMER + HOLIDAY + WIND_SPEED + VISIBILITY +
HOUR_18+ HOUR_4 + HOUR_5 + HOUR_3 + HOUR_19 + HOUR_11 + HOUR_8 +
HOUR_21 + HOUR_10 + HOUR_2 + HOUR_20,
data = bike_train)

glmnet_best_pred <- model_prediction(glmnet_best, bike_test)

model_evaluation(glmnet_best_pred) #rsq = 0.783, rmse = 296

## # A tibble: 1 × 3
## .metric .estimator .estimate
## <chr> <chr> <dbl>
## 1 rmse standard 324.
## # A tibble: 1 × 3
## .metric .estimator .estimate
## <chr> <chr> <dbl>
## 1 rsq standard 0.744
glmnet_best_rsq = rsq(glmnet_best_pred, truth = TRUTH, estimate = .pred)
glmnet_best_rmse = rmse(glmnet_best_pred, truth = TRUTH, estimate = .pred)

# Fit the model (with top 10 coeficients)

glmnet_top10 <- glmnet_spec %>%
fit(RENTED_BIKE_COUNT ~ RAINFALL*HUMIDITY*TEMPERATURE + SPRING*SUMMER +
SUMMER +
poly(RAINFALL, 6) + poly(HUMIDITY, 5) + poly(TEMPERATURE, 5) +
poly(DEW_POINT_TEMPERATURE,5) +
HOUR_18 + HOUR_4 + HOUR_5 +HOUR_3,
data=bike_train
)
glmnet_top10_pred <- model_prediction(glmnet_top10, bike_test)
model_evaluation(glmnet_top10_pred) #rsq = 0.640, rmse = 381 (not good)

## # A tibble: 1 × 3
## .metric .estimator .estimate
## <chr> <chr> <dbl>
## 1 rmse standard 395.
## # A tibble: 1 × 3
## .metric .estimator .estimate
## <chr> <chr> <dbl>
## 1 rsq standard 0.619

glmnet_top10_rsq = rsq(glmnet_top10_pred, truth = TRUTH, estimate = .pred)

glmnet_top10_rmse = rmse(glmnet_top10_pred, truth = TRUTH, estimate = .pred)

# Fit Ridge Regression

glmnet_ridge <- glmnet(x,y, alpha=0)
glmnet_ridge_pred <- predict(glmnet_ridge, s=cv_ridge$[Link],
newx = [Link](bike_test[,-1]))

ridge_rmse = sqrt(mean( (bike_test[,1] - glmnet_ridge_pred)^2))

ridge_rmse #365.06

## [1] NA

ridge_mse = mean( (bike_test[,1] - glmnet_ridge_pred)^2)

ridge_rsq = 1 - ridge_mse / var(bike_test[,1])
ridge_rsq #0.667

## [1] NA

# Fit Lasso
glmnet_lasso <- glmnet(x,y,alpha=1)
glm_lasso_pred <- predict(glmnet_lasso, s=cv_lasso$[Link],
newx=[Link](bike_test[,-1]))

lasso_rmse = sqrt(mean( (bike_test[,1] - glm_lasso_pred)^2))

lasso_rmse #364.0492

## [1] NA
lasso_mse = mean( (bike_test[,1] - glm_lasso_pred)^2)
lasso_rsq = 1 - lasso_mse/var(bike_test[,1])
lasso_rsq #0.6693

## [1] NA

# Fit Elastic Net

glmnet_elasticnet <- glmnet(x,y,alpha=0.7)
glm_elasticnet_pred <- predict(glmnet_elasticnet, s=cv_elasticnet$[Link],
newx=[Link](bike_test[,-1]))

elasticnet_rmse = sqrt(mean( (bike_test[,1] - glm_elasticnet_pred)^2))

elasticnet_rmse #364.0468

## [1] NA

elasticnet_mse = mean( (bike_test[,1] - glm_elasticnet_pred)^2)

elasticnet_rsq = 1 - elasticnet_mse/var(bike_test[,1])
elasticnet_rsq #0.6693

## [1] NA

Visualize the saved RMSE and R-squared values using a grouped barchart
#Create data frame for group bar chart
model <- c(rep("glmnet_best",2), rep("glmnet_top10",2),
rep("glmnet_ridge",2), rep("glmnet_lasso",2),
rep("glmnet_elasticnet",2))
stat <- rep(c("RSQ", "RMSE"),5)
value <- c(glmnet_best_rsq$.estimate, glmnet_best_rmse$.estimate,
glmnet_top10_rsq$.estimate, glmnet_top10_rmse$.estimate,
ridge_rsq, ridge_rmse,
lasso_rsq,lasso_rmse,
elasticnet_rsq, elasticnet_rmse)
model_df <- [Link](model, stat, value)
print(model_df)

## model stat value

## 1 glmnet_best RSQ 0.7442236
## 2 glmnet_best RMSE 323.9034890
## 3 glmnet_top10 RSQ 0.6194298
## 4 glmnet_top10 RMSE 394.9987282
## 5 glmnet_ridge RSQ NA
## 6 glmnet_ridge RMSE NA
## 7 glmnet_lasso RSQ NA
## 8 glmnet_lasso RMSE NA
## 9 glmnet_elasticnet RSQ NA
## 10 glmnet_elasticnet RMSE NA

# Create group bar chart for rsq and rmse (model [Link])
model_df %>%
ggplot(aes(fill=stat, x=model, y=value)) +
geom_bar(position="dodge", stat="identity")
## Warning: Removed 6 rows containing missing values (`geom_bar()`).

Q-Q plot by plotting the distribution difference between the predictions generated by your
best model and the true values on the test dataset.
# Create a Q-Q chart for best model: glmnet_best (Q-Q [Link])
glmnet_best_pred %>%
ggplot() +
stat_qq(aes(sample=TRUTH), color='green') +
stat_qq(aes(sample=.pred), color='red')

## Warning: Removed 76 rows containing non-finite values (`stat_qq()`).

Conclusion
From the above analysis result, Fall, Spring, Summer and Temperatur are the 4 most
important factors for bike rental number in Seoul city.