BCVL606 lab manual - lab maunal

Information Science & Engineering (Visvesvaraya Technological

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BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
(Affiliated to VTU Belagavi)

VTU
ADDA
LABORATORY MANUAL

SIXTH SEMESTER CIVIL ENGINEERING

SOFTWARE APPLICATION LAB
SUBJECT CODE –18CVL66

Department of Civil Engineering

Bangalore Institute of
Technology [Link],
[Link]
Bengaluru - 560 004

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 BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Vision
To establish and develop the Institute as a centre of higher learning, ever abreast with expanding
horizon of knowledge in the field of engineering and technology, with entrepreneurial thinking,
leadership excellence for life-long success and solve societal problem.

Mission
 Provide high quality education in the engineering disciplines from the undergraduate through
doctoral levels with creative academic and professional programs.
 Develop the Institute as a leader in Science, Engineering, Technology and management,
Research and apply knowledge for the benefit of society.

VTU
 Establish mutual beneficial partnerships with industry, alumni, local, state and central
governments by public service assistance and collaborative research.
 Inculcate personality development through sports, cultural and extracurricular activities and
engage in the social, economic and professional challenges.

ADDA
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Vision
To become a centre of excellence in Academics, Research and Consultancy by imparting quality
education and developing competent civil engineering professionals who will be sensitive,
ethical and serve for the betterment of the society.

Mission
 To train civil engineering students to graduate with knowledge and skills required to solve
civil engineering problems, to become leaders in organizations and for a wide range of
careers
 To create civil engineering professionals through collaborative programs with professional
bodies, research organisations and industry for the betterment of the society.
 To be recognized by the industry as a centre of excellence for Research and Development to
solve civil engineering problems.
 To create a learning environment and provide limitless possibilities to students and staff to
excel in their careers

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 SHORT TERM GOALS
 To provide facilities to improve the technical and soft skills of students and staff.
 Create awareness about competitive examinations and higher studies by motivating the
students by providing all the resources required.
 To conduct placement orientation programs in association with professional bodies and
industry to improve the employability.
 To develop entrepreneurship skills by forming an entrepreneurship development centre
 To work towards preparing for accreditation of the laboratories.

LONG TERM GOALS

 To start certificate courses in civil engineering for the benefit of students and working
professionals.
 Establishment of Centre of excellence in Building Materials for sustainable building industry.

VTU
 MOU’s with leading industries and foreign universities.
 To strengthen Research and Consultancy activities.
 To get accreditation for all the laboratories.

ADDA
PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
Program Educational Objectives are the attributes of graduating in civil engineer in the society
within 3 to 5 years after graduating

PEO1: will be trained to excel in their professional career by acquiring factual, analytical,
procedural, application and creative knowledge in mathematical, computing and civil
engineering principles.

PEO2: Will be trained to analyze and design practically sustainable civil engineering systems
which involve sound civil engineering skills, optimum and acceptable solutions to the society.

PEO3: Will be trained to exhibit professionalism, ethics with good communications skills
background.

PEO4: Will be trained in continuing education and engage them in lifelong learning to be
competitive and enterprising

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 PROGRAM OUTCOME
The program leading to Degree in Civil Engineering aims to provide students with a strong
theoretical and practical background in relevant engineering streams. A graduate in Civil
Engineering is expected to attain the capability to analyze, design, execute and acquire skills
necessary to function in Government Departments, Academic institutions, Construction
industries, Research and Development organizations.
Program
Outcomes are

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of

VTU
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and
design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.

ADDA
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research
methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of
the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities
with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant
to the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and
need for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader
in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and
receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage
in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

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 PRGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)
PSO1: The graduates will have the ability to plan, analyze, design, execute and maintain cost
effective civil engineering structures without over exploitation of natural resources.

PSO2: The graduates of civil engineering program will have the ability to take up employment,
entrepreneurship, research and development for sustainable civil society.

PSO3: The graduates will be able to pursue opportunities for personal and professional growth,
higher studies, demonstrate leadership skills and engage in lifelong learning by active
participation in the civil engineering profession.

PSO4: The graduates will be able to demonstrate professional integrity and an appreciation of

VTU
ethical, environmental regulatory issues related to civil engineering projects.

ADDA

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1.

1.

a.

VTU
ADDA

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 SOFTWARE APPLICATION LAB
Course Code: 18CVL66 Lecture Hours/Week: 1 Theory+2 Lab = 3 Hours
Total Lecture Hours: 40 IA Marks: 20 Marks
CREDITS –02

Prerequisites:-
Basics of structural analysis, Surveying, Transportation, Construction management and Strength of
materials

Course objectives:
This course will enable students to
1. Use industry standard software in a professional set up.

VTU
2. Understand the elements of finite element modeling, specification of loads and
boundary condition, performing analysis for structures.
3. Develop customized automation tools.

ADDA
4. Use excel spread sheet for solving engineering problems.

Course Outcomes:
On the completion of this course students will be able to
1) Model and analyze 1D, 2D and 3D structures using FEM based software.
2) Use management based software for scheduling various construction activities.
3) Create a shape files Using for point, line and polygon features with a map as reference
4) Solve civil engineering problems using spread sheet package.

CO TO PO & PSO MAPPING

PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PSO PSO PSO PSO

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4
CO1 - 3 - 2 3 - - - - - - - - - - -
CO2 - - - 3 3 - - - - - - - - - 1 -
CO3 - - - 3 3 - - - - - - - - - - -
CO4 - 3 - 3 3 - - - - - - - - - - -

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 LESSON PLAN
SOFTWARE APPLICATION LAB
Course Code: 18CVL66 Lecture Hours/Week: 1 Theory+2 Lab = 3 Hours
Total Lecture Hours: 40 Credits –02 IA Marks: 20 Marks
Module -1
Use of Finite Element software’s
Sessions Slot Topics To be Covered
Introduction STAAD Pro Software, Analysis of Continuous beam using
1 3-Hours STAAD PRO
2 3-Hours Analysis of Frames using STAAD PRO
3 3-Hours Analysis of Trusses using STAAD PRO
4 3-Hours 3D analysis of multistoried frame structures
Module -2

VTU
a) Project planning and scheduling of a building using project Management
Software

ADDA
Sessions Slot Topics To be Covered
5 3-Hours Basic features of Project libre software, Constructing Project:
Constructing Network diagram (AON Diagram) and analyzing for Critical
6 3-Hours path, Critical activities
and Other non-Critical paths, Project duration, Floats.
7 3-Hours Basic understanding about Resource Creation and allocation
b) GIS applications using open source software
Sessions Slot Topics To be Covered
Introduction Q-GIS Software, Creation of shape files for point, line and
8 3-Hours polygon features with a map as reference.
Creation of decision maps for specific purpose.
Module-3 Use of Excel spread sheets
Sessions Slot Topics To be Covered
9 3-Hours Design of super elevation, Design of horizontal curve by offset method
10 3-Hours Computation of earthwork (Area and Volume)
11 3-Hours Design of singly reinforced beams
12 3-Hours Design of doubly reinforced beams
13 3-Hours Design of One way slab and Two way Slab

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 VALUATION RUBRICS
SOFTWARE APPLICATION LAB
Course Code: 18CVL66 Lecture Hours/Week: 1 Theory+2 Lab = 3 Hours
Total Lecture Hours: 40 Credits –02 IA Marks: 20 Marks
a) The valuation of regular lab session is done for 10Marks in this the marks allocation is done
in two division which is explained below
 Completion of Assigned work in regular Laboratory Session – 5 Marks
 Record Submitted in the regular Laboratory Session - 5 Marks
b) The Internal is to be conducted at the end of all the lab sessions for 10 Marks

The regulation for conducting Internal Assessment (IA)

 The IA is conducted for 80 Marks as per the regulation of VTU external examination.
 The question paper will have 3 modules comprising of 6 questions.

VTU
 The Marks distribution for each module is as follows
 Module 1 – 40 Marks
 Module 2 – 20 Marks

ADDA
 Module 3 – 20 Marks
 The students shall answer three full questions, selecting one full question from each module
 The marks obtained from the student will be converted to 10 Marks

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Description
No.
MODULE-1 USE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING SOFTWARE 1-34

Exercise-1 Analysis of Continuous Beam and Portal Frame 8-16

Exercise-2 Analysis of Plane Trusses 17-23
Exercise-3 3D Analysis of Multistoried Frame Structures 24-34

MODULE-2 PROJECT MANAGEMENT 35-52

Exercise-1 Basic features of Project Management 36-38

Exercise-2 Construction of Project 39-44
Exercise-3
Exercise-4 VTU
Identification of Predecessor & Successor activities
Constructing Network Diagram & Analyzing Critical path
45-47
48-50
Exercise-5
Exercise-6
Exercise-7
ADDA
Study on various options in project management
Resource Creation & Allocation
Splitting, linking, merging of activities and creating baseline project
51-52
52
52
MODULE-3 GIS APPLICATIONS USING OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE 53-55
To create shape files for point, line and polygon features with a map as
Exercise-1 54-55
reference
MODULE-4 EXCEL SPREAD SHEETS 56-81

Exercise-1 Design of One way Slab 57-60

Exercise-2 Design of Two way Slab 61-65
Exercise-3 Design of Singly Reinforced Section 66-69
Exercise-4 Design of Doubly Reinforced Section 70-73
Exercise-5 Computation of Earthwork 74-76
Exercise-6 Design of Horizontal Curve by Offset Method 77-79
Exercise-7 Design of Superelevation 80-81

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 Software Application Lab Manual

MODULE 1
USE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
VTU
SOFTWARE
ADDA

Department of Civil Engineering, BIT Page 1

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 Software Application Lab Manual

MODULE-1

USE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING SOFTWARE

12.1 Software Available for the analysis

Most structural engineers use 3D integrated structural analysis and design software in their daily
work. These software’s make modeling geometries of structures and analyzing loads much more
efficient, therefore decreasing the time and effort needed for finite element analysis. Many of
these software’s have integrated and diverse features, such as analyzing a diversified profile of
structural elements (slabs, openings, foundations, columns, walls, bracings, beams, etc),
modeling structures of different materials, checking for geometrical errors, and outputting

VTU
analysis and graphical files. Although there are many software that have efficient features, we
have listed the top 5 structural design and analysis software that we feel have crucial and special

ADDA
features for design and analysis.
There are various software available for analysis of the structure, the most commonly used
software’s in the consultancy firm are
1. STAAD. Pro
2. E-Tabs

12.1.1 [Link] 2005

[Link] is used for both linear static and non-linear analysis. [Link] is adept at
analyzing time dependent effects, such as creep, shrinkage, and cracking of concrete. Other
software’s developed by the same company, Bentley, can be used in conjunction with
[Link]. [Link] models can be imported to Open STAAD so that these models can be
transferred to other third-party applications. [Link] models can also be integrated with
Project Wise, in which the software can utilize the imported model for project collaboration and
management. Not only can [Link] be integrated with software’s developed by Bentley,
their interface can import CAD models. [Link] is very user friendly since Bentley has also
stated that 80 percent of their new customers can learn to operate STAAD. Pro 2005 efficiently

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in under two hours. Bentley has also boasted that their programs can design structures using over
80 international codes and can generate structural design documents automatically.

1.1.2. E-Tabs
The innovative and revolutionary new ETABS is the ultimate integrated software package for
the structural analysis and design of buildings. Incorporating 40 years of continuous research and
development, this latest ETABS offers unmatched 3D object based modeling and visualization
tools, blazingly fast linear and nonlinear analytical power, sophisticated and comprehensive
design capabilities for a wide-range of materials, and insightful graphic displays, reports, and
schematic drawings that allow users to quickly and easily decipher and understand analysis and
design results.

12.2 [Link] 2005

VTU
STAAD-Pro is widely used software for structural analysis and design from Research Engineers

ADDA
International. It is simple to use and user friendly. No prior knowledge of the language of the
program is necessary to get started.

The STAAD. Pro software consists of the following:

 The STAAD. Pro Graphical User Interface (GUI): It is used to generate the model, which
can then be analyzed using the STAAD engine. After analysis and design is completed, the
GUI can also be used to view the results graphically.
 The STAAD Analysis and Design engine: It is a general - purpose ca1cuIation engine for
structural analysis and integrated steel, concrete, timber and aluminum design.

The objective of this manual is to familiarize the user with the basic principals involved in the
implementation of the various analysis / design facilities offered by the STAAD engine. As a
general rule, the sequence in which the facilities are discussed follows the recommended
sequence of their usage in the input file.

 Input Generator
The user communicates with STAAD through an input file. The input file is a text file consisting
of a series of commands which are executed sequentially.

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 Types of Structure
A structure can be defined as an assemblage of elements. STAAD is capable of analyzing and
designing structures consisting of frame, plate/shell and solid elements.

 Unit Systems
The user is allowed to input data and request output in almost all commonly used engineering
unit systems including MKS, SI, and FPS.

 Structure Geometry and Coordinate Systems

A structure is an assembly of individual components such as beams, columns, slabs, plates etc. In
STAAD, frame elements and plate elements may be used to model the structural components.
The following coordinate systems are available for specification of the structure geometry.

VTU
- Conventional Cartesian coordinate system
- Cylindrical Coordinate System
- Reverse Cy1indrical Coordinate System
-
- Local Coordinate SystemADDA
Global Coordinate System

A local coordinate system is associated with each member.

 Member properties
The following types of member property specifications are available in STAAD:
- PRISMATIC property specifications
- Standard steel shapes from built- in section library
- User created steel tables
- TAPERED sections
- Through ASSIGN command

 Member / Element Release

STAAD allows releases for both members and elements

 Truss / Tension / Compression

In STAAD, the MEMBER TENSION or MEMBER COMPRESSION command can be used to
limit the load direction the member may carry

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 Tension I Compression - only springs

In STAAD, the SPRING TENSION or SPRING COMPRESSION command can be used to limit
the load direction the support spring may carry.

 Cable members
Cable members may be specified by using the MEMBER CABLE command.

 Member Offsets
Some members of a structure may not be concurrent with the incident joints there by creating
offset. This offset distance is specified in terms of global or local coordinate system.

 Material Constants

VTU
The material constants are: modulus of elasticity (E); weight density (DEN); poison’s ratio
(POISS); co-efficient of thermal expansion (ALPHA); composite damping ratio; and beta angle
(BETA).

 Supports
ADDA
STAAD allows specifications of supports that are parallel as well as inclined to the global axes.

 Loads
Loads in a structure can be specified as joint load, member load, temperature load and fixed end
member load.

 Load Generator
STAAD is equipped with built - in algorithms to generate moving loads and lateral seismic loads
on a structure.

 Analysis Facilities
The following PERFORM ANALYSIS facilities are available in STAAD
- Stiffness analysis / Linear static analysis
- Second order static analysis
- Dynamic analysis

 Member end forces

Member end forces and moments in the member result from loads applied to the structure. These
forces are in the local member coordinate system.

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 Multiple Analysis
Structural analysis/ design may require multiple analyses in the same run, STAAD allows the
user to change input such as member properties, support conditions etc. in an input file to
facilitate multiple analyses in the same run.

 Steel / Concrete / Timber Design

Extensive design capabilities are available in STAAD for steel, concrete and timber sections.

 Footing Design
A footing design facility capable of designing individual footings for user specified supports is
available.

VTU
 Printing Facilities
All input data and output may be printed using PRINT command available in STAAD.

ADDA
 Miscellaneous Facilities
STAAD offers the following miscellaneous facilities for problem solution:
Perform rotation: After the geometry has been specified, this command can be used to rotate the
structure shape through any desired angle about any global axis.
Substitute: Joint and member numbers may be: redefined in STAAD through the use of the
SUBSTITUTE command.
Calculation of Centre of Gravity: STAAD is capable of calculating the centre of gravity of the
structure.

1.2 Features available Staad Pro Screen

STAAD-Pro screen has five major elements as discussed below:

 Menu bar: hutted at the top of the screen, the Menu bar gives access to all the facilities of
STAAD-Pro.

 Toolbar: The dockable Toolbar gives access to the most frequently used commands.

 Main Window: This is the largest area at the centre of the screen, where the model and the
results are displayed.

 Page Control: The Page Control is a set of tabs that appear to the left of the Main Window.

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 Data Area: The right part of the screen is called the Data Area, where different dialog
boxes, tables, list boxes, etc. appear depending on the type of operation one is performing.

VTU
ADDA

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 Software Application Lab Manual

EXERCISE 1

ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS BEAM AND PORTAL FRAME

The steps involved in modeling and analyzing a structure are:

Step 1: Selection of type of structure

for the analysis.
For the Analysis of 1D and 2D
structures select Structure type as Plane.

Step 2: Selection of Units

VTU Force Unit as

KN Length Unit
as m

ADDA Step 3: Select add beam

Step 4: Creation of Nodes

The nodes are created using two methods
in geometry mode
 Co-ordinate method
 Grid method
The grid method is very difficult to create
the node. Hence, the co-ordinate method
is most preferred to create the node.

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Step 5: Change the mode from

geometry to general

Step 6: Join the nodes to create the

beams
Use the add beam command at top tool
bar to join the nodes to create a structure

Step 7: Selection of different types

Supports/Boundary Conditions
Click on left tool bar support
Create Select Fixed, Pinned,
Fixed But etc…..
In Fixed But command, any type
supports are created.

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Step 8: Assigning the supports

Select the type of support and assign to
the nodes

Step 9: Selection of property required

Click on left tool bar Property Define
Select Rectangular, Circular etc……
In Rectangular beams,
Enter Breadth and Depth of member
ZD- Breadth of the
member YD- Depth of the
member

Step 10: Assigning the property

Select the property and assign to the
members

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Step 11: Selection of Material

Concrete, steel etc……

Step 12: Assigning the Material

Select the material and assign to the
members

Step 13: Selection of load case

Click on left tool bar Load & Definition

Load case Details Add Load
Case 1 Add.

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Step 14: Selection of load required

Click on Load case 1 Add to select

different types of loads

Step 15: Application of load

Select the type of load and assign to the

members

Step 16: Requirement to proceed with

analysis.

Click on top tool bar Commands

Analysis Perform analysis All
Ok.

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Click again on top tool bar Commands

Post-Analysis Print Analysis
Result Yes.

Step 17: Run the structure for analysis

Click on Analyze Run Analysis

Ok

The steps involved to view results

Step 1: Change the screen from modelling to post processing mode to view results.

Click on the top tool bar Results View value Beam Results Select all Annotate

Step 2: To increase the scale of Bending moment, Shear force diagram etc - - -

Click on the top tool bar Results Scales Change the scale.

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Step 3: Click on bending moment icon to view bending moment diagram

VTU
ADDA
Step 4: Click on Shear force icon to view shear force diagram

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Step 5: Click on Displacement icon to view elastic curve

VTU
ADDA
Step 6: Click on Axial load icon to view load at various floors in column

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Step 7: Support Reactions

Click on the top tool bar Results View value Reactions Select all Annotate

VTU
ADDA

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EXERCISE 2

ANALYSIS OF PLANE TRUSSES

The steps involved in modeling and analyzing a structure are:

Step 1: Selection of type of structure

for the analysis.
For the Analysis of trusses select
Structure type as Truss.

Step 2: Selection of Units

Force Unit as

VTU
KN Length Unit
as m

Step 3: Select add beam

ADDA
Step 4: Creation of Nodes
The nodes are created using two methods
in geometry mode
 Co-ordinate method
 Grid method
The grid method is very difficult to create
the node. Hence, the co-ordinate method
is most preferred to create the node.

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Step 5: Change the mode from

geometry to general

Step 6: Join the nodes to create the

beams
Use the add beam command at top tool
bar to join the nodes to create a structure

Step 7: Selection of different

VTU types Supports/Boundary

Conditions Click on left tool bar

ADDA
support Create
Select Pinned, Fixed But
etc…..
In Fixed But command, any type
supports are created.

Step 8: Assigning the supports

Select the type of support and assign to
the nodes

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Step 9: Selection of property required

Click on left tool bar Property Section
Database Indian Selection
Channel, Angle, Tube etc……

VTU
ADDA
Step 10: Assigning the property
Select the property and assign to the
members

Step 11: Selection of Material

Steel, Aluminium etc……

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Step 12: Assigning the Material

Select the material and assign to the
members

VTU Step 13: Selection of load case

Click on left tool bar Load & Definition

ADDA Load case Details

Case 1 Add.
Add Load

Step 14: Selection of load required

Click on Load case 1 Add to

select different types of loads

For Trusses, The load should be applied

on nodes. Hence, nodal load is applied.

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Step 15: Application of load

Select the nodal load and assign to the

nodes

VTU Step 16: Requirement to proceed with

ADDA
analysis.

Click on top tool bar Commands

Analysis Perform analysis All
Ok.

Click again on top tool bar Commands

Post-Analysis Print Analysis
Result Yes.

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Step 17: Run the structure for analysis

Click on Analyze Run Analysis

Ok

VTU
The steps involved to view results

ADDA
Step 1: Change the screen from modelling to post processing mode to view results.

Click on the top tool bar Results View value Beam Results Select all (Except
Bending and shear) Annotate

Step 2: Click on Axial force icon to view the force in each member

Tension and Compressive member is differentiated by two different colors

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Step 3: Click on Beam Stress icon to view the stresses in each member

Tension member and Compressive member is differentiated by two different colors

VTU
Step 4: Support Reactions
ADDA
Click on the top tool bar Results View value Reactions Select all Annotate

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EXERCISE 3

3D ANALYSIS OF MULTISTORIED FRAME STRUCTURES

The steps involved in modeling and analyzing a structure are:

Step 1: Selection of type of structure

for the analysis.
For the Analysis of 3D structures select
Structure type as Space.

Step 2: Selection of Units

VTU
Force Unit as KN
Length Unit as m

Step 3: Select add beam

ADDA
Step 4: Creation of Nodes
The nodes are created using two methods
in geometry mode
 Co-ordinate method
 Grid method
The grid method is very difficult to create
the node. Hence, the co-ordinate method
is most preferred to create the node.

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Step 5: Change the mode from

geometry to general

Step 6: Join the nodes to create the

beams
Use the add beam command at top tool
bar to join the nodes to create a structure

VTU Step 7: Selection of different types

ADDA Supports/Boundary Conditions

Click on left tool bar support
Create Select Fixed, Pinned,
Fixed But etc…..

Step 8: Assigning the supports

Select the type of support and assign to
the nodes

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Step 9: Selection of property required

Click on left tool bar Property Define
Select Rectangular, Circular etc……
In Rectangular beams,
Enter Breadth and Depth of member
ZD- Breadth of the
member YD- Depth of the
member

VTU
ADDA
Step 10: Assigning the property
Select the property and assign to the
members

Step 11: Orientation of Columns

Click on left tool bar Property Beta
angle Create Beta angle Angle
in
Degrees OK

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Step 12: Selection of load case

Click on left tool bar Load & Definition

Load case Details Add Load
Case 1 Add.

VTU Step 13: Selection of load required

ADDA Click on Load case 1 Add

select different types of loads
to

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Step 14: Assigning Floor Load

VTU
The diagonal node coordinates of the slab is noted and then load on the floor is calculated i.e., Live
load, Self-Weight of slab, Floor finish etc… with factor of safety. The calculated load on slab and
noted coordinates are inputted.

ADDA
If the slab is one way slab, then select one way distribution.

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Step 15: Assigning the Wall load on beams.

Calculate the wall load with factor of safety and inputted. Select the beams on which the wall load is
to be applied and assign the wall load

VTU
Step 16: Assigning the self-weight of
structure

ADDA
Assign self-weight with factor of safety
for whole structure.

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Step 17: Adding of floors

The no of floors required are added using

VTU the top tool bar translational repeat

ADDA

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Step 18: Requirement to proceed with

analysis.

Click on top tool bar Commands

Analysis Perform analysis All
Ok.

VTU
ADDA
Click again on top tool bar Commands
Post-Analysis Print Analysis
Result Yes.

Step 19: Run the structure for analysis

Click on Analyze Run Analysis

Ok

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The steps involved to view results

Step 1: Change the screen from modelling to post processing mode to view results.

Click on the top tool bar Results View value Beam Results Select all Annotate

Step 2: To increase the scale of Bending moment, Shear force diagram etc - - -

Click on the top tool bar Results Scales Change the scale.

Step 3: Click on bending moment icon to view bending moment diagram

VTU
ADDA

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Step 4: Click on Shear force icon to view shear force diagram

VTU
ADDA
Step 5: Click on Displacement icon to view elastic curve

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Step 6: Click on Axial load icon to view load at various floors in column

VTU
Step 7: Support Reactions
ADDA
Click on the top tool bar Results View value Reactions Select all Annotate

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MODULE
VTU 2
ADDA
PROJECT
MANAGEMENT

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MODULE 2

Project Management

2.1 : Basic features of Project Management

Project: Project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service or result.

Project Management: It is the application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to execute
projects effectively and efficiently. Project management is the process and activity of planning,
organizing, motivating and controlling resources, procedures and protocols to achieve specific
goals in scientific or daily problems.

VTU
Project management helps in following tasks:

✓ How long the project will take.

✓ The input on the overall project if a task is delayed

ADDA
✓ Which tasks are critical
✓ Are sufficient resources allocated to the project to complete on time??
✓ The resource costs of the project
✓ Is the project on schedule?

Project management can be broken down into three phases:

 Creating the project plan: Identifying the tasks to be completed and organizing the
resources available to complete the tasks.
 Managing the project: Ensuring that the allocated resources complete the defined tasks
on schedule and within budget.
 Progress Reporting: Procuring reports on project progress.
 The steps involved in setting up of a project:

a. Set a schedule: create a workday and holiday schedule.

b. Define the project goals and determine what needs to be done.
 Break the project into phases and subdivide phases into tasks.
 Identity project milestones
 Estimate the duration of each task.
c. Determine the sequence of tasks:
 Which tasks can be completed at the before others?
 Which tasks can be completed at the same time?
 Define task constraints.

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d. Assign resources:
• Who is needed for each task?
• What equipment is needed for each task?
• What facilities are necessary?
e. Review the Plan
f. Review the plan:
• Verify the accuracy and completeness
• Circulate the plan for review.
f. Additional planning issues:
• Budget and cost constraints
• Who else needs project status information?
• What are the consequences of missing deadlines?

Critical Path Method (CPM):

VTU
This refers to a mathematical model that takes into account the relationship between
tasks, their duration and any constraints regarding the availability of resources to identify which

ADDA
tasks are critical. A task is critical when its delay could affect the end date of the project.

Program Evaluation Review Technique (PERT):

A PERT chart, sometimes called a network chart, refers to the graphic representation of
how the tasks are lined to one another. This chart is useful when it is more important to focus on
the relationships between tasks rather than the time schedule.

Gantt chart:
Henry L Gantt developed a graphic charting system to depict activities across a time
scale. The Gantt chart can be used in Microsoft project to build a project as well as track and
report it.

Views:
A view is a format in which you enter and display information. The gantt chart view is
the default view. It is made up of the entry table on the left, used to enter task information and
the Gantt chart on the right.

Views fall into three categories:

• Sheet views
• Chart and graph views
• Form views

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Changing views:
Project comes with 24 predefined views. You can use the view menu to change views or
the view bar located on the left side of the project window. The view bar lists 8 of the most
commonly used views which are described below:

1) Calendar: a monthly calendar showing tasks and their durations. Use this view to show the
tasks scheduled in a specific week or range of months.
2) Gantt chart: A list of tasks and related information and a chart showing tasks and their
durations over time. This is the most commonly used view to enter and schedule a list of
tasks.
3) Network Diagram: A network diagram showing all tasks and task dependencies. Use this
chart to create and fine tune your schedule in a flowchart format.

VTU
4) Task Usage: A list of tasks showing assigned resources grouped under each task. Use this
view to see which resources are assigned to specific tasks and to view resource work
contours.

ADDA
5) Tracking Gantt: A list of task and related information and a chart showing baseline and
scheduled Gantt bars for each task. Use this view to compare the baseline and schedule with
the actual schedule.
6) Resource Graph: A graph showing resource allocation cost or work. Use this view to display
information about a single resource or group of resources over time.
7) Resource Sheet: A list of resources and related information. Use this view to enter and edit
resource information in a spread sheet like format.
8) Resource Usage: A list of resources showing task assignments grouped under each resource.
Use this view to show cost or work allocation information over time for each resource per
assignment and to set resources work contours.
9) More view: Opens the more view dialogue box which displays a list of every view available.

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2.2 : Construction of Project

Aim: To start with new project in software, create a new project and explore the project guide &
create a new calendar.

Theory: Development of a project need all basic data regarding the project which includes
project start date, end date, resources, budget etc. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is the
hierarchical arrangement of all activities involved in a project by linking with one another.

A work breakdown structure (WBS), in project management is a deliverable-oriented

decomposition of a project into smaller components. A WBS may be a product, service, data,
service or any combination of above. WBS is a hierarchical and incremental decomposition of
the project into phases, deliverables and work packages. WBS is also called as an organized

VTU
method of dividing a product into sub products at lower level details. Hierarchical decomposition
of work is called work breakdown structure.

ADDA

Sample of Work Breakdown Structure

Defining Project Activities: An activity is an identifiable, quantifiable, measurable and costable

lowest element of work, which must be performed during the course of a project for achieving
the project mission.

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Principles of Project Planning

Planning is a process of preparing the proper commitments for resources in the most effective
and efficient manner. In every organization, for planning, separate will be present which should
follow certain basic principles to form an effective plan for the project.

• Information provided by the plan should be in readily understanding manner however

complex the situation it may describe.
• Plan should be realistic and easily deliverable.
• Flexibility should be maintained while planning.
• Plan should be comprehensive

VTU
ADDA

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Steps involved in Project Planning

A project planning involves following steps:

• Define the scope of work
• Prepare a detailed list of activities to be performed
• Prepare a network diagram or a logic to establish relationship among different activities
• Analyze the network diagram to determine project duration, critical and noncritical
activities in a project
• Identify the critical path with the help of critical activities
• Establish standards for the resources (men, material, machinery and money)
• Allocate the resources
• Forecasting budget allocation to achieve the target
• Organization of project information
• Recording the status report of every activity

VTU
Project work scope can be broken down into manageable parts in a proper hierarchical order into
levels of sub-projects, tasks, work packages and activities. Each descending level of WBS

ADDA
signifies a detailed description of the elements in preceding project level.

Sub-project level: It is an independent deliverable end product containing multi task which will
be having large volume of work.

Task level: It is an identifiable major work containing one or more work packages.

Work-package level: It is a sizable, identifiable, cost-able and controllable work or item with
package of activities.

Activity level: It is identifiable lower level job or operation which consumes time and resources.

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VTU Typical WBS format

ADDA
Construction Planning Techniques
LOB Technique
This technique can be effectively used where repetitive works carried out or structure of similar
types built. This method is best suited for repetitive operations, such as pipe lines, tunnels,
highways and housing colony. LOB technique is very simple to understand and optimum
resource allocation is possible.

Matrix Schedule
This technique is good for high rise buildings with successive floors of repeating floor plan.
This method is easy to understand and need no explanation. Logical relationship among
various sub-contractors can be shown by this technique very effectively.

Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique

This method involves concept of CPM and PERT. Here an activity can start only after the
completion of previous depended activity. It is very advanced technique where complex
projects can be handled very effectively.

Project Scheduling
Construction Project Scheduling is a graphical representation which shows the proper phasing
of construction activities with their starting and completion dates and sequence of relationship

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among various activities or operations in a project so that work can be carried out in an orderly
and effective manner.

In construction field, every project is time bound. Every project defines clear objectives which
specifies the completion time of project. Cost and time are correlated in every project.
Schedule must be always proper, well defined. Because, improper scheduling lead to create
delay and loss in project.

Objectives of Scheduling
Scheduling is a process of putting the construction plan on calendar basis. Schedule with proper
network diagram shows the sequence and interdependencies of activities, their time duration and
their earliest and latest completion time with optimum allocation of budget and resources.

VTU
Success of any project depends on three main parameters:

• Time: It is important factor on which the schedule is worked out, until there exist any
constraints such as resource or site specific conditions.

forms the budget of project. ADDA

• Budget: All resources of project are planned and then cost of the project estimated which

• Quality: Obtaining required quality is up most important factor in any project.

The work should fulfill owner’s requirements within given budget. Quality can be maintained by
milestone activities which help to check the required quality before continuing with the next
activity.

Milestones
Milestones in project schedule, defines point of time indicating start or finish a group of activity.
In WBS, milestone can be any component. Project scheduling depends on these milestones by
setting their planned dates of start and finish as intermediate project targets. These milestones
help during assessment of project status at senior management level and to take proper decisions
for the project. Highlighting these milestones in network of activities helps in project
management.

Scheduling Procedure
Every project needs proper scheduling of activities and all scheduling techniques use time scale
along the horizontal axis. Schedules are best presented in bar chart form for better

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communication. Scheduling need work experience for proper plan. It gives an exact time table
for construction activities. Several steps involved in project scheduling:

• Estimating the time duration required for every activity on the network.
• Assign and arrange the activities by logical sequencing, so that simultaneous
activities at a time are made possible to minimize time consumption.
• Using these estimates and sequences of time, compute the total duration of the
project.
• Estimation of time intervals within which every single activity must start and finish
with respect to completion date requirement.
• Estimation of quantity of work for every individual activity involved in the project.

VTU
• Identifying the critical activities in the network by means of CPM.
• If project completion date is fluctuating then shorten the project duration as much as
possible for least possible cost.
•

•
ADDA
Utilize the float in network for activities by adjusting the start and end dates and
minimize the resource conflicts by smoothening and leveling the resources.
Finally make up a working project schedule which shows anticipated calendar dates
for activities.

Project Scheduling Techniques

Commonly used project scheduling techniques are:
• Gantt Chart / Bar Chart
• Milestone Chart
• Logic / Network Analysis

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2.3 : Identification of Predecessor & Successor activities

Aim: Identify predecessor and successor activities by linking the activities in sequence.
Theory: Activities in a project are arranged in an order and linked with each other by proper
sequence and overlapping. There are different logical sequences followed for linking the
activities.

Logical Sequencing of Activities

Sequencing of activities is a very critical task in scheduling. The dependency between activities
classified into four types:

• Finish to Start (FS): Successor activity will start after the completion of predecessor activity.
• Start to Start (SS): Successor activity has to start when the predecessor activity already

VTU
started and partially completed. For some duration, both the activities will take place
simultaneously.

ADDA
• Finish to Finish (FF): Successor activity has to finish only after the completion of
predecessor activity. Here also both activities will take place simultaneously for certain period of
time.
• Start to Finish (SF): There will be a relationship between the start of predecessor activity and
finish of successor activity.
Lead and Lags show time differences between two components of dependent link. Lead shows
the acceleration of successor activity with respect to predecessor one and Lag shows the Delay
between dependent components of successor activity with respect to predecessor one.

By identifying the predecessors and successors, Gantt chart is developed which shows the
activities on a bar chart.

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VTU
ADDA

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Typical Example of Gantt Chart

VTU
ADDA

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2.4 : Constructing Network Diagram & Analyzing Critical path

Aim: Formation of network diagram and identifying the critical path and critical activities for the
project and also calculating the project duration.
Theory: Network Analysis is a name given to certain techniques of project management
planning, managing and controlling of activities. It involves development of network which
indicates the logical sequence of all the activities present in a project. First job should be defined
and then should integrate the elements of particular job in a logical sequence and should control
the process as per plan. CPM and PERT are the most popular methods of network analysis.

Critical Path Method (CPM)

Critical Path Method is a process of planning, scheduling and controlling the activities of a

VTU
project. It is a mathematically based algorithm for scheduling the project activities. CPM
developed in the late 1950s by Morgan R. Walker of Dupont and James E. Kelley, Jr. of

ADDA
Remington Rand. Researches were going on how best to utilize project time and to reduce gaps.
To determine how best to reduce time needed to perform routine plan maintenance; many
researchers tried and finally developed CPM as an effective method. CPM networks are used for
usually repetitive type of projects where accurate estimates of time can be made for the project
related activities. Very small amount of variations are possible in this method; hence this method
is not suitable for research and development type of projects.

CPM is a network which is based on activities; which are planned and monitored. Events are
milestones in this network which represent start or end of certain activity or group of activities. It
follows a proper deterministic approach, where it carries out only one time estimate; without
considering any uncertainties. In CPM, activities and events form a model where each event is
followed by an arrow.

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Typical example of Critical path network diagram

Critical Path: Longest path in a network diagram which represent maximum time duration is
called as “Critical Path”. The duration obtained by critical path is considered as the total project

VTU
duration. In this critical path, a set of events will be present whose slack value will be zero. In fig
example for a CPM given, where red colored path shows the critical path and the events lying in

ADDA
this path are known as “Critical Activities” and the circles lying in this path known as “Critical
Events”. If there is any delay in non-critical activity, then it will not affect the total project
duration in any manner; but if there is any delay in critical activities, then it would definitely
affect the total project duration. Hence, a top most focus must be given to these critical activities
to avoid delay in project completion. If the time duration obtained by such network analysis is
not accepted by project authorities, then such critical activities will have to be crashed by
involving additional direct cost and resources are then diverted from non-critical activities to
critical activities to avoid delay in project completion and to meet the requirement.

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Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)

PERT developed in the late 1950’s for the U. S. Navy. In this, time and cost both can be
checked. This technique commonly used in conjunction with CPM for a given project. PERT
helps in managing the multiple tasks which are occurring simultaneously. It can be used also in
non-repetitive type projects where time and cost are quiet uncertain.

Comparison between CPM and PERT

• CPM is activity oriented network system where as PERT is an event oriented network
system.
• CPM provides a fair degree of accuracy in estimation but in PERT, estimation of time is
not much precise.
•
• VTU
Cost is the main governing factor in CPM, but time is governing factor in PERT.
CPM follows a proper deterministic approach but whereas PERT follows probabilistic

ADDA
approach.
• Non-repetitive projects cannot be handled by CPM, whereas PERT can handle such type
of projects.

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2.5 : Study on various options in project management

Aim: Study of various options available in project management
Theory: Different options can be viewed in project management software’s. Some of the main
tools are discussed below:

1. Lead & Lag Time: If a task can start four days before the previous one is finished, a
lead time of four days gets that successor tasks to start early. The start slack field
contains the duration representing the difference between the early start and late start
dates. The finish slack field contains the duration representing the difference between
the early finish and late finish dates.
2. Constraints: Restriction set on the start or finish date of a task. You can specify that a

VTU
task must start on or finish no later than a particular date. Constraints can be flexible or
inflexible. With this, we can impose MSP to calculate the start and finish dates of task.
3. Calendar: Calendars are used to set project and resource working times to accurately

ADDA
reflect resource availability information. Calendar is the primary means by which we
can control when each task and resource can be scheduled for work in a project.
Calendar types:

We can also provide work week by only selecting working days and work times. Also project
management software gives opportunity to add exceptions and holidays in the work week to
exactly calculate project duration.

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4. Network Diagram: A standard project management has a various views, tracking form
that indicates the detail workflow among the tasks in a project is the network diagram.

5. Resources: Resources are the people, supplies and equipments that enable us to complete
the task in project. We can add quantity of resource required for every single task and
calculate the budget required for resources.

2.6 : Resource Creation & Allocation

Aim: To create resources in project and allotting them for different activities
Theory: There are different types of resources in a project. Namely,
a) Work resources: indicates the people or equipment that consumes time when working on
a task.

VTU
b) Material Resource: These are the consumables required to proceed the activities in a
project.
c) Cost resource: it represents financial cost associated with a task that is needed to

ADDA
account for. For example, traveling expense, contractor bill, stationary for office
etc.

The resources will be defined on a resource sheet and then each activity will be assigned with
required resources from sheet.

2.7 : Splitting, linking, merging of activities and creating baseline

project
Aim: To split, link, merge the activities in a project
Theory: A relationship establishes the dependency between any two tasks. Tasks with
dependency relationships are linked. A task that must occur before another task is a

“Predecessor Task” and that which must occur later in the relationship is a “Successor Task”.

In project management software, we can split an activity by giving different start and finish
dates. Same way, linking of activities done by logical sequences, where network is generated.
Sometimes different activities start together, and such activities can be merged with each other to
get project duration within the critical schedule

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MODULE
VTU 3
ADDA
GIS Applications
using Open
Source Software

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MODULE 3:
GIS APPLICATIONS USING OPEN SOURCE
SOFTWARE
3.1 To create shape files for point, line and polygon features with a map as
reference
Aim: To create shape files for point, line and polygon features with a map as reference.

Procedure:
Step 1: use data for the city of Boston from the M: Drive. To access this data, click on Folder
Connections in Arc Catalog, and then drill down from M:\ to City to Boston to BRA and then

VTU
add the Neigh_Stat_Ars and Water Shape files to your map.

Step 2: create a Study Area that includes all of East Boston, as well as the town of Winthrop

ADDA
Step 3: You will now add the Draw Toolbar. In the top left of your screen, click on Customize
Toolbars and then click on Draw so that the toolbar appears.

Step 4: On the Draw Toolbar, click the Rectangle symbol and change it to Polygon. You will
notice that your cursor will change into a cross shape-every time you click, you’ll place a vertex
of the polygon you will create.

Note: To create another type of shapefile, simply change the tool to the shape you want to
draw (i.e. Line for a road, or Marker for a point)

Step 5: Now, begin to carefully click around your sample area-with each click, you will see the
lines of the Polygon begin to form.

Step 6: In the end, you will have something that looks like the image below. Press the Enter
button to finish Drawing and create the Polygon, turning it into a Solid, Colored image.

Note: This works in the same fashion for drawing Lines, and after you click to place a Marker,
Arc Map will automatically create it.

Step 7: You are ready to convert your image into a shapefile. Click on the Drawing button in the
Draw toolbar, and select Convert Graphics to Features.

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Step 8: Fill out the box as shown, give it a descriptive name, and set the Output to your H:
Drive.

Note: If you have drawn a Line or Marker, or multiple different shapes, be sure to select
the ones you want to convert in the Convert box

Step 9: Click OK when Arc Map asks you whether you want to add the resulting shapefile to
your map, and your new Zone will appear. Be sure to delete the old graphic it was converted
from.

Step 10: You can now symbolize your new shapefile according to your needs.

Results

VTU
ADDA

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VTU
MODULE 4
ADDA
EXCEL SPREAD SHEETS

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EXERCISE-1
DESIGN OF ONE WAY SLAB
Design procedure for simply supported one way slab using excel spread sheet

a) Input Parameter required

Effective Shorter Span
(Lx) Effective Longer
Span (Ly) Thickness of
slab (D) Clear Cover
required (CC)
Diameter of bar used for reinforcement (db)
Breadth (b)
Grade of steel (fy)
Grade of concrete (fck)

b) Controlling Parameter
VTU
ADDA
Thickness of slab (D)
In the input parameter, the thickness of slab will play important role in the design. The thickness
of slab should satisfy both limit state of collapse and serviceability (i.e., thickness of slab should
satisfy under flexural, shear, deflection, cracking etc...)

c) Output Parameter

𝐿𝑦
) > 2, One Way Slab,
𝐿𝑦
i) Condition to check one way or two way slab

( ( ) ≤ 2, Two Way Slab,

𝐿𝑥 𝐿𝑥

The condition is justified using IF-Statement

IF ( ( ) >2, “One way”, “Two way”)

𝐿𝑦

𝐿𝑥

ii) Effective depth (d) = D − cc −

db

iii) Load Calculation (Unit KN/m2)

a) Self weight of slab (SW) = D * ρRCC

( ρRCC is the density reinforced concrete = 25 KN/m3, IS:875-1987 (Part-1))

b) Live load (LL)

(Selected from IS: 875-1987 (Part-2) depending on the type of building)

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c) Floor Finish load (FFL)

d) Partition wall load (PWL)

Total load (W) = SW+LL+FFL+PWL

Factored load (Wu) = W *1.5

𝑊𝑊 𝑙2
iv) Moment Calculation

𝑀𝑢 = 8
𝑢 𝑥

v) Check for depth under flexure

dre
=√
M𝖚 For Fe-415 Steel
q
0.138*f𝔀𝔀k
*b

dre
=√
M𝖚
q
0.138*f𝔀𝔀k
*b VTU
For Fe-500 Steel

ADDA
Write the IF statement to check whether the depth is satisfied under flexure

IF (dreq< d, “Safe”, “Unsafe”)

IF-Statement is unsafe change the controlling parameter D (Thickness of slab) until it is

changed to safe

vi) Reinforcement Details

a) Main reinforcement

Area of Steel Reinforcement (Ast)

The Area of steel is calculated according to the expression given in G.1.1 (b), pp-96,
IS: 456-2000. The expression is difficult to use. Hence, the expression is simplified as

A = (1 − √1 − )bd
0.5*f𝔀𝔀k 4.6*M𝖚

st fy f𝔀𝔀k*b*d2

Spacing (Sv)

π 2b
4
Sv1 = * 1000
Ast

Sv2 = 3d

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Sv3 = 300mm
(Cl.26.3.3 (b) [1], Page no. 46, IS: 456-2000)
Least value of Sv should be considered for spacing
MIN(Sv1, Sv2, Sv3)

b) Distribution Steel

Area of Steel Reinforcement (Ast)

0.12
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = *𝑏*𝐷
100
Spacing (Sv)

πd
2
Sv1 4 * 1000
=
b

As
t VTU
ADDA
Sv2 = 5d

Sv3 = 450mm

Least value of Sv should be considered for spacing

(Cl.26.3.3 (b) [2], Page no. 46, IS: 456-2000)

MIN(Sv1, Sv2, Sv3)

vii) Check for shear

a) Shear force (Vu)

Wu * Lx
Vu =
2
b) Nominal Shear stress (𝝉𝑉)
𝑉𝑢
𝝉𝑉 =
𝑏*𝑑
c) Permissible Shear stress (𝝉𝑐)

𝝉𝑐 is the Input value from Table no. 19, pp-73, IS: 456-2000.

d) Check for depth under shear

Write the IF-Statement to check whether the depth is satisfied under shear

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IF(𝝉𝑣 < 𝝉𝑐 , “Safe”, “Unsafe”)

IF-Statement is unsafe change the controlling parameter D (Thickness of slab) until it is

changed to safe

viii) Check for Deflection

Allowable Span to depth

ratio
Lx Lx
() = ( * K1
d
) baci
allowable d c

L
(
)
x
= 20, for simply supported case
d bacic

K1 = Modification factor for tension steel.

VTU
(Fig.4 Cl.32.2.1)

Check for depth under deflection

Lx Lx
( ) <( )
d
actual
d allowable
ADDA
Write the IF-Statement to check whether the depth is satisfied under deflection

) (
L
< L x)
x
IF(
(
, “Safe”, “Unsafe”)
d d allowable
actual

IF-Statement is unsafe change the controlling parameter D (Thickness of slab) until it is

changed to safe.

ix) Check for Cracking

 Main steel provided should be more than 0.12 of the gross area
 Spacing of steel is < 3d
 Diameter of bar used should be greater than 𝐷
8

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EXERCISE-2
DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB
Design procedure for simply supported two way slab using excel spread sheet
a) Input Parameter required
Effective Shorter Span
(Lx) Effective Longer
Span (Ly) Thickness of
slab (D) Clear Cover
required (CC)
Diameter of bar used for flexural reinforcement (db)
Diameter of bar used for Torsional reinforcement (dbt)
Breadth (b)
Grade of steel (fy)

VTU
Bending moment co-efficient along shorter span (𝘢x)
Grade of concrete (fck)

Bending moment co-efficient along longer span (𝘢y)

b) Controlling Parameter
Thickness of slab (D) ADDA
In the input parameter, the thickness of slab will play important role in the design. The thickness
of slab should satisfy both limit state of collapse and serviceability (i.e., thickness of slab should
satisfy under flexural, shear, deflection, cracking etc...)

c) Output Parameter
i) Condition to check one way or two way slab
Ly
Ratio = ( )
Lx
𝐿𝑦
) > 2, One Way Slab,
𝐿𝑦

( ( ) ≤ 2, Two Way Slab,

𝐿𝑥 𝐿𝑥

The condition is justified using IF-Statement

IF ( ( ) >2, “One way”, “Two way”)

𝐿𝑦

𝐿𝑥

ii) Effective depth (d)

d = D − cc −
db

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iii) Load Calculation (Unit KN/m2)

a) Self weight of slab (SW) = D * ρRCC

( ρRCC is the density reinforced concrete = 25 KN/m3, IS:875-1987 (Part-1))

b) Live load (LL)

(Selected from IS: 875-1987 (Part-2) depending on the type of building)

c) Floor Finish load (FFL)

d) Partition wall load (PWL)

Total load (W) =

SW+LL+FFL+PWL Factored load

(Wu) = W *1.5

iv) Moment Calculation

Mux = 𝘢x * Wu x*

L2 Muy = 𝘢y *

Wu * L2
x
VTU
ADDA
𝘢x and 𝘢y are the bending moments co-efficient from table IS:456-2000

v) Check for depth under flexure

dre
=√
M𝖚x For Fe-415 Steel
q
0.138*f𝔀𝔀k
*b

dre
=√
M𝖚x For Fe-500 Steel
q
0.138*f𝔀𝔀k
*b

Write the IF statement to check whether the depth is satisfied under flexure

IF (dreq< d, “Safe”, “Unsafe”)

IF-Statement is unsafe change the controlling parameter D (Thickness of slab) until it is

changed to safe

vi) Reinforcement Details

a) Main reinforcement along shorter

span Area of Steel Reinforcement (Ast)

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The Area of steel is calculated according to the expression given in G.1.1 (b), pp-96,
IS: 456-2000. The expression is difficult to use. Hence, the expression is simplified as

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0.5 * fck 4.6 * Mux

Ast@x
= (1 − √1 − ) bd
fy fck * b * d2

Spacing (Sv)

πdb2
4
Sv = *
1000 Ast@x

Sv2 = 3d

Sv3 = 300mm
(Cl.26.3.3 (b) [1], Page no. 46, IS: 456-2000)
Least value of Sv should be considered for spacing
MIN(Sv1, Sv2, Sv3)
VTU
b) Secondary reinforcement along longer

A =
0.5 * fck
ADDA
span Area of Steel Reinforcement (Ast)

(1 − √1 −
4.6 * Muy
) bd
st@y fy fck * b * d 2

Spacing (Sv)

πd
2
Sv1 b
4 * 1000
= Ast@
y

Sv2 = 3d

Sv3 = 300mm
(Cl.26.3.3 (b) [1], Page no 46, IS: 456-2000)
Least value of Sv should be considered for spacing
MIN(Sv1, Sv2, Sv3)

vii) Check for shear

a) Shear force (Vu)

Wu * Lx
Vu =
2

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b) Nominal Shear stress (𝝉𝑉)

𝑉𝑢
𝝉𝑉 =
𝑏*𝑑
c) Permissible Shear stress (𝝉𝑐)

𝝉𝑐 is the Input value from Table no. 19, pp-73, IS: 456-2000.

d) Check for depth under shear

Write the IF-Statement to check whether the depth is satisfied under shear

IF(𝝉𝑣 < 𝝉𝑐 , “Safe”, “Unsafe”)

IF-Statement is unsafe change the controlling parameter D (Thickness of slab) until it is

changed to safe

viii) Check for Deflection

Allowable Span to depth

ratio
VTU
Lx
()
d
allowable
= (
)
Lx

d
ADDA
baci
c
* K1

L
(
)
x
= 20, for simply supported case
d bacic

K1 = Modification factor for tension steel.

(Fig.4 Cl.32.2.1)

Check for depth under deflection

Lx Lx
( ) <( )
d d allowable
actual

Write the IF-Statement to check whether the depth is satisfied under deflection

) (
L
< L x)
x
IF(
(
, “Safe”, “Unsafe”)
d d allowable
actual

IF-Statement is unsafe change the controlling parameter D (Thickness of slab) until it is

changed to safe.

ix) Check for Cracking

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 Main steel provided should be more than 0.12 of the gross area
 Spacing of steel is < 3d

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 Diameter of bar used should be greater than 𝐷

8

x) Torsional Reinforcement

Area of Torsional steel

(Ast)
Ast = 0.75 * Ast@x

m
=
Lx
Size of mesh

s 5

π 2bt
Spacing of bars (Sv)

4
Sv = * 1000
Ast

VTU
ADDA

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EXERCISE-3

DESIGN OF SINGLY REINFORCED SECTION

Design procedure for simply supported singly reinforced section using excel
spread sheet

a) Input Parameter required

Clear Span of the beam (L)
Overall Depth of the beam (D)
Breadth of the beam (b)
Clear Cover required (CC)
Diameter of bar used for flexural reinforcement
(db) Diameter of bar used for Vertical Stirrups (dsv)
Live load on beam (W𝐿)
Grade of steel (fy)
Grade of concrete (fck) VTU
b) Controlling Parameter
Overall Depth of Beam (D) ADDA
In the input parameter, the overall depth of beam will play an important role in the design. The
depth should satisfy both limit state of collapse and serviceability requirement.

c) Output Parameter
i) Effective depth (d)

d = D − cc −
db

ii) Load Calculation (Unit KN/m2)

a) Self weight of beam (Wg) = 𝑏 * D * ρRCC

(ρRCC is the density reinforced concrete = 25 KN/m3, IS:875-1987 (Part-1))

b) Live load on beam (WL)

Total load (W) = Wg + WL

Factored load (Wu) = W

*1.5

iii) Effective Span (Le)

Le1 = L + b

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Le2 = L + d

(Cl.22.2 (a), Page no 34, IS: 456-2000)

Take the minimum value as Le

MIN (Le1, Le2)

W 𝑙2
iv) Moment Calculation

𝑀𝑢 = 8
𝑢 𝑒

v) Check for depth under flexure

dre
=√
M𝖚 For Fe-415 Steel
q
0.138*f𝔀𝔀k
*b

dre
q
=√
M𝖚
0.138*f𝔀𝔀k
*b
VTU
For Fe-500 Steel

ADDA
Write the IF statement to check whether the depth is satisfied under flexure

IF (dreq< d, “Safe”, “Unsafe”)

IF-Statement is unsafe change the controlling parameter D (Overall depth of beam) until it
is changed to safe

vi) Reinforcement Details

Area of Steel Reinforcement (Ast)

The Area of steel is calculated according to the expression given in G.1.1 (b), pp-96,
IS: 456-2000. The expression is difficult to use. Hence, the expression is simplified as

0.5 * fck 4.6 * Mux

A = (1 − √1 − ) bd
st fy fck * b * d2

Number of bars required (Nb)

Ast
Nb = 2
π b
4

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vii) Shear Reinforcement

[Cl.40, Page no 72 & 73, IS: 456-2000]

Wu * L𝑒
a) Shear force (Vu)

Vu =
2
b) Nominal Shear stress (𝝉𝑉)
Vu
τV =
b*d
c) Permissible Shear stress (𝝉𝑐)

𝝉𝑐 is the Input value from Table no. 19, pp-73, IS: 456-2000.

VTU
Write the IF-Statement to check whether the shear reinforcement is required or
minimum shear reinforcement is required

IF (𝝉𝑣 < 𝝉 , “Minimum Shear”, “Shear Reinforcement”)

π ADDA
c) Area of Vertical Stirrups (Asv)

* 𝑑2 Asv =

𝑠𝑣
4
e) Strength of shear reinforcement (Vus)

Vus = Vu − τc * b * D

d) For Minimum Shear Reinforcement ( 𝑣 <

𝝉𝑐) Spacing (Sv)
𝐴𝑠 0.4--------------
(Cl. [Link], Page no 48 IS: 456-2000)
𝑏*𝑆𝑣1 0.87*𝑓𝑦
=

Sv2 = 0.75d
Sv3 = 300mm
(Cl. [Link], Page no 47, IS: 456-2000)
Least value of Sv should be considered for spacing
MIN (Sv1, Sv2, Sv3)

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e) For Shear Reinforcement ( 𝝉𝑣 >

𝝉𝑐) Spacing (Sv)
0.87 * 𝑓𝑦 * 𝐴𝑠𝑣 * 𝑑
𝑉𝑢𝑠 =
𝑆𝑣1

Sv2 = 0.75d
Sv3 = 300mm
Least value of Sv should be considered for spacing
MIN (Sv1, Sv2, Sv3)

VTU
ADDA

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EXERCISE-4

DESIGN OF DOUBLY REINFORCED SECTION

Design procedure for simply supported doubly reinforced section using excel
spread sheet

a) Input Parameter required

Clear Span of the beam (L)
Overall Depth of the beam (D)
Breadth of the beam (b)
Clear Cover required (CC)
Diameter of bar used for flexural reinforcement (db)
Diameter of bar used for Vertical Stirrups (dsv)
Effective Cover for compression Steel (d′)

VTU
Live load on beam
(W𝐿) Grade of steel
(fy) Grade of concrete
(fck)

b) Controlling Parameter
Overall Depth of Beam (D)
ADDA
In the input parameter, the overall depth of beam will play an important role in the design. The
depth should be restricted to a particular value. Hence, the addition reinforcement is provided at
the compression zone to restrict the D value.

c) Output Parameter
i) Effective depth (d)

d = D − cc −
db

ii) Load Calculation (Unit KN/m2)

a) Self weight of beam (Wg) = 𝑏 * D * ρRCC

(ρRCC is the density reinforced concrete = 25 KN/m3, IS:875-1987 (Part-1))

b) Live load on beam (WL)

Total load (W) = Wg + WL

Factored load (Wu) = W

*1.5

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iii) Effective Span (Le)

Le1 = L +

b Le2 = L

+d

(Cl.22.2 (a), Page no 34, IS: 456-2000)

Take the minimum value as Le

MIN (Le1, Le2)

iv) Moment Calculation (Mu)

W l2
M = 𝖚 e
u 8

VTU
v) Limiting Moment (Mu,lim)

Mu,lim = 0.138 * fck * b * d2 For Fe-415 Steel

ADDA
Mu,lim = 0.133 * fck * b * d2 For Fe-500 Steel

Write the IF statement to check whether the beam is to be designed for singly or doubly
reinforced sections.

IF (Mu,lim > Mu , “Singly”, “Doubly”)

vi) Area of reinforcement

(Cl.G.1.1 & G.1.2, Page no 96, IS: 456-2000)

a) Area of Compression Reinforcement (Asc )

(Mu − Mu,lim) = fsc * Asc(d − d′)

Where fsc is the stress in compression steel corresponding to a strain of ∈sc

xu,max − d′
∈sc=
xu,max

∈sc is the strain in compression steel

fsc value is taken from Fig.23, Page no.70, IS: 456-2000 or From Table A, Page
no. SP-16,

Where 𝑥𝑢,𝑎𝑥 limiting depth of neutral axis

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No of bars in compression zone (Nbc)

Asc
Nbc = 2
π b
4
b) Area of Tension Reinforcement (Ast )

Ast = Ast1 + Ast2

Ast1 is the area of tension reinforcement for a singly reinforced section for resist Mu,lim

Ast1 is calculated according to the expression given in G.1.1 (b), pp-96, IS: 456-2000.
By replacing Ast by Ast1 and Mu by Mu,lim . The expression is difficult to use. Hence, the
expression is simplified as

0.5 * fck 4.6 * Mu,lim

A
st1
=
fy VTU (1 − √1 −
fck * b * d 2
) bd

Ast2 =
𝐴𝑠𝑐 * 𝑓𝑠𝑐
ADDA
Ast2 is the area of tension reinforcement required to balance compression reinforcement

0.87𝑓𝑦

No of bars in compression zone (Nbt)

Asc
Nbt = 2
π b
4
vii) Shear Reinforcement
[Cl.40, Page no 72 & 73, IS: 456-2000]

Wu * L𝑒
a) Shear force (Vu)

Vu =
2
b) Nominal Shear stress (𝝉𝑉)
Vu
τV =
b*d
c) Permissible Shear stress (𝝉𝑐)

𝝉𝑐 is the Input value from Table no. 19, pp-73, IS: 456-2000.

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Write the IF-Statement to check whether the shear reinforcement is required or

minimum shear reinforcement is required

IF (𝝉𝑣 < 𝝉 , “Minimum Shear”, “Shear Reinforcement”)

π
c) Area of Vertical Stirrups (Asv)

* 𝑑2
Asv =

𝑠𝑣
4
e) Strength of shear reinforcement (Vus)

Vus = Vu − τc * b * D

d) For Minimum Shear Reinforcement ( 𝑣 <

𝝉𝑐) Spacing (Sv)
𝐴𝑠 0.4--------------

𝑏*𝑆𝑣1 0.87*𝑓𝑦
=
VTU (Cl. [Link], Page no 48 IS: 456-2000)

ADDA
Sv2 = 0.75d
Sv3 = 300mm
(Cl. [Link], Page no 47, IS: 456-2000)
Least value of Sv should be considered for spacing
MIN (Sv1, Sv2, Sv3)

e) For Shear Reinforcement ( 𝝉𝑣 >

𝝉𝑐) Spacing (Sv)
0.87 * 𝑓𝑦 * 𝐴𝑠𝑣 * 𝑑
𝑉𝑢𝑠 =
𝑆𝑣1

Sv2 = 0.75d

Sv3 = 300mm
Least value of Sv should be considered for spacing
MIN (Sv1, Sv2, Sv3)

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EXERCISE-5

COMPUTATION OF EARTHWORK

1. Computation of Area
One of the main objectives of the surveying is to compute the areas and volumes. Generally, the
lands will be of irregular shaped polygons. There are formulae readily available for regular
polygons like, triangle, rectangle, square and other polygons. But for determining the areas of
irregular polygons, different methods are used and they are
 Graphical method
 Co-ordinate method

VTU
 Planimeter
Out of these three methods, the co-ordinate method is popularly used, in land surveying for
computing catchment area, drainage area, cross section of rivers, channels etc. Under this

ADDA
method the given area is split into two with a base line run at the centre.
There are two important rules available for the computation of area and they are
a. Trapezoidal Rule
b. Simpson’s Rule

In trapezoidal rule, boundaries between the ends of ordinates are assumed to be straight. Thus the
area enclosed between these line and the irregular boundary lines are considered as trapezoids.

Design Procedure for computation of area using excel spread sheet

The reduced level at various intervals is noted and reference RL for cutting or filling is to be
fixed in order to determine the offsets at all the intervals. Using these offsets, the area is
computed using trapezoidal or Simpson’s rule. Let O 1, O2-----On be the offsets in meters and d
be the interval in meter.

Trapezoidal Rule
O1 + On
A = d [( ) + O2 + O3 + O4 + − − − + On−1]
2

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Simpson’s Rule:

This rule is applicable only when the number of divisions is even or the number of ordinates is
odd sometimes one or both end ordinates may be zero.
d
A= [O1 + On + 4(O2 + O4 + − − − − On−2) + 2(O3 + O5 + − − − − On−1)]
3
When there are even numbers of ordinates, the Simpson’s rule is applied for odd number of
ordinates and the calculated area is represented as A 1 then the trapezoidal rule is applied for first
and last ordinates to calculate the area A2. Add A1 and A2 to compute the total area A.

VTU
2. Computation of Volume
The computation of volumes of various quantities from the measurements done in the field is
required in the design and planning on many engineering works. The volume of earth work is

ADDA
required for suitable alignment of road works, canal and sewer lines, soil and water conservation
works, farm pond and percolation pond consent.

There are two important rules available for the computation of volume and they are
a. Trapezoidal Rule
b. Prismoidal Rule

Design Procedure for computation of volume using excel spread sheet

The areas at various intervals are given. Using these areas, the volume (V) is computed using
trapezoidal or Prismoidal rule. Let A1, A2, A3 ----- An be the areas in Sq. meters and h be the
interval in meter.

Trapezoidal Rule
A1 + An
V = h [( ) + A2 + A3 + A4 + − − − + An−1]
2

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Prismoidal Rule:

This rule is applicable only when the number of divisions is even or the number of areas is odd.
h
V = [A1 + An + 4(A2 + A4 + − − − − An−2) + 2(A3 + A5 + − − − −
3
An−1)]
When there are even numbers of areas, the Prismoidal rule is applied for odd number of areas
and the calculated volume is represented as V 1 then the trapezoidal rule is applied for first and
last areas to calculate the volume V2. Add V1 and V2 to compute total volume V.

VTU
ADDA

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EXERCISE-6

DESIGN OF HORIZONTAL CURVE BY OFFSET METHOD

Design Procedure for horizontal curve by offset method using excel spread
sheet

The program for design of horizontal curve by offset method is developed using excel spread
sheet by considering the two controlling parameter radius of curve (R) and Deflection angle (∆)

Controlling Parameter
Radius of Curve (R) = m
Deflection angle (∆) =
degrees

Output Parameter VTU

∆ 𝑟=
𝜋∆
180
ADDA
Deflection angle (∆𝑟) in radians

Tangent Length (T)

𝑇=𝑅 ∆𝑟
𝑡𝑎𝑛
2

Length of Long Cord (L)

𝐿 = 2𝑅 ∆𝑟
𝑆𝑖𝑛
2
Curve Length (l)
𝜋𝑅∆
𝑙 = 𝑂 = 𝑅∆𝑟
180
Mid Ordinate (Oo)
∆𝑟
𝑂𝑜 = 𝑅 (1 − )
2
𝐶𝑜𝑠

Methods used for horizontal curve setting by offset method

a) Offsets from long chord
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b) Offsets from the tangents

a) Offsets from long chord

Mid Ordinate (Oo)

∆𝑟
𝑂𝑜 = 𝑅 (1 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠 )
2

Offset (Ox)

Ox = √R2 − x2 − (R − Oo)
VTU Interval x

ADDA x is the distance from center of the

curve

b) Offsets from Tangent

i) Radial Offset
ii) Perpendicular Offset

i) Radial Offset
If the centre of curve O is accessible from the points on tangent, this method of curve setting is
possible.

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Offset (Ox)

Ox = √R2 + x2 − R

Interval x
x is the distance from center of the curve

ii) Perpendicular Offset

VTU
If the centre of a circle is not visible, perpendicular offsets from tangent can be set to locate the
points on the curve.
ADDA
Offset (Ox)

Ox = R − √R2 − x2

Interval x
x is the distance from center of the curve

Results: The curve is plotted in excel spread sheet using the charts for all these cases

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EXERCISE-7

DESIGN OF SUPERELEVATION
Definition of Superelevation
When a vehicle travels in a circular path or curved path, it is subjected to an outward force which
makes a vehicle to overturn and skid due to Centrifugal force. To overcome this force and for
safe travel of a vehicle, the outer edge of the road is raised above the inner edge. This is
known as superelevation or banking of road.

Theory on superelevation
While designing the various elements of the road like superelevation, we design it for a particular

VTU
vehicle called design vehicle which has some standard weight and dimensions. But in the actual
case, the road has to cater for mixed traffic. Different vehicles with different dimensions and

ADDA
varying speeds ply on the road. For example, in the case of a heavily loaded truck with high
centre of gravity and low speed, superelevation should be less, otherwise chances of toppling are
more. Taking into practical considerations of all such situations, IRC has given some guidelines
about the maximum and minimum superelevation etc. These are all discussed in detail in the
following sections.

Design of Superelevation
For fast moving vehicles, providing higher superelevation without considering coefficient of
friction is safe, i.e. centrifugal force is fully counteracted by the weight of the vehicle or
superelevation. For slow moving vehicles, providing lower superelevation considering
coefficient of friction is safe, i.e. centrifugal force is counteracted by superelevation and
coefficient of friction. IRC suggests following design procedure:

Design Procedure using Excel Spread Sheet

The program for design of superelevation (e) is developed using excel spread sheet by
considering the two controlling parameter radius of curve and design speed.

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Control Parameter and Input Parameter

required Radius of Curve (R) in m

Design Speed (V) in KMPH

Output parameter is considered to check whether the design speed is safe or not

Converting the design speed V from KMPH to m/s. {Radius is in m}

𝑉

3.6
Design Speed (v) = m/s

Check for Superelevation, by taking 75% of the design speed and lateral friction (f) = 0 using
the expression.

e+f=
V2

VTU gR Where g is the

If e ≤ 0. 07, the design speed is safe problem ends and in case e > 0. 07, the
check should be done for lateral friction.

ADDA
{For this IF Statement should written in excel spread sheet to known whether to end or
continue the problem}

Check for Lateral Friction, by taking e = 0. 07 of the design speed and full design speed
V2
using the expression.
e+f=
gR
If f ≤ 0. 15, the design speed is safe problem ends and in case e > 0. 15, the
design speed should be reduced.
{For this IF Statement should written in excel spread sheet to known whether to end or
continue the problem}

Reduced Design Speed (vr) in m/s

vr=√(e + f)gR
Reduced Design Speed (Vr) in KMPH
Vr= 3.6* vr
Once the design program is written, the program can be operated by changing the design speed
(V) and Radius of Curve (R).

Department of Civil Engineering, BIT Page 81

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