 State the meaning of energy

Energy is defined as the capacity to do work or produce change. Fundamental

Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be transformed from
one form to another (Law of Conservation of Energy). Standard Unit: In the
International System of Units (SI), energy is measured in joules (J).

The types of Energy Two Main Classifications of Energy the two main types of
Energy are:
(Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy)

1.) Kinetic Energy: The energy an object possesses due to its motion (Examples
rolling ball or flowing water).

2.) Potential Energy: Stored energy that depends on the relative position or
state of an object (Examples a stretched spring or water at the top of a
waterfall).
Everyday Forms of Energy

1.)Thermal (Heat) Energy:

The energy created by the movement of tiny particles (molecules) inside an
object. The faster they move, the hotter it gets Example: A warm cup of hot
cocoa or a cozy campfire.

2.) Electrical Energy: Energy caused by tiny moving particles called electrons.
Example: The electricity that powers your video games, lights, and a lightning
bolt. 3 Light (Radiant) Energy: A type of energy that travels in waves and is
visible to our eyes. Example: Sunshine, a flashlight beam, or the screen on your
TV.

3.) Sound Energy: Energy that moves through the air in waves and is made
when objects vibrate (shake back and forth). Example: Your singing voice, a
ringing bell, or the thump of a drum.

4.) Chemical Energy: Energy that is safely stored inside the chemical bonds of
materials. Example: The food you eat (which gives you fuel to run) or the
batteries in a toy.

5.) Mechanical Energy: The energy an object gets from its movement or
position. Example: A bicyclist riding down a steep hill.

6.) Nuclear Energy: Huge amounts of energy stored at the very center of tiny
atoms. Example: The power and heat generated by the Sun. Energy can change
form Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it constantly changes form.
This principle is called the Law of Conservation of Energy.
* Here are some common ways energy converts from one type to another every
day:
1 Chemical to Kinetic: Your body digests food and converts its chemical energy
into mechanical motion when you walk or run
2 Light to Electrical: Solar panels capture sunlight and convert it directly into
electrical energy.
3.) Electrical to Light & Heat: An incandescent light bulb takes electrical energy
and converts it into both glowing light and thermal heat.
4.) Chemical to Thermal: Burning wood in a campfire converts the stored
chemical energy in the wood into heat and light.

Properties of Energy
* Transformation: Energy can change from one form to another. For example,
the chemical energy in a battery changes into light and heat energy in a
flashlight Transfer: Energy can move from one object or place to another. For
instance, heat energy transfers from a hot cup of tea to the colder air in the
Storage: Energy can be stored for later use.
Food stores energy for our bodies to run and jump, while batteries store
electricity for toys.
Conservation: Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It just changes forms or
moves around.

Assignments ( 1 ) Name the form of energy and define any three (2) Breifly
discuss the Law of Conservation ( 3 )what is the fundamental Law of energy *
Class work : Small groups:place learners in mixed ability groups and assign
tasks to write on the types of energy they know Second period

General science notes

Topic:
Force and kinds what is force?
A force is a push or pull acting upon an object as a result of its interaction with
another object. As a vector quantity, it has both magnitude and direction and is
measured in Newton’s . Forces govern all physical interactions and change an
object's state of motion or shape.

Forces are divided into two primary categories: Contact Forces and Non-Contact
Forces.
 Contact Forces These forces only occur when two objects are physically
touching one another. Frictional Force: Acts opposite to the direction of an
object's movement, slowing it down when surfaces slide against each other.
1.) Normal Force: The support force exerted upon an object that is in contact
with another stable object (Examples, a book resting on a table).
2.) Applied Force: A direct push or pull applied to an object by a person or
another object.

3.) Tension Force: Transmitted through a string, rope, or cable when it is pulled
tight by forces acting from opposite ends.

4.) Air Resistance force: A type of frictional force that acts upon objects as they
travel through the air. Spring Force: The force exerted by a compressed or
stretched spring upon any object that is attached to it.

 Non-Contact Forces (Action-at-a-Distance) These forces act on objects

without physical contact, even over long distances. Gravitational Force:
An attractive force between any two masses, which anchors objects to
Earth and governs planetary orbits. Magnetic Force: The push or pull
exerted by magnetic fields on moving charges or magnetic materials.
Electrostatic Force: The attractive or repulsive force between electrically
charged particles or objects.

Sub-topic: measurement of force.

Force is the action that causes an object to change its velocity, direction,
or shape. It is calculated as the product of mass and acceleration ( \(F =
ma\). Force is universally measured using a Force Gauge or Load Cell and
is quantified in specific units.

Core Measurement Units SI Unit: Newton.

Other Units: Kilogram-force (kgf) or gram-force (gf), which define the
force exerted by gravity on those respective masses.

Instruments Used Force Gauges / Spring Balances: Handheld or stand-

mounted instruments that measure applied forces—such as push or pull—
using calibrated springs or internal sensors.
Load Cells: Industrial sensors (often utilizing Strain Gauges) that convert
structural deformation into electrical signals to calculate heavy loads in
manufacturing and engineering.
Hydraulic and Pneumatic Load Cells: Instruments that measure applied
forces based on the changes in pressure within a contained liquid or gas
medium.

Third period general science notes

Topic: Measurement of some physical properties of matter.

Physical properties of matter are measurable characteristics observed

without changing a substance's chemical identity. The International
System of Units (SI) provides standardized units for these measurements.
 Key physical properties and how they are measured include: Core
Physical Properties & Measurement Mass: The amount of matter in an
object, measured in kilograms (kg) using an analytical or triple-beam
balance.

Volume: The space an object occupies.

Temperature: Measures the average kinetic energy of particles. The SI
unit is the Kelvin (K), though Celsius and Fahrenheit are also widely used.
Melting & Boiling Points: Temperatures at which a substance transitions
between solid to liquid, or liquid to gas.

Classification of Properties
Extensive Properties: Depend on the amount of matter present (e.g.,
mass, volume). Intensive Properties: Bulk properties that remain constant
regardless of the sample size (density, color, boiling point). Measurement
tools vary widely depending on what you need to measure. Whether it is
length, weight, temperature, or electrical current, having the right tool is
essential for accuracy.

Common measurement tools include: Length & Distance: Measuring

Tape, Ruler, Meter Stick, and Laser Distance Meter. Precision (Small
dimensions):
Venire Caliper and Micrometer
Mass & Weight: Weighing Scale, Beam Balance, and Digital Scale.

Temperature: Thermometer, Pyrometer, and Infrared (IR) Thermometer.

Measuring different tools a. Volume properties b. Weight c. Length

4th period General science notes

1. Earth's Orbit An orbit is a curved, circular, or oval path that one object
in space takes around another . Earth’s Movement: Earth orbits (or
revolves around) the Sun. The Time It Takes: It takes Earth exactly
365 days to complete one full trip around the Sun, which we call a
year.

2. How It Stays in Place: Earth stays in its orbit because of the Sun's
invisible pull, called gravity.

 Natural and Artificial Satellites: A satellite is simply any object that

travels in an orbit around a larger object . Natural Satellites: These are
made by nature. For example, Earth is a satellite of the Sun, and our
Moon is a natural satellite of Earth.

 Artificial Satellites: These are machines built by humans and launched

into space on rockets. They help us predict the weather, provide GPS
navigation, and let us communicate globally .
  Stars and Galaxy: When you look up at the night sky, you are looking at
distant parts of space . Stars: A star is a giant ball of glowing gas that is
very hot. Our Sun is the closest star to Earth . Other stars look like tiny
dots of light because they are millions of miles away.

Galaxy: A galaxy is a massive group of gas, dust, and billions of stars all
held together by gravity. Our solar system is part of a galaxy called the
Milky [Link] Stars Most stars are average-sized, but some are much,
much bigger

5th period general science notes

Topic: Soil Profile
What is it? A Soil Profile is a cut-open view of the ground that shows
different layers stacked on top of each other. These layers are called
horizons. [1, 2, 3] The Layers:

Top soil: The very top layer (A-horizon). It is dark, rich in nutrients,
and is where plants grow their roots. Subsoil: The middle layer (B-
horizon). It holds more water but has fewer nutrients. Parent Rock:
The bottom layer (C-horizon). It is made of solid, large rocks that are
breaking down over time. 2. Skin Profile What is it? Just like soil,
human skin has layers.

The Layers: Epidermis: The tough, waterproof top layer. It protects us

from germs and sunlight. Dermis: The middle layer. It contains sweat
glands, blood vessels, and helps us feel things. Fatty Layer: The
bottom layer. It keeps our bodies warm and protects our bones.
Similarities: Layers and Functions Protection: Both the topsoil and the top layer
of our skin protect what is underneath (roots and muscles) from the outside
world. Storage: Skin layers store fat to keep us healthy, and soil layers store
water to help plants grow.
Support: Skin acts as armor for our bodies,

Malaria and Prevention

What is it? Malaria is a dangerous sickness caused by a tiny parasite. It spreads
when an infected Anopheles mosquito bites a person. Signs: People with malaria
usually get a very high fever, a bad headache, and feel like they are shivering
with cold. [1, 2, 3] How to prevent it: Sleep under bed nets: Always use an
insecticide-treated mosquito net while sleeping. Stop mosquitoes from breeding:
Empty any buckets or bowls holding still, stagnant water, as this is where
mosquitoes lay their eggs. Wear protective clothing: Wear long sleeves and long
pants, and use mosquito repellent on your skin.