REPRODUCTION
6
CHAPTER
Binary Fission :
CONTENTS
When one mature unicellular organism like
Reproduction Amoeba splits into two daughter individuals, the
process is called binary fission.
Asexual reproduction This type of reproduction occurs when
environmental conditions are most favourable
Sexual reporoduction
Sexual reproduction in Human
1
Development of Embryo
Gestation & Child birth
Metamorphosis
2
REPRODUCTION
The process by which living organisms produce Parent Cell
offsprings of their own kind is called Division of
reproduction. Nucleus
3
Types of reproduction :
Asexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction
Daughter Cell Daughter Cell
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
This occurs without involving sex organs.
Asexual reproduction requires only one parent for
multiplication and formation of new offsprings. It 4 5
does not require both male and female parents. It
is the simplest form of reproduction and is
commonly found in unicellular organisms (hydra, In Amoeba, the nucleus first divides into two
nuclei. Then the cytoplasm divides into two parts,
Amoeba, Paramecium) and lower animals like
each containing a nucleus. A constriction
starfish, sponges and worms
develops in the body which gradually deepens to
The various methods of asexual reproduction form two daughter amoebae. This type of
commonly found in animals are as follows : reproduction is binary fission.
Budding : External fertillization : When the eggs are
In this type of reproduction, as seen in hydra, a fertilized outside the body of the female, it is
small outgrowth appears on the body of the called external fertilization. Fertilization in
organism. This outgrowth is called a bud. The animals like frog and fish is external. In these
nucleus of the parent body divides into two and organisms, the eggs are discharged ouside the
one nucleus goes into the bud. The bud grows and body, i.e., in water. On these eggs, the male
finally gets detached from the parent body of discharges the sperms to fertilize them
hydra and begins to live as an independent
individual SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN HUMAN
The Male Reproductive System :
The male reproductive system of humans consists
of the following organs
Kidney
Bud
Since new individuals develop from the bud in Bladder
Prostate gland
hydra, this type of reproduction is called budding Vas deferens
Besides these two processes, there are other Cowper's gland
Urethra
methods of asexual reproduction which you will
study in your higher classes. Testis
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
This is one of the most common methods of Penis Scrotum
reproduction, found in most animals including
human beings. In sexual reproduction, two
parents, one male and the other female, are Testies :
required. Each parent produces reproductive cells There is a pair of testes which lie outside the body
called gametes. The male gamete is called a within the scrotum. They produce millions of
sperm. and the female gamete is known as an egg sperms
or ovum. Vas Deferens (Sperm duct) :
Those organisms which produce only one type of Vas deferens are two in numbers. This duct
gamete are called unisexual, e.g. dogs, cat, fish, connects each testies to the urethra. It carries
man, birds, reptiles sperms to the urethra along with the secretion of
reproductive glands. This mixture of sperms and
Those organisms which have both the male and secretions is called semen.
female sex organs in their body are called
bisexual or hermaphrodite, e.g. earthworm, leech, Urerthra :
hydra. The two vas deferens open into the urethra and
pass through the penis.
Fertilisation :
Penis :
The prosess of fusion of the sperm with the ovum is Urethra leads to a muscular organ called penis. It
called fertilization. Zygote is formed after is used to deliver semen into the vagina of the
fertilization. female during mating. It is used to pass urine as
Types of fertilisation : well
There are two types of fertilization in animals
Sperms :
Internal fertilization : When the fertilization The sexual maturity in human males is attained
occurs inside the body of female, as it happens in around the age of 14 to 15 years.
humans, it is called internal fertilization. Internal Sperms are produced in millions by the testes.
fertilization takes place in most of higher animals, They are very small in size. Each sperm consists
e.g. birds, mammals. of a head, a middle piece and a tail. Sperms swim
in semen with the help of a tail.
The Female Reproductive System :
The female reproductive system of humans
consists of the following organs.
Uterus Kidney
Oviduct or
Ovum fallopian tube
Ovaries
Cervix
The uterus increases in size as the foetus grows.
The uterus is filled with a fluid called amniotic
fluid that protects the foetus from jerks and
change in temperature
Vagina
GESTATION AND CHILD BIRTH
Ovaries :
There are two ovaries which are situated in The period between fertilisation and the birth of
the abdominal cavity. Each ovary produces one the baby is called gestation. The expectant mother
mature ovum (egg) every month a process is called pregnant. In humans, it lasts for about 40
called ovulation. Like sperm, an egg is also a weeks or around nine months.
single cell. After nine months of pregnancy, the baby is
Oviduct or Fallopian Tubes : delivered. Natural child birth or labour can last for
several hours and is very painful for the mother.
It is a muscular tube which joins the uterus with
Sometimes due to some complications, doctors
the ovary. It carries the ovum into the uterus. remove the child from the womb surgically. This
Uterus : is known as caesarian operation
It is a hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ. The Babies delivered before completing gestation
development of the baby takes place inside it. The period are termed as premature babies and need
lower narrow part of the uterus is called cervix. special care
Vagina : METAMORPHOSIS
The uterus opens into a wide muscular tube called
vagina. The vagina receives the penis during The process of change by which a larva transformed
sexual intercourse. The sperms are discharged into an adult is called Metamorphosis.
into the vagina. Egg Tadpole Adult
A frog lays eggs in large numbers. The process of
DEVELOPMENT OF EMBRYO laying eggs in large numbers is called spawning.
Once the zygote reaches the uterusJ it implants The baby that hatches out of the frog's egg is
called tadpole. The tadpole undergoes several
itself there. The zygote then starts dividing
changes before it becomes an adult frog
repeatedly to give rise to a ball of cells.
The developing baby is called the embryo during
the first eight weeks after fertilisation. The
embryo attaches itself to the uterus wall with the
help of placenta.
The embryo continues to develop in the uterus. It
gradually develops body parts such as hands, legs,
eyes, ears, etc. From eight weeks till birth, the
baby is called foetus.
During this period of pregnancy, the baby takes in
nourishment from the mother through the placenta
and the umbilical cord.
EXERCISE # 1
A.Single Choice Type Questions Q.11 In mammals the female secondary sexual
chracters are developed by the hormone
Q.1 Which is a viviparous animal ? -
(A) relaxin (B) estrogens
(A) Frog (B) Lizard
(C) Man (D) snake (C) progesterone (D) gonadotropins
Q.2 Cevix is a part of - Q.12 Animals which give rise to more of less
(A) Ovary (B) Vagina developed young ones are called :
(C) Uterus (D) Oviduct (A) Oviparous (B) Ovoviviparous
(C) Viviparous (D) Parthenogentic
Q.3 Which is a female reproductive organ ?
(A) Oviduct (B) Testes
Q.13 Human beings are :
(C) Urethra (D) Penis
(A) Ovoviviparous (B) Oviparous
Q.4 The fertilized cell is called - (C) Parthenogentic (D) Viviparous
(A) Embryo (B) Zygote
(C) Uterus (D) Foetus Q.14 Sperms are produced by the
(A) testes (B) epididymis
Q.5 In which of the following animals does (C) penis (D) scrotal sac
internal fertilization take place ?
(A) Reptile (B) Frog B.Fill In The Blanks
(C) Fish (D) None
t
Q.15 Hormones are secreted by ................... glands
Q.6 Ameoba reproduce through -
Q.16 Estrogen is secreted by the .....................
(A) Binary fission (B) Budding
(C) Fertilisation (D) Tertiary fusion Q.17 ...........................glands produce milk
Q.7 Lizards, frog, hen all are - Q.18 FSH is called ............... stimulating ...............
(A) Oviparous (B) Viviparous
Q.19 The first menstruation in called ...............
(C) Hermaphrodite (D) None of these
Q.8 Young one of a frog is called - C.Match The Following
t
(A) Tadpole (B) Larva Q.20 Match the column A with Column B
(C) Caterpillar (D) Nymph Column-A Column-B
1. Sexual reproduction a. Earthworm
Q.9 The period when menstrual cycle stops is
2. Asexual b. Ovum
(A) menarche (B) luteal phase
reproduction
(C) menopause (D) heat period
3. Testes c. Penis
4. Ovary d. Sperm
Q.10 Male hormone is
5. Hermaphrodite e. Hydra
(A) progesterone (B) corpus luteum
f. Man
(C) gonadotropin (D) testosterone.
EXERCISE # 2
A.Very Short Answer Types Questions C.Long Answer Types Questions
Q.1 What is reproduction ? Q.17 Explain the female reproductive system with
a neat labeled diagram.
Q.2 How is an embryo produced ?
Q.18 How is internal fertilization different from
Q.3 Which cells are produced by testes ?
external fertilization ?
Q.4 What is a zygote ?
Q.19 Explain the following terms :
Q.5 Name the two oviparous and viviparous animals a- Fertilisation
b- Ovaries
Q.6 Name the two common methods of c- Zygote
reproduction.
Q.20 Explain binary fission in amoeba
Q.7 Which type of reproduction involves only one
parents. Q.21 Explain the life cycle of a frog
Q.8 Name the process of fusion of two gametes. Q.22 Explain the process of fertilization in human
beings.
Q.9 What is the another term of a fertilised egg ?
Q.10 What are the female gametes in humans Q.23 How do the sperms travel from testes to the
called ? egg cell ?
B.Short Answer Types Questions
Q.11 What are the parts of a male reproductive
system ?
Q.12 Define metamorphosis.
Q.13 How does a sperm differ from an ovum ?
Q.14 What is placenta and what is its importance ?
Q.15 How is zygote formed ?
Q.16 How does human foetus derive its nutrition ?