Programming in java by

balagurusamy
Java Programming
Bharathiar University
67 pag.

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 Unit IV
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Exception
Handling

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 Managing Errors and Exceptions

• Type of Errors

Type of Error

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Compile-Time Errors Run-Time Errors

All Syntax errors will be detected and Sometime a program may compile successfully
displayed by the Java Compiler and therefore but may produce the wrong results due to wrong
these errors are known as Compile-Time logic or terminate due to error is known as Run-
Errors. Time Errors.

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 Illustration of Compile-Time Errors
Class Error1
{
Public static void main(String args[])
{
[Link](“Hello Java”) //Missing;
}
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[Link] :7: ‘;’ expected

[Link](“Hello Jaav”)
^
1 error

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The Most Common Compile Time Errors are

• Missing Semicolons
• Missing (or mismatch of) brackets in classes and methods
• Misspelling of identifiers and keywords
• Missing double quotes in strings
• Use of undeclared variables
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• Incompatible types in assignments/initialization

• Bad references to objects
• Use of = in place of == operator
• And so on

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 Illustration of Run-Time Errors
Class Error2
{
Public static void main(String args[])
{
int a=10;
int b=5;
int c=5;
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int x=a/(b-c); //Division by Zero

[Link](“x=“+x);
int y=a/(b+c);
[Link](“y=“+y);
} [Link]: / by zero
at [Link]([Link])
}

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The Most Common Compile Time Errors are
• Dividing an integer by zero
• Accessing an element that is not of the bounds of an array
• Trying to store a value into an array of an incompatible class or
type
• Trying to cast an instance of a class to one of its subclasses
• Passing a parameter that is not in a valid range or value for a
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• Trying to illegally changes the state of a thread

• Attempting to use a negative size for an array
• Using a null object reference as a legitimate object reference to
access a method or a variable
• Converting invalid string to a number
• Accessing a character that is out of bounds of a string

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 Exception

• An exception is an event, which occurs during the execution of

a program, that disrupts the normal flow of the program's
instructions.

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Exception = Exceptional Event

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 Exception Handling
• Java exception handling is a mechanism for handling exception by
detecting and responding to exceptions in a systematic, uniform
and reliable manner

Any exceptions not specifically handled within a

Java program are caught by the Java run time
environment
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• Exceptions
– A Method in Java throws exceptions to tell the calling code:
“Something bad happened. I failed.”

Exceptions are objects of Exception or Error class

or their subclasses.

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 Error Handling code that performs the
following tasks

• Find the problem ( Hit the exception )

• Inform that an error has occurred ( Throw the exception )

• Receive the error information ( Catch the exception )

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• Task corrective actions ( Handle the exception )

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 Exception Classes

ClassNotFoundException

IOException
ArithmeticException
Exception AWTException
NullPointerException
RuntimeException
IndexOutOfBoundsException
Object Throwable Several more classes
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IllegalArgumentException

LinkageError Several more classes

VirtualMachineError
Error
AWTError

Several more classes

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 System Errors
ClassNotFoundException

IOException
ArithmeticException
Exception AWTException
NullPointerException
RuntimeException
IndexOutOfBoundsException
Object Throwable Several moreclasses
IllegalArgumentException
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LinkageError Several moreclasses

System errors are thrown by JVM

and represented in the Error class. VirtualMachineError
The Error class describes internal
Error
system errors. Such errors rarely
occur. If one does, there is little AWTError
you can do beyond notifying the
user and trying to terminate the Several moreclasses
program gracefully.

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 Exceptions
Exception describes errors caused
by your program and external
circumstances. These errors can ClassNotFoundException
be caught and handled by your
program IOException
ArithmeticException
Exception AWTException
NullPointerException
RuntimeException
IndexOutOfBoundsException
Object Throwable Several more classes
IllegalArgumentException
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LinkageError Several more classes

VirtualMachineError
Error
AWTError

Several more classes

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 Runtime Exceptions

ClassNotFoundException

Runtime Exception
IOException
ArithmeticException
Exception AWTException
NullPointerException
RuntimeException
IndexOutOfBoundsException
Object Throwable Several more classes
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IllegalArgumentException

LinkageError Several more classes

VirtualMachineError
Error
AWTError

Several more classes

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 Exception Handling Keywords

Keywords:
try catch
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finally

throw throws
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 Syntax of Exception Handling Code

Try Block
Exception object creator
Statement that causes an exception

Throws exception object

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Catch Block
Exception Handler
Statement that handles the exception

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 Example
Class Error3
{
Public static void main(String args[])
{
Int a=10;
Int b=5;
Int c=5;
Int x,y;
try
Output
{
Division by Zero
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x=a/(b-c);
Y= 1
}
catch(ArithmeticException e)
{
[Link](“Division by Zero”);
}
Y=a/(b+c);
[Link](“y=“+y);
}
}

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 Multiple Catch Statement

Syntax

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 Example
Class Error4
{
Public static void main(String args[])
{
Int a[]={5,10};
Try
{
Int x=a[2]/b-a[1];
Catch(ArithmeticException e)
{ Output1:
[Link](“Division by Zero”);
Array Index Error
}
Catch(ArrayindexOutOfBoundsException e)
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Y=2
{
[Link](“Array Index Error”);
}
Catch(ArrayStoreException e)
{
[Link](“Wrong data type”);
}
Int y=a[1]/a[0];
[Link](“y=“+y);
}
}

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 Using finally Statement
Syntax

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 Finally Example

finally
{
Int y=a[1]/a[0];
[Link](“Y=“+y);
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 Throwing Our Own Exception
• There may be times when we would like to throw our own
exceptions. We can do this by using the keyword throw as
follows:
throw new Throwable_subclass;
Example
throw new ArithmeticException();
throw new NumberFormatException();
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Throwing our own exception
Output:
Caught my exception
Number is two small
I am always here

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 Applet
Programming
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 Introduction
• Applets are small Java programs that are primarily used in
Internet Computing.

• They can be transported over the Internet from one computer

to another and run using the Applet Viewer or any Web
Browser that supports Java
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• A web page can now contain not only a simple text or a static
image but also a java applet which, when run, can produce
graphics, sounds and moving images.

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 Local and Remote Applets

Local Applet

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Remote Applet

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How applets differ from Applications

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 Preparing To Write Applets

• Let us consider the situations when we might need to use

applets
– When we need something dynamic to be included in the display of a
Web Page.
– When we require some “flash” outputs.
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– When we want to create a program and make it available on the
Internet for us by others on their computers.

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 Cont.,
• The steps involved in developing and testing an applet are

– Building an applet code (.java file)

– Creating an executable applet (.class file)
– Designing a Web page using HTML tags
– Preparing <APPLET> tag Downloaded by: arthi-krishnakumar (arthykvarshana@[Link])

– Incorporating < APPLET> tag into the Web page

– Creating HTML file
– Testing the applet code

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 Building Applet Code
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
……
Public class abc extends Applet
{
…..
…..
Public void paint(Graphics g)
{ Downloaded by: arthi-krishnakumar (arthykvarshana@[Link])

…..
….. // Applet operation code
…..
}
…..
…..
}

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 Building Applet Code ( cont.,)
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
Public class abc extends Applet
{
Public void paint(Graphics g)
{
[Link](“Hello Java”,10,100);
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}
When executed draw the string HelloJava at position
10,000(Pixel Value)

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 Building Applet Code ( cont.,)
• Chain of classes inherited by Applet class
[Link]

[Link]

[Link]
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[Link]

[Link]

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 Applet Life Cycle

• When an applet is loaded, it under goes a series of changes in

its stage.
• The applet states includes
– Born or initialization State
– Running State
– Idle State Downloaded by: arthi-krishnakumar (arthykvarshana@[Link])

– Dead or destroyed Stage

• The changes in state of applet life is shown in the following
state transition diagram.

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 Applet Life Cycle (cont.,)
Initialization State
• Applet enter this state when it is first loaded.
• This is achieved by calling init() method
• The init() method is the first method to be called.
• Initialize variables in this method.
• This method is called only once during the life time of your
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applet

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Running State
• Applet enters into running state when it calls start() method.
• The start() method is called after init().
• It is also called to restart an applet after it has been stopped.
• Where as init() is called only once, start() method may be
called any number of times.
• When a user leaves a web page and come back the applet
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Idle or Stopped State
• Applet becomes idle when it is stopped.
• Stopping automatically occurs when we leave the page
containing the current applet.
• We can achieve this by calling stop() method.
• Stop() method suspends applet execution until the user clicks
on it.
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Dead State
• Applet is said to be dead when it is removed from memory.
• This occurs by calling destroy() method.
• The destroy() method perform shutdown activities.
• It also removes the applet from the memory.

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Display State
• Applet moves to the display state whenever it has to perform
some output operation on the screen.
• The paint() method is called to accomplish this task.
• Paint() method does absolutely nothing.
• We have to override this method to display the required
graphics.
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 Creating An Executable Applet

• Create an html file with <APPLET> tag([Link])

• Create a java code for applet([Link])

• Compile the code and get class file([Link])

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• Run the html file (By web browser or by appletviewer)

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Designing A Web Page

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 Applet Tag
• The <APPLET..> tag supplies the name of the applet to be
loaded and tells the browser how much space the applet
requires.
• The ellipsis in the tag <APPLET..> indicates that it contains
certain attributes that must specified.

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Note
• Name of the applet
• Width of the applet ( in pixel)
• Height of the applet (in pixels)

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Adding Applet To HTML File

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 Running The Applet
• We have created applet files as well as the HTML file
containing the applet, we must have the following files in our
current directory:
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

• To run an applet, we require one of the following tools.

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• Java - enabled web browser ( such as HotJava or Netscape)

• Java appletviewer

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Running The Applet (cont.,)

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More About Applet Tag

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 More About Applet Tag

• Attributes of APPLET Tag

– CODE=[Link]
– CODEBASE=codebase_URL(Optional)
– WIDTH=pixels
– HEIGHT=pixels
– NAME=applet_instance_name(Optional)
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– ALIGN=alignment(Optional)
– HSPACE=pixels(Optional)
– VSPACE=pixels(Optional)
– ALT=alternate_text(Optional)

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 Passing Parameters to Applets

• We can supply user defined parameters to an applet using

<PARAM..> tags
• Each <PARAM..> tag has a name attributes such as color and
value attribute.
• Inside the applet code, the applet can refer to that parameter by
name to find its value
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• To set up and handle parameters, we need to do two things.

– Include appropriate <PARAM..> tags in the HTML
document
– Provide code in the applet to parse these parameters.

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 Passing Parameters to Applets (Cont..,)

• Parameters are passed to an applet when it is loaded. We can

define the inti() method in the applet to get hold of the
parameters defined in the <PARAM..> tags

• This is done using the get Parameter() method, which takes one
string argument representing the name of the parameter and
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returns a string containing the value of the parameter

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Passing Parameters to Applets (Cont..,)

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Passing Parameters to Applets (Cont..,)
Run Command
Appletviewer [Link]

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Passing Parameters to Applets (Cont..,)

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Passing Parameters to Applets (Cont..,)

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 Aligning The Display

• We can align the output of the applet using the ALIGN

attribute. This attribute can have one of the nine value.
» LEFT
» RIGHT
» TOP
» MIDDLE
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» ABSMIDDLE
» BASELINE
» BOTTOM
» ABSBOTTOM

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Aligning The Display (Cont..,)

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Aligning The Display (Cont..,)

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More About HTML Tag

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Displaying Numerical Value

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Displaying Numerical Value (Cont.,)

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Displaying Numerical Value (Cont.,)

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 Getting Input From the User
import [Link].*;
[Link].*;
Public class userinextends Applet
{
TextField text1, text2;
Public void init()
{
text1 = new TextField(8);
text2 = new TextField(8);
add (text1); Downloaded by: arthi-krishnakumar (arthykvarshana@[Link])
add (text2);
[Link](“0”);
[Link](“0”);
}
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
intx=0,y=0,z=0;
String s1,s2,s;
[Link](“Input a number in each box”,10,50);

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try
{
s1=[Link]();
x=[Link](s1);
s2=[Link]();
y=[Link](s2);
}
Catch(Exception ex){}
z=x+y;
s=[Link](z);
[Link](THE SUM IS: “,10,75); Downloaded by: arthi-krishnakumar (arthykvarshana@[Link])

[Link](s,100,75);
}
Public Boolean action(Event event, Object obj)
{
repaint();
return true;
}}

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Getting Input From the User (Cont.,)

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Getting Input From the User (Cont.,)

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 Graphics
Programming Downloaded by: arthi-krishnakumar (arthykvarshana@[Link])

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 Downloaded by: arthi-krishnakumar (arthykvarshana@[Link])

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