SOLUTION
• Classification:
• On the basis of their property-
• A)Qualitative B)Quantitative
• On the basis of their physical appearance-
• A)Saturated B)Unsaturated
• On the basis of their permeability –
• A) Crystalloidal B)Colloidal
• On the basis of their concentration-
• A)Percent solution B)Molar solution
• C)Molal D)Normal E)Osmolar solution
• Definition:
• Homogeneous mixture of two or more
substances
• Forming a single phase
• Depending upon temperature and pressure
• Solvent:
• Component of a solution which forms larger
portion of solution
• Physical state of solvent same as solution
• Solute:
• Component of solution which form minor part
MOLE:
• Gram molecular weight of a substance.
EQUIVALENT:
• Gram equivalent weight of a substances
OSMOLE:
• Measure of total number of osmotically active
particle
• Which can exert an osmotic pressure of 22.4
standard atmosphere
• When dissolved in 1 L of solution.
• RELATION BETWEEN MOLE& OSMOLE:
• Osmole-MOLE/Number of particles by each
molecule in solution by dissociation
• In NaCl,1 mole-2 osmole as NaCl dissociates
into 2 particles(Na and Cl-)
• 1 osmole NaCl(29.25g)- 1Mole NaCl(gm)/2
• 1mole glucose-1osmole glucose
• Osmolarity:
• Number of osmole(Osm) of solute per liter sol.
• Osmolality: Number of osmole(Osm) of solute
per kg solvent.
• STANDARD SOLUTION:
• Relative strength and concentration of solute
and solvent are known.
• Normal solution:
• Solution containing 1 equivalent of solute per
liter solution.
• Molar solution:
• Solution containing 1 mole of solute per liter
solution.
• Osmolar solution:
• Solution containing 1osmole of solute per liter
solution.
• Normal saline:
• 0.9% NaCl solution in water.
• Osmolarity same as plasma(300mosm/l)
• Isotonic to plasma.
• TONICITY:
• Net osmolar gradient across the cell
membrane that drives osmosis.
• Hypotonic solution:
• Any solution having tonicity less than that of
plasma(e.g 0.3%NaCl solution).
• Hypertonic solution:
• Any solution having tonicity more than that of
plasma(e.g 1.5%NaCl solution).
• Isotonic solution:
• Any solution having tonicity same as that of
plasma(e.g 0.9%NaCl solution).
• Red Bood Cell(intracellur tonicity 290mOsm/L)
• Cell volume normal in isotonic solution.
• Cell volume increased in hypotonic solution.
• Cell volume decreased in hypertonic solution.
Depending upon physical state-
• Both solute & solvent liquid- bromine water.
• Solute solid, solvent liquid-water and sugar.
• Solute gas, solvent liquid- soda water.
• Both are gases-air(O2,N2,CO2).
• Both are solid-brass(Cu and Zn).
• INTERCONVERSION OF UNITS:
• mg%ₓ10/MW₌mmol/L
• mg%ₓ10/Equvalent weight₌mEq/L
Substance MW Conversion SI unit
factor
Creatinine 113 11.3 Mg%/11.3
Urea 60 6 Mg%/6
Cholesterol 390 39 Mg%/39
Bilirubin 595 59.5 Mg%/59.5
BIOMOLECULE:
Biomolecule Building block
Protein Amino acid
Glycogen Glucose
DNA Deoxyribonucleotid
e
RNA Ribonucleotide
Lipid
• Osmolarity of normal saline:
• Normal saline: 0.9% Nacl solution
• 100 ml solution contain 0.9 g Nacl
• 1000 ml solution contain( o.9× 1000)/100 gm=9gm
Nacl
• 1 mol Nacl =58.5 gm
• 58.5 gm Nacl give 2 osmole [as Nacl ionizes
completely into 2 particles]
• 1gm Nacl give 2/58.5 osmole
• 9 gm Nacl give( 2×9)/58.5=0.3076 osm/L=307.6
mosm/L
• Find the osmolarity of:
• 1) 5% Glucose solution
• 2)0.5M urea solution
• 3)1N Cacl2 solution
• Colloids:
• Substances which size 1 to 200 mµ
• Which cannot pass through semipermeable
membrane.
• Examples ;
Plasmaprotein(Albumin,Globulin,Fibrinogen,prothromb
in),glycogen,starch
• Non dialyzable
• Form heterogeneous colloidal solution
• Crystalloids:
• Substances which size less than 1mµ
• Can pass through semipermeable membrane
• Examples;
electrolytes(Na,K,cl,Hco3),glucose,minerals,amino
acid,urea.
• Dialyzable
• Form homogeneous solution
• Osmotically very active,exert high osmotic pressure.
• Properties of colloids:
• Brownian movement
• It is continuous,rapid and hapazard movement of colloid
•
• particles in solution.
• Tyndall phenomenon:
• Beam of light is passed through a colloidal solution
• Observed at right angle
• Visible as white line
Due to dispersion of light rays by colloid
paticle.
Electrical phenomenon
Carry electrical charge
Definite isoelectric pH at which behave
as zwitter ion
Become least soluble,may precipitate
out.
• Undergo electrophoresis-colloid particles are seperated from
each other.
• Surface phenomenon
• colloid particles have larger surface area per unit mass
• Show increased phenomenon of adsorption.
• Suspension:
• Heterogeneous solution where solute size is more than 100
mµ.[Link] suspension
• Emulsion:
• Heterogeneous solution where dispersion of a liquid to
another liquid in which it is [Link] milk
• Surface tension:
• Force acting along the surface of liquid
• By which surface molecules held together
• A molecule on the surface attracted only downwards and
sideways not upwards-( stretched flim layer)
• Keeps the liquid surface in tension.
• Allows the liquid droplets to contract to smallest possible area
with spherical conformation.
• To expand the area of the surface of liquid
• Necessary to bring out the molecules from interior to surface
against surface tension
• By adding surface tension lowering agents into solution.
• E.g hydrophobic fat added to water,fat droplets separate out
of water
• attain spherical conformation due to surface tension
• If surface tension lowering agent added,
• the fat globules broken down to numerous fat molecules
increasing the surface area of fat.
• Application of surface tension:
[Link] of fat:
Bile salt decrease the surface tension of dietary fat→emulsify
big fat into minute particles→ increases surface area effective
digestion.
[Link] and lung function:
Surfactant(DPPC) decreases surface tension of fluid lining the
alveoli →keeps the alveoli in expanded state to exchange of
gases.
• Adsorption:
• Surface phenomenon
• Process of accumulation of a substance(adsorbate) on the
surface of another substance(adsorbent)
• Differ from absorption,the latter involves the diffusion into
the interior of the material.
• Capacity of adsorbent depends on surface area.e .g,silica
gel,charcoal.
• Application of adsorption:
• [Link] of enzyme-substrate complex.
• [Link] analytic chemistry:chomatography technique for
separation of enzyme,immunoglobulins.