Chapter-3
MICROPROCESSOR
PART – A
MICROPROCESSOR
Microprocessor is an electronic circuit that contains the arithmetic,
logic, and control circuitry necessary to perform the functions of a
digital computer's central processing unit (CPU).
FUNCTIONS OF MICROPROCESSOR
• Among various functions of microprocessor some are as follows
1. Controlling all other parts of the machine and sending timing signals.
2. Transferring data between memory and I/O devices
3. Fetching data and instructions from memory
4. Decoding instruction
5. Performing arithmetical and logical operations
6. Executing programs stored in memory
7. Performing communication among the I/O devices etc.
MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE
• The microprocessor is a single IC package in which several useful functions are
integrated and fabricated on a single silicon semiconductor chip.
• Its architecture consists of a central processing unit, memory modules, a system
bus, and an input/output unit.
• The system bus connects the various units to facilitate the exchange of
information. It further consists of data, address, and control buses to perform
data exchanging properly.
MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE
EVOLUTION OF MICROPROCESSOR
First Generation Microprocessor (1971 – 73)
Intel 4004
▪ The first microprocessor by Intel.
▪ Introduced in 1971
▪ 4 KB main memory
▪ It was 4-bit, PMOS Technology
Intel 8008
▪ Introduced in 1972
▪ It was 8 -bit.
▪ 16 KB main memory
▪ PMOS Technology
EVOLUTION OF MICROPROCESSOR
Second Generation Microprocessor (1974- 78)
Intel 8085
▪ Introduced in 1975
▪ It was 8 -bit.
▪ 64KB main memory
▪ Intel sold 100 million copies of this processor.
EVOLUTION OF MICROPROCESSOR
Third Generation Microprocessor (1979-80)
Intel. 8086
▪ Introduced in 1978
▪ 16-bit
▪ HMOS technology
▪ 1 MB of memory.]
Intel. 80186
▪ Introduced in 1982
▪ Upgraded version of Intel. 8086
▪ 16-bit
▪ HMOS technology
▪ 1 MB of memory.]
Third Generation Microprocessor (1979-83)
Intel. 80286
▪ Introduced in 1983
▪ 16-bit high performance microprocessor with memory management &
protection.
▪ Instruction execution time is as little as 250 ns.
▪ HMOS technology
▪ 16 MB of memory.]
EVOLUTION OF MICROPROCESSOR
Fourth Generation 32-bit Microprocessor
Intel. 80386
▪ Introduced in 1986
▪ Intel’s first practical 32-bit microprocessor
▪ 4 GB main memory
▪ Improvements include page handling in virtual environment
EVOLUTION OF MICROPROCESSOR
Fifth Generation Microprocessor (1995 – till date)
• This age the emphasis is on introducing chips that carry on-chip
functionalities and
• improvements in the speed of memory and I/O devices along with
introduction of 64-bitmicroprocessors.
• Intel leads the show here with Pentium, Celeron and very recently
dual and quad core processors working with up to 3.5GHz speed.
EVOLUTION OF MICROPROCESSOR
Fifth Generation Microprocessor (1995 – till date)
EVOLUTION OF MICROPROCESSOR
Fifth Generation Microprocessor (1995 – till date)
Intel core 2
• The Core 2 brand was introduced on 27 July 2006
• Core 2 having a range of Intel's
consumer 64-bit x86-64 single-, dual-, and
quad-core microprocessors based on the Core
microarchitecture
EVOLUTION OF MICROPROCESSOR
Fifth Generation Microprocessor (1995 – till date)
Core i series
• The Core i3 range is entirely dual-core.
• The i7 range are all quad-core.
• Core i3 processors don't have Turbo Boost
• The Core i7-6700, for example, has a base clock of
3.4GHz, but can 'boost' up to 4GHz.
THE INTEL FAMILY MICROPROCESSOR
Microprocessor Year of Invention Length Clock Remarks
4004 1971 4-bit 750 KHz First Microprocessor
8085 1976 8-bit 3-6 MHz Popular 8-bit Microprocessor
8086 1978 16-bit 5-8 MHz Widely used in PC/X
80286 1982 16-bit 6-12.5 MHz Widely used in PC/AT
80386 1985 32-bit 20-33 MHz Contains MMU on chip
80486 1989 32-bit 25-100 MHz Contains MMU, cache and FPU, 1.2 million
transistors
THE INTEL FAMILY MICROPROCESSOR
Microprocessor Year of Invention Length Clock Remarks
Pentium 1993 32-bit 60-200 Contains 2 ALUs,2 Caches, FPU, 3.3 Million
transistors, 3.3 V, 7.5 million transistors
Pentium Pro 1995 32-bit 150-200 MHz It is a data flow processor. It contains second
level cache also,3.3 V
Pentium II 1997 32-bit 233-400 MHz All features Pentium pro plus MMX
technology,3.3 V, 7.5 million transistors
Pentium III 1999 32-bit 600-1.3 MHz Improved version of Pentium II; 70 new
SIMD instructions
Pentium 4 2000 32-bit 600-1.3 GHz Improved version of Pentium III
Itanium 2001 64-bit 733 MHz-1.3 64-bit EPIC Processor
GHz
QUICK BRAIN – Sample Question 1
• What is a microprocessor?
• How does it work?
• which was the first microprocessor?
PART – B
FEATURES OF MICROPROCESSOR
• Portability
• Low Cost
• Versatile
• Small in size
• Low power consumption
• Reliability
TYPES OF MICROPROCESSOR
Type of
Features Usage
Architecture
▪ Large instruction set
CISC (Complex ▪ Variable-length instructions Mostly used in personal
Instruction Set ▪ Variety of addressing modes computers
Computer) ▪ Complex & expensive to
produce
▪ Small instruction set
RISC (Reduced
▪ Fixed-length instructions Mostly used in workstations
Instruction Set
Computer) ▪ Reduced references to
memory to retrieve operands
TYPES OF MICROPROCESSOR
Type of
Features Usage
Architecture
▪ Allows software to communicate
explicitly to the processor when
operations are parallel
▪ Uses tighter coupling between the
EPIC (Explicitly compiler and the processor Mostly used in high-end
Parallel
▪ Enables compiler to extract servers and workstations
Instruction
maximum parallelism in the
Computing)
original code, and explicitly
describe it to the processor
TYPES OF MICROPROCESSOR
Type of
Features Usage
Architecture
▪ Processor chip has multiple
cooler-running, more energy-
efficient processing cores
▪ Improve overall performance by
handling more work in parallel Mostly used in high-end
Multi-Core
servers and workstations
Processor ▪ can share architectural
components, such as memory
elements and memory
management
MICROPROCESSOR BLOCK DIAGRAM
NECESSARY COMPONENTS FOR
MICROPROCESSOR
• CPU: Central Processing Unit
• I/O: Input/Output
• System Bus: Address bus, Data Bus
• CU: Timing & Control Unit
• Registers
• L1 & L2 Cache Memory
TIMING & CONTROL UNIT
• CPU is partitioned into ALU & CU
• Control Unit
• The Function of control unit is to generate the relevant timing &
control signals to all operations of the in the computer.
• It controls the flow of data between the processor & memory &
peripherals.
ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT (ALU)
• ALU Performs arithmetic and logical operations
• It includes storage places for input operands that are being added,
the accumulated results (stored in an accumulator) and shifted
results.
• Performs arithmetic operations (+, -, ×, ÷)
• Also Performs logical operations (AND, OR, NOT , XOR)
HOW ALU WORKS?
For more details:
[Link]
QUICK BRAIN – Sample Question 2
• State 3 differences between CISC, RISC
• How does ALU work?
• Why is microprocessor called versatile?
PART – C
L1 & L2 CACHE MEMORY
• L1 & L2 are levels of cache memory in a computer.
• L1 is "level-1" cache memory, usually built onto the microprocessor
chip itself.
• L2 (that is, level-2) cache memory is on a separate chip (possibly on
an expansion card) that can be accessed more quickly than the larger
"main" memory
L1 & L2 CACHE MEMORY
SPECIAL & GENERAL PURPOSE REGISTER
• General purpose register can be used as either data or address
register.
• There are 6 general purpose registers namely B, C, D, E, H, L.
• Each of them is a 8- bit registers.
• They are used to hold data and results.
• To hold 16-bit data, combinations of two 8-bit registers can be used.
BUS INTERFACE
• The bus interface unit is the part of a processor that interface with
the rest of the PC.
• It deals with moving information over the processor data bus, the
primary conduit for the transfer of information to & from the CPU.
• Responsible for responding to all signals that go to the processor &
generating all signals that go from the processor to other parts of the
system.
DATA BUS
• A collection of wires in which data
is transmitted from one computer
to another external drive.
• It carries digital information.
• It is connected to the inputs of
several fates and to the outputs of
several gates.
• This is also called bi-directional bus
as information may flow on the bus
wires in both directions.
ADDRESS BUS
• An address bus is a computer bus
that is used to specify a physical
address.
• The width of the address bus
determines the amount of memory
a system can address.
• It transfers the address of the
location.
• It is called uni-directional as it
transfers the address from CPU to
memory only.
REGISTER
• Special memory units, called registers, are used to hold
information on a temporary basis as the instructions are
interpreted and executed by the CPU
• Registers are part of the CPU (not main memory) of a computer
• The length of a register, sometimes called its word size, equals
the number of bits it can store
• With all other parameters being the same, a CPU with 32-bit
registers can process data twice larger than one with 16-bit
registers
REGISTER CLASSIFICATION
Sr.
Name of Register Function
No.
Holds address of the active memory
1 Memory Address (MAR)
location
Holds contents of the accessed
2 Memory Buffer (MBR)
(read/written) memory word
Holds address of the next instruction to be executed
3 Program Control (PC)
Holds datato be operatedupon, intermediate
4 Accumulator (A)
results, and the results
Holds an instruction while it is being
5 Instruction (IR)
executed
Used to communicatewith devices the I/O
6 Input/Output (I/O)
REGISTER
How Register works?
• [Link]
TRANSISTOR
• Transistors are a three terminal semiconductor device used to
regulate current, or to amplify an input signal into a greater output
signal. Transistors are also used to switch electronic signals.
TRANSISTOR
The main functions of a transistor
• A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch
electronic signals and electrical power. Transistors are one of the
basic building blocks of modern electronics. It is composed of
semiconductor material usually with at least three terminals for
connection to an external circuit.
For details
[Link]
QUICK BRAIN – Sample Question 3