OSI Model Explained

The OSI Model consists of seven layers that define how data is transmitted over a network. Each layer has specific functions, from the Physical Layer, which transmits raw bitstreams, to the Application Layer, which provides services to end-users. Examples of protocols and technologies associated with each layer are also provided.

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OSI Model Explained

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OSI Model Explained

7. Application Layer

Provides network services directly to end-users and applications. Examples: HTTP, FTP, SMTP,

DNS.

6. Presentation Layer

Translates data between the application layer and the network format. It handles data encryption,

compression, and translation. Examples: JPEG, MPEG, SSL/TLS.

5. Session Layer

Manages sessions or connections between applications. It establishes, maintains, and terminates

sessions. Examples: NetBIOS, PPTP.

4. Transport Layer

Provides reliable data transfer and error recovery. It ensures complete data transfer. Examples:

TCP, UDP.

3. Network Layer

Handles logical addressing and routing of data. Determines the best path for data delivery.

Examples: IP, ICMP, IPsec.

2. Data Link Layer

Provides node-to-node data transfer. It handles MAC addressing and error detection. Examples:

Ethernet, PPP, Switches.

1. Physical Layer

Transmits raw bitstream over the physical medium. Includes hardware elements like cables,

switches, and NICs. Examples: Ethernet cables, Fiber optics, Hubs.

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OSI Model Explained

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OSI Model Explained

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OSI Model Explained

compression, and translation. Examples: JPEG, MPEG, SSL/TLS.

Manages sessions or connections between applications. It establishes, maintains, and terminates

sessions. Examples: NetBIOS, PPTP.

Examples: IP, ICMP, IPsec.

2. Data Link Layer

Ethernet, PPP, Switches.

switches, and NICs. Examples: Ethernet cables, Fiber optics, Hubs.

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