[Link]

com/
[Link]

= 2000 Rs.
The share of R = 1 × 6000
6
= 1000 Rs.

(2) Work Method

The share of P = work done by P × total Rs
work done by P+Q+R
= 3 × 4 × 6000
24
= 3000 Rs.
The share of Q = 2 × 4 × 6000
24
= 2000 Rs
Share of R = 1 × 4 × 6000
24
= 1000 Rs

Data Interpretation
Data Interpretation is a major part of Quantitative Aptitude section for any exam. Now, first and
foremost, What does Data Interpretation exactly mean?
Interpretation is the process of making sense of numerical data that has been collected,
analysed, and presented. Interpreting data is an important critical thinking skill that helps you
comprehend textbooks, graphs and tables

Majority of the questions asked in the Data Interpretation Section are based on the following
topics of the Arithmetic Section -

1. Ratios
2. Averages
3. Percentages

If the basics of these topics are clear, attempting DI in the exams becomes comparatively easy.

Now, let us go through the types of DI graphs/charts that you may encounter in the exams -

1. Pie Charts
2. Line Charts
3. Bar Graphs
4. Tabular Charts
5. Mixed Graphs

We shall now have a look at the types of questions that are asked under these Data
Interpretation Graphs -

Consider the following data presented in the bar graph -

Percentage of Students who like different sports in two different years is provided in the following
graph. Total number of Students is 1000 for both the years.
[Link]
Year 2011 and Year 2012
 [Link]
[Link]

Now the following types of questions may be asked from this data -

1. Sum or Difference based -

These are the most basic questions that may be asked in a DI set. For instance,

What was the sum of the total number of students who like Badminton and Cricket in both the
years?

Now for such questions, first find the number of students who like the two sports in the two years
-

2011 - Badminton = (12/100) * 1000 = 120

Cricket = (45/100) * 1000 = 450

Total = 570

2012 - Badminton = (20/100) * 1000 = 200

Cricket = (37/100) * 1000 = 370

Total = 570

Sum = 570 + 570 = 1140

2. Averages based Questions -

Average based questions are very commonly asked in the Data Interpretation sets. For instance,

What is the average number of students who like badminton, cricket and football in 2011?

Total students who like badminton, cricket and football in 2011 = (12 + 45 + 22) = 79% of 1000

Required average = 790/3

3. Ratio based question - [Link]

 [Link]
[Link]

Another arithmetic operation based question that may be asked is Ratio based.

Now, these questions may be asked directly or in combination with the above. For instance,

What is the ratio of the students who like football and tennis in 2011 and those who like volleyball
and squash in 2012?

Students who like football and tennis in 2011= (22 + 4) = 26% of 1000

Students who like volleyball and squash in 2012 = (10 + 5) = 15% of 1000

Remember for such questions, you do not need to do the entire calculation, because such
numbers will eventually cancel out while calculating the ratios.

Required ratio = (26% of 1000) : (15% of 1000) = 26 : 15

4. Percentage based question -

These are yet other arithmetic problems that are usually asked in DI questions.

These problems again may be asked individually or in combination with the sum or difference
based problems. For instance,

The students who like badminton and squash in 2011 is what per cent of the students who like
football and swimming in 2011?

Students who like badminton and squash in 2011 = (12 + 2) = 14% of 1000

Students who like football and swimming in 2011 = (22+7) = 29% of 1000

Here again, do not calculate the entire value.

Required % = (14% of 1000) / (29% of 1000) * 100 = 1400/29%

Same data may be presented in the form of other graphs as well, however, the approach
to attempt the questions would remain the same. You may find numbers in place of
percentages or vice - versa, so do read the question carefully before proceeding.

Line Graph -

Year 2011 and Year 2012

[Link]
 [Link]
[Link]

Tabular Chart -

Pie Chart -

One more variety of question that may be asked in pie charts is the angle based. For instance,
What is the central angle corresponding to football and volleyball together for 2012?
Angle = (20 + 10)% * 360 = (30/100) * 360 = 108

Basics of Permutation &[Link]

Combination
Permutation & Combination has direct application probability which is most widely asked in
almost every banking exam. So basics of P&C must be very clear for solving those questions.
 [Link]
[Link]

So let us start with the basics.

Factorial
Before going deep into Permutation & Combination, let us figure out a term known as ‘factorial’.
The product of the numbers starting from 1 up to a number ‘n’ is known as factorial of number ‘n’.
It means n! = 1x2x3x4x5x6……..x(n-2)x(n-1)xn
1! = 1
2! = 1x2 = 2
3! = 1x2x3 = 6
4! = 1x2x3x4 = 24
5! = 1x2x3x4x5 = 120
Key points related to Factorial:
0! & 1! are equal to 1.
We can’t find factorial of a negative number.
Application of factorial:
Factorial has most common application in arrangement. Let us understand how factorial helps in
arranging things.
Suppose we have 5 persons and we want to arrange them on 5 vacant places. Then we will start
with the first place. We can choose 1 person out of 5 for the first place. We can do that in 5 ways.
Now only 4 seats are vacant and 4 persons are left. We will choose 1 person out of 4 for the
second place now. We can do that in 4 ways.
In the same manner, for the third place, 3 ways, for the fourth place, 2 ways and for the last
vacant place only 1 way of selection is possible. As we know that we have to do all of these
activities, so we will multiply all these ways to get the final answer for getting the different ways
of arrangement.
So total ways = 5x4x3x2x1 which is 5!
= 120
Or we can say that whenever we have to arrange ‘n’ things at ‘n’ places then total
arrangements that can be made will always be equal to n!
Q.1) In how many ways can the letters of the word PATNA be rearranged?
Solution: PATNA has total 5 words. So we will arrange 5 letters at 5 places in 5! = 120 ways.
But in this question, A is coming twice. Whenever any letter is more than once in the word, then
we have to divide by the number of repetition of the word. So we have to divide the total 120
ways by 2!= 2.
So total different words that can be made will be 120/2 = 60.
Direct answer: 5!/2! = 60
Q.2) How many different words can be made using letters of PATNA starting with P?
Solution: PATNA has total 5 words. According to the question, P is fixed at first place, so we will
arrange remaining 4 letters at 4 places in 4! = 24 ways. But in this question, A is coming twice, so
we have to divide the total 24 ways by 2!= 2. So total different words starting from P will be 24/2
= 12.
Direct answer: 4!/2! = 4*3 = 12
• Whenever we have to choose certain things from a group and no arrangement is
done. In that case combination comes into picture. So let us see concept of
combination.
Combination
In combination, we select the things at random & check out the different possible ways of
selection. So this is a one step process. Combination is also known as collection. The formula
used for combination is nCr
nC = n! / [r! x (n-r)!]
r
nC = [n x (n-1) x (n-2) x (n-3) x…...x(n-r+1) x (n-r) X…....x 1] / [1x 2 x 3….. x r] X [(n-r)
r
x……..3 x 2 x 1]
nC = [n x (n-1) x (n-2) x (n-3)….. x (n-r+1)] / [1x 2 x 3….. x r]
r
For example: 12C2 = 12!/ [2! X (12-2)!] = 12!/ (2! X 10!) = [12 x 11] / [1 x 2] = 66
5C = [5 x 4] / [1 x[Link]
2 2] = 10
nC = nC
r (n-r)
 [Link]
[Link]

For example: 5C3 = [5 x 4 x 3] / [1 x 2 x 3] = [5 x 4]/[1 x 2] = 5C2 = 10

10C = 10C = [10 x 9 x 8]/[1 x 2 x 3] = 120
7 3
Q.3) In a class there are 4 boys and 5 girls. In how many different ways a class monitor
can be chosen?
Solution: As we can clearly see that we have to choose a student from total 9. So we will use
combination concept here which will give us the answer as 9C1 = 9/1 = 9
Q.4) In a class there are 4 boys and 5 girls. In how many different ways a boy and a girl
can be selected for group leaders of two groups?
Solutions: We have to choose a boy from 4 boys and a girl from 5 girls for two groups.
So total ways of selection = 4C1x5C1 = 4x5 = 20
Q.5) In how many different ways a cricket team can be selected from total 16 players?
Solution: We need to select 11 players from total 16 players.
So the answer will be 16C11 = 16!/5!*(16-5)! = 16!/5!*11! = (16*15*14*13*12)/(1*2*3*4*5) = 4368
Q.6) An urn contains 5 red and 3 blue balls. In how many different ways, 2 red and 1 blue
balls can be drawn?
Solution: The urn contains 5 red and we want 2 red balls. So ways of selecting red balls =5C2 =
10
Similarly ways of selecting 1 blue ball from 3 blue balls = 3C1 = 3
So total ways to select 2 red and 1 blue ball will be = 10*3 = 30
Q.7) In how many different ways a team of 11 can be selected from 15 players if 2
particular players are never selected?
Solution: It is given that 2 particular players are never selected. So we will do selection from rest
of the players which means we will select 11 players out of 13 players.
So total ways of selection = (15-2)C11 = 13C11 = 13C2 = (13*12)/(1*2) = 78
Q.8) In how many different ways a team of 11 can be selected from 15 players if 2
particular players are always selected?
Solution: It is given that we have to select two particular players always which means that we
have choice of selection only for remaining 9 players and the possible options are only 13.
So total ways of selection = (15-2)C(11-2) = 13C9 = 13C4 = (13*12*11*10)/(1*2*3*4) = 715
• Whenever we have to choose certain things from a group and arrangement of
those chosen things is to be done. In that case permutation comes into picture. So
let us see concept of permutation.
Permutation
In permutation, we select the things and then arrange them to check out different possible ways
of arrangement. So basically permutation is a two-step process.
The formula used for permutation is nPr = n!/(n-r)!
Suppose we have 5 persons and we have to arrange them on 3 vacant places. Then first of all,
we will choose 3 persons from 5. We can do that in 5C3 different ways. After choosing 3 persons,
we will have to arrange them on the 3 vacant places, for that we will use factorial concept. The
total ways to arrange 3 persons on 3 places are 3!
So total ways to arrange 3 persons from total 5 on 3 vacant places will be:
5C *3! = 5C *3! = 5!/(2!*3!) * 3! = 5!/2! = 60 ways.
3 2
Q.9) A wicket-keeper and a bowler are to be chosen out of a team having 11 players. In
how many different ways we can do this?
Solution: First of all, we will select 2 players from total 11 players. The ways of selection
are 11C2 = (11*10)/(1*2) = 55. After doing selection, we can arrange 2 players on 2 different
positions in 2! = 2 ways. So total ways of selecting a wicket-keeper and a bowler = 11C2 *2! =
55*2 = 110
Direct answer: 11P2 = 110
Q.10) In how many ways can the letters of the word EQUATION be arranged so that all the
vowels come together?
Solution: In word ‘EQUATION’, we have 5 vowels (E,U,A,I,O) and 3 consonants (Q,T,N).
According to question, all five vowels should come together so we will assume these 5 vowels to
take one place and other 3 consonants[Link]
will be arranged on 3 places, so total 4 places.
So ways to arrange these on 4 places will be 4! = 24
 [Link]
[Link]

One important thing is that we can arrange the vowels order as well and we can do that in 5!=
120 ways.
So total ways = 24*120 = 2880
Direct answer: 4!*5! = 24*120 = 2880
Q.11) There are 7 candidates for 4 different posts. In how many ways we can fill the
posts?
Solution: First of all, we will select 4 candidates out of total 7 candidates. The ways of selection
are,
7
C4 = 7C3 = (7*6*5)/(1*2*3) = 35
After doing selection, we can arrange 4 candidates for 4 different posts in 4! ways = 24 ways.
So total possible number of ways to fill the posts = 35*24 = 840
Direct answer: 7P4 = (7*6*5*4) = 840
Q.12) Twenty students are participating in a race. In how many ways can the first three
prizes be won?
Solution: First of all, we will select 3 candidates from total 20 candidates. The ways of selection
are,
20C = (20*19*18)/(1*2*3) = 1140
3
After doing selection, we can arrange 3 candidates on 3 positions in 3! = 6 ways.
So total possible number of ways in which the first three prizes can be won = 1140*6 = 6840.
Direct answer: 20P3 = (20*19*18) = 6840 ways
Key points related to Permutation & Combination:
• Whenever we want to arrange n things at n places, we have total n! ways of
arrangement.
• Whenever we have to select r things out of n, we have total nCr ways of selection.
• Whenever we have to select r things from n and then arrange those r things at r
places, we have total nPr ways.
• nC = n! / [r! x (n-r)!]
r
• nC = nC
r (n-r)
• nP = n!/(n-r)!
r

Basics of Probability
A word which can also be used in the place of ‘Probability’ is ‘Chance’. We all are well aware of
the word ‘chance’. We use it in our daily life. Whatever we do, whatever we observe, there is
always a chance that this is going to happen or not. When we want to find out the value of this
chance in a quantitative form, at that point of time we use ‘Probability’ at the place of ‘Chance’.
Some basic terms related to probability:
Experiment: Whatever we do, is called experiment.
Outcome: Whatever is the result of the experiment is known as the outcome.
Favourable Outcome: The outcome in which we are interested is known as a favorable
outcome.
Total possible outcomes: All possibilities related to the result of the experiment.
If one is aware with all the basic terms of probability, then the probability of any event/experiment
can be found out by dividing the favourable outcome by total possible outcomes.
For example: Suppose we have a pack of cards and we want to pick a king of red then there will
be less chance that we will pick out the same one. But let us find this quantitatively.
In this example: Experiment – Picking out one card from a pack of 52 cards.
Favourable outcome – Card picked out is red king (King of Heart or Diamond) (Only 2)
Total possible outcomes – Card picked out is any one of the total 52 cards.
Probability = (Favourable outcome / Total possible outcomes)
Combination concept [Link]
Combination is also known as collection. Whenever we deal with probability questions, we use
only Combination concept of ‘Permutation and
 [Link]
[Link]

Combination’. The reason is that in probability, we only have to collect or pick the things. We
don’t arrange them after picking out. So once a student knows the basics of Combination can
deal with probability questions in easy way.
The formula used for combination is nCr
nC = n! / [r! x (n-r)!]
r
nC = [n x (n-1) x (n-2) x…...x(n-r+1) x (n-r) X…....x 1] / [1x 2 x 3….. x r] x [(n-r) x……..3 x 2 x
r
1]
n
Cr = [n x (n-1) x (n-2) x (n-3)….. x (n-r+1)] / [1x 2 x 3….. x r]
For example: 12C2 = 12!/ [2! X (12-2)!] = 12!/ (2! X 10!) = [12 x 11] / [1 x 2] = 66
5C = [5 x 4] / [1 x 2] = 10
2
nC = nC
r (n-r)
For example: 5C3 = [5 x 4 x 3] / [1 x 2 x 3] = [5 x 4]/[1 x 2] = 5C2 = 10
10C = 10C = [10 x 9 x 8]/[1 x 2 x 3] = 120
7 3

Various types of probability questions

Let us see how we can solve the probability questions, by taking the example of previous years
questions asked in banking exams.
• When the probability of two or more events is given: In this case, We use
multiplication when both the events are going to happen (i.e. when the relation
between the events is defined or described using ‘and’). We use addition when
only one of the events will happen (i.e. when the relation between the events is
defined or described using ‘or’).
Two people A and B go for an interview, the probability of A clearing the interview is 1/2
and probability of B clearing the interview is 1/4.
Q-1) What is the probability that both A and B will clear the interview?
Solution: We will multiply the probability of happening of both the events.
(1/2) x (1/4) = 1/8
Q-2) What is the probability that either one of them will clear the interview?
Solution: We will add the probability of happening of both the events.
(1/2) + (1/4) = 3/4
Q-3) What is the probability that only A will clear the interview?
Solution: We will multiply the probability of happening of event A and non-happening of event B.
(1/2) x [1-(1/4)] = (1/2) x (3/4) = 3/8
Note: Probability of non-happening of an event is always found out by subtracting probability of
happening of that event from 1. The reason is that an event may or may not take place. So
probability of happening of the event and non-happening of the event always add up to 1.
Probability of non-happening of an event = 1 – (Happening of an event)
Q-4) What is the probability that only B will clear the interview?
Solution: We will multiply the probability of non-happening of event A and happening of event B.
[1-(1/2)] x (1/4) = (1/2) X (1/4) = 1/8
• When we have to choose or pick out things from a bag/group: In this case, we use
the concept of combination because we are choosing (selecting) things.
A bag contains 6 red shirts, 6 green shirts and 8 blue shirts.
Q-5) Two shirts are drawn randomly. What is the probability that both are green?
Solution: Favourable outcome – 2 Green shirts (out of 6)
Total possible outcomes – 2 shirts (out of 20)
Probability = 6C2/20C2 = [(6x5) / (1x2)]/ [(20x19)/(1X2)] = (6x5)/(20x19) = 3/38
Q-6) Three shirts are drawn randomly. What is the probability that two are blue and one is
red?
Solution: Favourable outcome – 2 blue (out of total 8) and 1 red shirt (out of total 6)
Total possible outcomes – 3 (out of 20)
Probability = (8C2 x 6C1)/ 20C3 = (28x6)/1140 = 14 / 95
Because we have ‘AND’ in favourable outcome, so we used multiplication.
Q-7) Two shirts are drawn randomly. What is the probability that both are either red or
blue? [Link]
Solution: Favourable outcome – 2 red (out of total 6) or 2 blue (out of total 8)
 [Link]
[Link]

Total possible outcomes – 2 (out of 20)

Probability = (6C2+8C2)/ 20C2 = (15+28)/190 = 43/190
Because we have ‘OR’ in favourable outcome, so we used addition.
Q-8) Out of 5 girls and 3 boys, 4 children are to be randomly selected for a quiz contest.
What is the probability that all the selected children are girls?
Solution: Favourable outcome – 4 (out of 5)
Total possible outcomes – 4 (out of 8)
Probability = 5C4/8C4 = 5C1/8C4 = 5/70 = 1/14
• When dice are thrown: Concept of combination is not needed in these questions.
We normally check the favourable and total possible outcomes by the basic idea of
a dice. The total possible outcomes are decided on the basis of no of throws or no
of dices used. If two throws are made (or two dices are thrown) then the total
possible outcomes can be found out by 6 x 6 = 36 (because these are the total
possible combinations which can be seen).
Q-9) A die is thrown twice. What is the probability of getting a sum 7 from both the
throws?
Solution: Favourable outcome – 6 [(1,6),(2,5),(3,4),(4,3),(5,2),(6,1)]
Total possible outcomes – 6x6 = 36
Probability = 6/36 = 1/6
Q-10) A die is thrown thrice. What is the probability of getting a sum 5?
Solution: Favourable outcomes – 6[(1,1,3),(1,3,1),(3,1,1),(1,2,2),(2,1,2),(2,2,1)]
Total possible outcomes – 6x6x6 = 216
Probability = 6/216 = 1/36
• When cards are chosen from a pack of cards: Here we use the concept of
combination because we are choosing (selecting) cards from a whole pack of
cards. The total possible outcomes are 52 if only one pack of cards is used.
Q-11) Two cards are picked simultaneously from a pack of cards. What is the probability
that both the cards will be queen?
Solution: Favourable outcomes – 2 (out of 4)
Total possible outcomes – 2 (out of 52)
Probability = 4C2/52C2 = [(4x3)/(1x2)]/[(52x51)/(1x2)] = (4x3)/(52x51) = 1/221
Q-12) Two cards are picked out one by one from a pack of cards with replacement. What
is the probability that both the cards will be queen?
Solution: First pick out –
Favourable outcomes – 1 (out of 4)
Total possible outcomes – 1 (out of 52)
Probability = 4C1/52C1 = 4/52 = 1/13
Second pick out –
Favorable outcome – 1 (out of 4)
Total possible outcomes – 1 (out of 52)
Probability = 4C1/52C1 = 4/52 =1/13
Because both events are happening, so final probability = (1/13) x (1/13) = 1/169
Q-13) Two cards are picked out one by one from a pack of cards without replacement.
What is the probability that both the cards will be queen?
Solution: First pick out –
Favourable outcomes – 1 (out of 4)
Total possible outcomes – 1 (out of 52)
Probability = 4C1/52C1 = 4/52 = 1/13
Second pick out –
Favourable outcome – 1 (out of 3)
Total possible outcomes – 1 (out of 51)
Probability = 3C1/51C1 = 3/51 = 1/17
Because both events are happening, so final probability = (1/13) x (1/17) = 1/221
• When team/group/committee[Link]
is made with some constraints: In these questions,
we have to find out the probability of different possibilities and we add those
 [Link]
[Link]

probabilities because only one combination of team/group/committee will be

formed at a time.
A committee of 3 members is to be made out of 3 men and 2 women.
Q-14)What is the probability that the committee has at least one woman?
Solution: Favourable outcomes – [1(out of 2 women) and 2(out of 3 men)]
Or [2(out of 2 women) and 1(out of 3 men)]
Total possible outcomes – 3 (out of 5)
Probability = [(2C1x3C2) + (2C2x3C1)] / 5C3 = [(2x3) + (1x3)] / 10 = (6+3)/10 = 9/10
Q-15) What is the probability that the committee has at most one woman?
Solution: Favourable outcomes – [0(out of 2 women) and 3(out of 3 men)]
Or [1(out of 2 women) and 2(out of 3 men)]
Total possible outcomes – 3 (out of 5)
Probability = [(2C0x3C3) + (2C1x3C2)] / 5C3 = (1+6)/10 = 7/10

Tips & Tricks to Solve Quadratic Equations

The quadratic equation is an important topic that is asked in the exams under the Quantitative
Aptitude Section. In SBI Clerk Prelims Exam, the questions of Quadratic equations were asked.
There are high chances that these question will be asked in upcoming State Exams. Usually, 5
questions are asked from this topic. If prepared well, you can easily score 5 marks in this topic
with the help of some short tricks.
How to Solve Quadratic Equations?
First and foremost, Relation between X and Y is established only when the relationship is
defined for all solutions.
1. Linear Equations: In linear equations, both X and Y have only one value. So relation can be
established easily.
4X+3Y=18, 7x+5Y= 12
(4X+3Y= 18)× 5, (7X+5Y=12)× 3
20X+15Y=90……..(i)
21X+15Y=36……..(ii)
subtracting equation (i) from equation (2)
we get, X = -54, Y = 78
Hence, Y > X
[Link]: In this, solutions have both negative and positive value.
X2=1600 and Y2=3600
X = ±40 and Y = ±60
+60 is greater than both -40 and +40, but -60 is less than both -40 and +40. So, the answer will
be Cannot be determined.
TRICK: Whenever both equations are given in the square form, our ANSWER will be 'Can’t
be determined.'
3. Squares and Square root case.
X2=1600 and Y = √3600
We know that square root always gives a positive value. So, Y will have ONLY +60 NOT -60.
X = ±40 and Y = +60
+60 is greater than both +40 and -40. Hence Y > X.
4. Cubes Case.
If X3=1331, Y3=729
then, X=11 and Y = 9
X is greater than Y, so relation is X > Y.
If X3= -1331 and Y3= 729
then, X= -11 and Y = 9
X is greater than Y, so relation is X < Y.
[Link]
Note: Can you see something common in above example? Common thing is that when
X > Y , relationship is X > Y and when X3 < Y3, relation is X < Y.
3 3
 [Link]
[Link]

TRICK: When both equations are in cube form. If X3 > Y3, then X > Y and X3 < Y3, then X <
Y.
5. Square and cube cases.
If X2=16 and Y3=64
then X = +4, -4 and Y=4
So, Y = 4 is equal to X = 4 and Y = 4 is greater than X = -4.
So, Y ≥ X
If X2=25 and Y3=64
then X = +5, -5 and Y = 4
So, Y = 4 is greater than X = -5 and less than X = +5, So relation Can’t be Determined.
Table Method to solve Quadratic Equations Easily
1. Write down the table (given below) before exam starts, in your rough sheet, to use during the
exam, Analyse the (+, -) signs in the problem, and refer to the table of signs.
2. Write down the new (solution) signs, and see if a solution is obtained instantly. If not, then go
to step 3.
3. Obtain the two possible values for X & Y, from both the equations,
4. Rank the values and get the solution,
STEP 1
Firstly, when you enter the exam hall, you need to write down the following master table in your
rough sheet instantly (only the signs):-
Let us consider that the equations are AX2+BX+C = 0 and AY2+BY+C = 0
Type of AX2+BX+C = 0 or Roots in X or Y equation
Equation AY2+BY+C = 0
Sign of Sign of C Sign of Sign of
BX or BY bigger root smaller root
P + + - -
Q - + + +
R + - - +
S - - + -
Now we will discuss the cases as mentioned below in the table.
CASE ROOTS OF X /Y ROOTS OF X/Y CONCLUSION
I +,+ (Q) +,+ (Q) Easy
II +,+ (Q) +,- (R or S) Will discuss
III +,+ (Q) -,- (P) Left>Right
IV +,- (R or S) -,- (P) Will discuss
V +,- (R or S) +,- (R or S) Cannot be defined
VI -,- (P) -,- (P) Easy
CASE I: When the result of both equations are Q-type having both roots (+).
(i) If X2-5X+6 = 0
both roots will be positive i.e. +3 and +2
Y2-17Y+66 = 0
both roots will be positive i.e. +11 and +6
We can see that both roots of X are less than both roots of Y. So, X < Y.
(ii) If X2-17X+42
both roots will be positive i.e. +14 and +3.
Y2-17Y+66 = 0
both roots will be positive i.e. +11 and +6.
Here, +14 > +11
but +14 < +6
also +3 < +11
and +3 < +6
As we can see in the comparison above, there are TWO relations between X and Y which are
both > and <. So relation cannot be defined.
[Link]
Note 1: When both equations have BX (-) and C(+), You have to go in detail.
 [Link]
[Link]

CASE II: When the result of one equation is Q type and another is either R type or S type.
(i) Q type: Y2-49Y+444, Roots are 37,12
R type: X2+14X-1887, Roots are -51,37
Now let us compare the values in this table below -
X RELATION Y
-51 < 37
-51 < 12
37 = 37
37 > 12
When we compared the values of X and Y in the table above, we found that there are THREE
relations between X and Y i.e. =, > and <. So, a relation cannot be defined.
(ii) Q type: X2-5X+6 = 0, Roots are 3,2
R type: Y2-Y-6 = 0, Roots are 3,-2
Now let us compare the values in this table below -
X RELATION Y
3 = 3
3 > -2
2 < 3
2 > -2
When we compared the values of X and Y in the table above, we found that there are TWO
relations between X and Y i.e. >, =. So relation CANNOT BE DEFINED.
CASE III: When one equation is P-type having both roots (-) another Q type having both
roots (+).
(i) P type: X2+5X+6=0, Roots are -3, -2
Q type: Y2-7Y+12=0, Roots are 4,3
Comparing the values in the below table -
X RELATION Y
-3 < 3
-3 < 2
-2 < 3
-2 < 2
On comparing, we saw that So roots of Y equation are greater than roots of X.
Note: In this case, roots of the equation Q type will always be greater than P-type.
CASE IV: When the result of one equation is P-type having both roots negative and
another is either R type or S type having one root (-) and another one (+)
(i) P type: X2+5X+6, Roots are -3,-2
R type: X2-X-6, roots are 3,-2
Comparing the values in the below table -
X RELATION Y
-3 < 3
-3 < -2
-2 < 3
-2 = -2
On comparison of X and Y values, There are THREE relations between X and Y i.e. =, > and <.
So relation cannot be defined.
(ii) P type: X2+5X+6, Roots are -3, -2
R type: X2-X-6, Roots are 3,-2
Now let us compare the values in this table below -
X RELATION Y
-3 < 3
-3 < -2
-2 < 3
-2 = [Link] -2
 [Link]
[Link]

When we compared the values of X and Y in the table above, we found that there are TWO
relations between X and Y i.e. <, =. So, the relation is X ≤ Y.
Case V: When the result of both equations are either R type or S type or one equation is R
type and another is S type having one root (-) and another root (+).
(i) If X2+X-6 = 0
Roots are -3 and +2.
Y2+5Y-66 = 0
Roots are -11 and +6.
Comparing the values in the below table -
X RELATION Y
-3 > -11
-3 < +6
+2 > -11
+2 < +6

On comparison of X and Y values, there are two relations between X and Y i.e. both > and <. So,
the relation cannot be defined.
(ii) If X2+11X-42
Roots are -14 and +3
Y2+5Y-66 = 0
Roots are -11 and +6
Comparing the values in the below table -
X RELATION Y
-14 < -11
-14 < +6
+3 > -11
+3 < +6
When we compared the values of X and Y in the table above, we saw that there are two relations
between X and Y i.e. both > and <. So, the relation cannot be defined.
(iii) If X2-X-6 = 0
Roots are +3 and -2
Y2-5Y-66 = 0
Roots are +11 and -6.
Let us compare the values of X and Y in below table -
X RELATION Y
+3 < +11
+3 > -6
-2 < +11
-2 > -6
As the table shows, there are two relations between X and Y i.e. both > and <. So,
relation cannot be defined.
(iv) If X2-11X-42
Roots are +14 and -3
Y2-5Y-66 = 0
Roots are +11 and -6
We are comparing these roots of X and Y in the table below -
X RELATION Y
+14 > +11
+14 > -6
-3 < +11
-3 > -6
On comparing, there are two relation between X and Y i.e. both > and <. So relation cannot be
defined. [Link]
Note 4: In this case, the answer will always be CANNOT BE DEFINED.
 [Link]
[Link]

CONCLUSION: Whenever in a question, the sign of C is negative (-) in both X and Y

equation, then answer will always be CANNOT BE DEFINED.
Case VI: When the result of both equations are P-type having both roots (-).
(i) If X2+5X+6 = 0
Both roots will be negative i.e. -3 and -2
Y2+17Y+66 = 0
Both roots will be negative i.e. -11 and -6
We can see that both roots of X are greater than both roots of Y. So, X > Y.
(ii) If X2+17X+42
both roots will be negative i.e. -14 and -3.
Y2+17Y+66 = 0
both roots will be negative i.e. -11 and -6.
On comparing these values of X and Y in the table below -
X RELATION Y
-14 < -11
-14 < -6
-3 > -11
-3 > -6
We found that there are two relations between X and Y i.e. both > and <. So relation cannot be
defined.
Note 6: When both equations have BX (-) and C(+), You have to go in detail.
Other Examples:
2l4-36l2+162 = 0 and 3m4-75m2+432 = 0
Solution: Basically this is not a quadratic equation because the maximum power of variable is 4.
But if you suppose l2 is X and m2 is Y, then equations will be 2X2-36X+162=0 and 3Y2-
75Y+432=0
Now the converted equations are Q type having all roots positive.
X = l2 = positive roots, hence l will have 2 negative roots and 2 positive roots.
Y = m2 = positive roots, hence m will also have 2 negative roots and 2 positive roots.
So the relation between l and m cannot be defined.

Basics of Simplification
Simplification generally means to find an answer for the complex calculation that may involve
numbers on division, multiplication, square roots, cube roots, plus and minus.
Simplification questions are asked in the exam to check the ability of an aspirant to deal with
numbers which can be in one of the following two types.
• Sometimes, a calculation is given and one of the numbers is missing from the calculation.
To find out the missing number, we have to approximate the given numbers or do the
basic operations.
• Sometimes all the numbers are given with some operations between them & we have to
simplify the calculation.
Rules related to Simplification
Rule-(I) Replace ‘of’ by ‘Multiplication’ & ‘/’ by ‘Division’.
Explanation: Whenever we find ‘of’ in a simplification problem, we can replace that by
‘multiplication(*)’. Similarly ‘/’ can be replaced by ‘÷’.
Example: Find ¼ of 20
Solution: (¼) x 20 = 20÷4 = 5
Rule-(II) Always keep in mind the “BODMAS” rule. These operations have priorities in the
same order as mentioned.
Explanation: Whenever we have more than one operation in the given calculation, we have to
do the operations according to the priority specified by ‘BODMAS’
• B-Bracket [Link]
• O-Of (means multiplication)
• D-Division
 [Link]
[Link]

• M-Multiplication
• A-Addition
• S-Subtraction

Example: Simplify: (2+3)*30

Solution: In this question, we have two things-Bracket & Multiplication. According to the
BODMAS rule, we have to solve bracket first and not multiplication. So now coming to bracket,
we have only one operation-Addition, so we will do addition.
(2+3)*30 = 5*30
Now we have only one operation to do – Multiplication
5*30 = 150
Example: Simplify: (2+5) of 80
Solution: In this question, we have three things – bracket, addition & of. Replacing ‘of’ by
‘multiplication’.
(2+5) of 30 = (2+5)*80
Now we have three things – bracket, addition & Multiplication. According to the BODMAS rule,
we have to solve bracket first and not multiplication. So now coming to bracket, we have only one
operation-Addition, we will do addition.
(2+5)*80 = 7*80
Now we will do multiplication.
7*80 = 560
Rule-(III) Multiplication & Division have the same priority(Do that operation first which is
on left)
Explanation: Though division has more priority than multiplication according to ‘BODMAS’ but
we can perform any of the two operations first if multiplication is on left.
Example: 8*30/15
8*30 ÷ 15
Solution: In this question, we have two things – Multiplication & Division. Multiplication is on left
So we can perform that first.
Doing Multiplication first:
240 ÷ 15
16
Doing division first:
8*2
16
Rule-(IV) Addition & Subtraction have the same priority.
Explanation: Though addition has more priority than division according to ‘BODMAS’ but we can
perform any of the two operations first.
Example: 30+40-15
Solution: In this question, we have two things – Addition & Subtraction. So we can perform any
operation first as they have same priority.
Doing Addition first:
70 – 15
55
Doing Subtraction first:
30 + 25
55
Rule-(V) Don’t hesitate in rounding the numbers to nearest integers.
Explanation: Most of the times the numbers are given in such a way that you can round them
quickly and get the answer (Rounding should be done or not, It can be realised by looking at the
given options).
Example: (324.5*15)/(5.01*24.98)
Solution: (325*15)/(5*25)
=13*3 [Link]
=39
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[Link]

Now let us see some of the previous year questions asked from 'Simplification' & try to apply the
rules learnt so far.
Q. 1) (17 -13)4 - 174 – 134 – [- 52(17)3 – 68(133)] = (?)*221
Using formula: (a – b)4 = a4 – 4a3b + 6a2b2 – 4ab3+ b4)
⇒ (a – b)4 - a4 + 4a3b + 4ab3 - b4 = + 6a2b2
(17 -13)4 - 174 – 134 – [- 52(17)3 – 68(133)] = (?)*221
Here, a = 17 and b = 13
⇒ (?)= (6 (17)2 (13)2)/221
⇒ (?) = (6 × 289 × 169)/221
⇒ (?) = 1326
Q.2) Simplify: 127.001 * 7.998 + 6.05 * 4.001
1. 1000
2. 1020
3. 1040
4. 1080
5. None of these
Solution: Using the rounding concept
127 * 8 + 6 * 4
Using the BODMAS rule
1016 + 24
1040 (Option 3)
Q.3) What will come at place of ?: 9876 ÷ 24.96 + 215.005 - ? = 309.99
1. 270
2. 280
3. 290
4. 300
5. 310
Solution: Using the rounding concept
9875 ÷ 25 + 215 - ? = 310
Using the BODMAS rule
395 + 215 - ? = 310
610 - ? = 310
? = 300 (Option 4)
Q.4) What will come at place of a: (128 ÷ 16 x a – 7*2)/(72-8*6+a2) = 1
1. 1
2. 5
3. 9
4. 13
5. 17
Solution: Using the BODMAS rule
(8*a – 14)/(49-48+a2) = 1
(8*a – 14)/(1 + a2) = 1
8a – 14 = 1 + a2
a2 – 8a + 15 = 0
a=3 or 5 (Option 2)
Q.5) What will come at place of ?: 85.147 + 34.192*6.2 + ? = 802.293
1. 400
2. 450
3. 550
4. 600
5. 500
Solution: Using the rounding concept
85 + 35*6 + ? = 803
Using the BODMAS rule [Link]
85 + 210 + ? = 803
295 + ? = 803
 [Link]
[Link]

? = 508 [approx. = 500] (Option 5)

Q.6) What will come at place of ? : (3/8 of 168)*15 ÷ 5 + ? = 549 ÷ 9 + 235
1. 189
2. 107
3. 174
4. 296
5. None of these
Solution: Using the BODMAS rule
(3*168÷8)*15 ÷ 5 + ? = 549 ÷ 9 + 235
(504÷8)*3 + ? = 61 + 235
63*3 + ? = 296
189 + ? = 296
? = 107 (Option 2)
Key points to remember while solving Simplification Question
• Replace ‘of’ by ‘Multiplication’
• Replace ‘/’ by ‘Division’
• Always do the operations in priority according to ‘BODMAS’
• Division & Multiplication have the same priority (Start from left)
• Addition & Subtraction have the same priority
• Rounding can be done to simplify problems
• When the given options are very close then rounding doesn’t help much
• Always look at the options before doing simplification that can help in the elimination of
options.

How to Solve Mensuration Questions?

To make the chapter easy for you all, we are providing you with all some Important Short
Tricks to Mensuration Questions which will surely make the chapter easy for you all.

About Mensuration:-
Mensuration questions are an important part of the Quant section in the CSAT exam.
Mensuration question asked in the CSAT exam related to Perimeter and Area.

About Perimeter & Area:-

To put simply, Area measures the area of shape i.e. the space that shape takes up. Perimeter is
the measurement of the boundary of the figure.

1. Square:- A square four-sided polygon characterized by right angles and sides of equal
length.

Area = side2, [Link]

 [Link]
[Link]

Perimeter = 4side
2. Rectangle:- A four-sided flat shape with straight sides where all interior angles are right
angles (90°). Also, the opposite sides are parallel and of equal length.

Area = Length × Breadth,

Perimeter = 2(L+B)

3. Circle;- Circle is the locus of points equidistant from a given point, the centre of the circle. The
common distance from the centre of the circle to its points is called the radius

Area = π(radius)2,

Perimeter = 2πradius

Let’s look at some questions asked:-

Que 1. The length of the rectangular plot is 20 m more than its breadth. If the cost of fencing the
plot @ Rs. 26.50 per meter is Rs. 5300, what is the length of the plot?
Sol. Cost = Rate × Perimeter
⇒ Perimeter = 5300/26.50 = 200
⇒ 2 (L + B) = 200
⇒ 2 (L + L – 20) = 200
⇒ L – 10 = 50
⇒ L = 60 m

Que 2. If the length is to be increased by 10% and breadth of a rectangle plot to be decreased by
12%, then find % change in area?
Sol:- In such questions, use formula: Increment in area = [L%+B%+{(L%*B%)/100)}]
Increment in area = 10 – 12(because breadth is decreased) {+ 10+(-12) (-120/100)} = -3.2%

Que 3. The length of rectangular plot is increased by 60%. By what percentage should the width
be decreased to maintain the same area?
Sol:- In such questions, use the formula:

Required % decrease in breadth = [%change in L{100/(100+%change in L)}]

Required % decrease in breadth = 60 (100/160) = 37.5%

Que 4. If the radius of the circle is increased by 5% find the percentage change in its area.
In such questions, use formula:

Sol:-
Change in area = (2x + x2/100) %
Change in area = 2×5 + 52/100 = 10 + ¼ = 10.25% increment.

Note: In such questions, the negative sign implies decrements while positive sign shows
increment.

Que 5. The circumference of a circle is 100 cm. Find the side of the square inscribed in the
circle.
Sol. Always use this formula, Side of a square inscribed in a circle of radius r = Root 2
Circumference = 100 ⇒ 2πr = 100
r = 50/π [Link]
Side of square = Root 2 (50/π)
 [Link]
[Link]

Note: Similar formula:

1) Area of the largest triangle inscribed in a semi-circle of radius r = r2
2) Area of the largest circle that can be drawn in a square of side x = π(x/2)2

Que 6. The length and breadth of the floor of the room are 20 by 10 feet respect. Square tiles of
2 feet are to be laid. Black tiles are laid in the first row on all sides, white tiles on 1/3rd of
remaining sides and blue tiles on the rest. How many blue tiles are required?
Sol:- Side of a tile = 2 feet ⇒ Area of 1 tile = 22 = 4 sq ft. ----- (1)

Length left after lying black tile on 4 sides = 20 – 4

⇒ Area left after black tiles = (20 – 4)×(10-4) = 96 sq. ft.

Area left after white tiles = 2/3×96 = 64 sq. ft.
⇒ Area for blue tiles = 64 sq. ft.
Number of blue tiles = 64/4 = 16 (using 1)

Que 7. A cow is tethered in the middle of the field with a 14 ft long rope. If the cow grazes 100
sq. ft. per day, then the approximate time is taken to graze the whole field?
Sol: Here, the rope of cow is like radius

Area = π (14)2

No. of days = (Area of field)/Rate of cow = π (14)2/100 = 6 days(approx)

[Link]
 [Link]
[Link]

Que 8. A circle and a rectangle have the same perimeter. Sides of the rectangle are 18 by 26
cm. What is the area of the circle?
Sol:- 2πr = 2 (18 + 26) ⇒ r = 14 cm
Area = π r2 = 616 cm2

Que 9. What will be the ratio between the area of a rectangle and the area of a triangle with one
of the sides of the rectangle as a base and a vertex on the opposite side of the rectangle?
Sol:-

Area of triangle = ½ × L × B

Area of rectangle = L × B
Area of a rectangle: area of a triangle = L × B: ½ × L × B = 2: 1

Que 10. In a rectangular plot, a cow is tied down at a corner with a rope of 14m long. Find the
area that cow can graze?
Sol. The area that cow can graze can be illustrated as the shaded area:

Here, the shaded area is a quarter of a circle with radius 14m,

Area of grazed field = ¼ × π (14)2 = 154 m2

[Link]