FOUNDATION
Objective
To understand the basics of
Transmission Line Foundation
Work
Activities
• Location Marking
• Trial Pit
• Foundation Classification
• Pit Marking
• Excavation
• Arrangement of Construction Materials
• Stub Setting
• Lean Concreting
Continued………….
Activities
• Placement of Reinforcement
• Placement of Form Box
• Concreting
• Backfilling
• Curing
• Removal of Excess Soil
Location Pegging
• Pegging of the location prior to Trail pit to
ensure the correctness of the position of
the tower
Trial Pit
• To determine the type of Foundation
Classification in advance to plan for
foundation activities
• A pit of dimension 1mx1mx(3m) is
excavated near the centre Peg or specified
to ascertain the subsoil strata and water
table as per field conditions
Foundation Classification
• In Normal Soil
– Dry
– Wet
– Partially Submerged (PS)
– Fully Submerged (FS)
• In Expansive Soil
– Wet Black Cotton (WBC)
• In Rocky/Gravel/Fissured Strata
– Dry Fissured Rock (DFR)
– Wet Fissured Rock (WFR)
– Submerged Fissured Rock (SFR)
– Hard Rock (HR)
• Others as per Contract
Foundation Types
(Few Examples)
WFR FS
DRY
PS DFR
PIT MARKING
• To define the boundaries of the Pit to be
excavated as per the approved drawing
for foundation
Pit Marking Methodology
B C D
A F
Pit Marking Diagram
N
Pit Marking Dimensions
• AB = M/2 + P/2
where M = distance from Centre to Centre of the
pits vertically
where N = distance from Centre to Centre of the
pits diagonally
where P = Pit Size
• AB = BD
• CD = Pit dimensions
• AD = N/2 + √ 2 x P/2
Pit Marking Method
1. Measure AB, double it so that it reaches the
point D
2. Add DF to the measurement at D to reach the
measurement at F
3. Mark the point E while measuring DF
4. Mark the point C while measuring for BD
5. We have now measured 6 points to mark the
pits.
6. Repeat the process for the rest of the 4 Pits.
7. Once you have 3 points of the pit the 4th may
be determined by simple geometry.
Excavation
• Can be done either manually or by means of
Excavators
• Excavated soil should be kept at least 1 metre
away from edge of the pit.
Manual Excavator
Continued……
Excavation
• Collapsing Soil shall be
excavated taking extra
care like simultaneous
dewatering, providing
shoring and shuttering
and/or by making
boreholes for
mechanical dewatering
to bring down the
subsoil water table
Stub Setting
• Stub setting may be
done by Template or
PROPS
• In plain areas
Template to be used
• In hilly terrain PROPS
to be used
Placement of Reinforcement
• Placement of
Reinforcement
Steel prior to
Concreting
• Providing 50 mm
cover block to
provide necessary
cover to
reinforcement steel.
Concreting
(Construction Materials)
1. Coarse Aggregate
– 20mm down
– 40mm down
2. Fine Aggregate
– Coarse Sand
3. Reinforcement Steel
Continued……..
Concreting
(Construction Materials)
4. Cement
– OPC
– PPC
– PSC
5. Water - should be
potable
Water Tanker shown in
Background
Concrete Mix
(Nominal Mix)
Mix Ratio Strength on Cement
(Cement:Sand:Coarse aggregate)
28 days (cube of Required/M3
15X15X15 cm)
M20 (1:1.5:3) 20N/mm2 8 Bags
M15 (1:2:4) 15N/mm2 6.2 Bags
M10 (1:3:6) 10N/mm2 4.4 Bags
Concreting
(Process)
• Mixing – with the
help of Mixer M/c
and measuring Boxes
• Pouring – with the
help of Chute
• Spreading - with the
help of spade and
shovel manually
Concreting
(Process)
• Ramming - with the
help of Ramming
Rod
• Compaction of
concrete – with the
help of Vibrator
• Removing the Form
Boxes after 24 hours
and repair of
honeycomb (if any)
BACKFILLING
• Backfilling of excavated soil
• Compaction of Backfilled Soil by filling the soil
layer by layer of 200mm thickness and then
compacting the same. The process is repeated to
get the desired results.
• Preparation of Platforms above ground level of
75mm thickness.
• Removal of excess soil
• Curing the location to compensate evaporation
of the water content from the concrete mix.
Concrete Designs
May be classified as Mixed Design and
Nominal Mixes
1. Mixed Designs are normally used in Pile
Foundation/special concrete. Design
mixed are prepared in authorised labs
only.
2. Nominal Mix used mainly in Open cast
Foundations in transmission lines.