Chapter 6

Study of the First Element — Hydrogen

Exercise 6(A)
Question 1
Justify the position of Hydrogen in the periodic table.
Answer
Hydrogen is the first element of the periodic table. Its atomic number
is 1, and it has only one electron in its valence shell. Therefore, it
belongs to the first group and the first period of the periodic table.
As hydrogen shows a dual nature, it resembles alkali metals of Group
IA and the halogens of Group VII A (17). Thomson suggested a
separate position for hydrogen. He puts hydrogen at the top of the
periodic table, that does not disturb the symmetry of the periodic
table.
Question 2
Why does hydrogen show dual nature?
Answer
Hydrogen resembles the alkali metals of Group IA and the halogens
of Group VIIA. This is due to the fact that it has only one electron in
its valence shell, hence it behaves like the alkali metals which have
one valence electron. At the same, it also behaves like halogens as it
has just one electron less than the nearest inert gas.
Question 3
Compare hydrogen with alkali metals on the basis of :
(i) Ion formation
(ii) Reducing power
(iii) Reaction with oxygen
(iv) Oxide formation
Answer
(i) Hydrogen and Alkali metals both form a cation, by loss of an
electron.
H ⟶ H+ + e-
Li ⟶ Li+ + e-
Na ⟶ Na+ + e-
All these elements have electropositive character.
(ii) Both Hydrogen atoms and alkali metals are reducing agents.
CuO + H2 ⟶ Cu + H2O
CuO + 2Na ⟶ Cu + Na2O
(iii) Both hydrogen and alkali metals react with oxygen to form
respective oxides.
Hydrogen - forms H2O
Sodium - forms Na2O
(iv) Both alkali metals and Hydrogen burns in air to form oxides.
Hydrogen forms its oxide (water)
2H2 + O2 ⟶ 2H2O
Sodium also forms its peroxide
2Na + O2 ⟶ Na2O2
Question 4
In what respect does hydrogen differ from
(i) Alkali metals
(ii) Halogens
Answer
Properties of hydrogen different from Alkali metals & Halogens are:
1. Hydrogen has only one shell but alkali metals and halogens
have two or more shells.
2. Oxides of hydrogen, H2O, is a neutral oxide. Oxides of halogens
like Cl2O, Cl2O7, etc., are acidic in nature, while oxides of alkali
metals like Na2O, K2O etc., are basic in nature.
Question 5
Give the general group study of hydrogen with reference to:
(i) valence electrons
(ii) burning
(iii) reducing power.
Answer
(i) Hydrogen has 1 valence electron in its orbit.
(ii) Hydrogen burns in Oxygen to form oxides (water).
Hydrogen burns with a pop sound.
2H2 + O2 ⟶ 2H2O
(iii) Hydrogen acts as a reducing agent.
CuO + H2 ⟶ Cu + H2O
Question 6
Why was hydrogen called 'inflammable air'?
Answer
Hydrogen is called inflammable air, because it is a highly combustible
gas.
Question 7
State some sources of hydrogen.
Answer
In free state, hydrogen is found in traces in earth's crust and
atmosphere. Volcanic gases contain 0.025% of it, the earth's crust
0.98%, the earth's atmosphere 0.01% and the atmospheres of the
Sun and the stars also contain hydrogen in large amounts.
In combined state :
1. Plants and animal tissues are made up of compounds of
hydrogen with carbon, oxygen and nitrogen.
2. Hydrogen is the characteristic constituent of acids, alkalis,
hydrocarbons and proteins. In addition to these, sugar, starch,
petroleum products, proteins, carbohydrates and also fats
contain hydrogen.
3. In water, it is 11.1% by weight.
Question 8
Compare hydrogen and halogens on the basis of :
(i) Physical state
(ii) ion formation
(iii) valency
(iv) reaction with oxygen
Answer
(i) Like halogens (fluorine and chlorine), hydrogen too is a gas.
(ii) Both show a tendency to form anions since they are one electron
short of the nearest inert gas configuration.
H + e- ⟶ H-
Cl + e- ⟶ Cl-
(iii) Both have the valency 1.
(iv) Hydrogen reacts with oxygen to form neutral oxides (H2O);
Halogen reacts with oxygen to form acidic oxides (Cl2O, Cl2O7 etc.)
Question 9
Which metal is preferred for the preparation of hydrogen
(i) from water?
(ii) from acid?
Answer
(i) Reactive metals like sodium react with cold water forming their
corresponding oxides and evolving hydrogen.
2Na + 2H2O ⟶2NaOH + H2 ↑
Sodium amalgam (alloy of sodium and mercury) react smoothly with
water. Therefore, hydrogen can be safely prepared from this
amalgam.
(ii) Zinc reacts with acids liberating hydrogen gas and forming their
respective salts.
Zn + 2HCl ⟶ ZnCl2 + H2 ↑
Question 10
(i) Write the reaction of steam with red hot iron.
(ii) Why is this reaction considered a reversible reaction?
(iii) How can the reaction proceed continuously?
Answer
(i) 3Fe + 4H2O ⇌ Fe3O4 + 4H2 ↑
(ii) This reaction is reversible because if the hydrogen formed is not
removed, then the iron oxide (triferric tetraoxide) formed is reduced
back to iron.
(iii) The hydrogen formed should be removed in order for the
reaction to proceed continuously.
Question 11
Why are zinc and aluminium considered to have a unique nature.
Give balanced equations to support your answer.
Answer
Zinc and aluminium are considered to have a unique nature because:
(i) They can react with acids and can even react with hot conc. alkalis
to form hydrogen and a soluble salt.
Zn + 2NaOH ⟶ Na2ZnO2 + H2
2Al + 6NaOH ⟶ 2Na3AlO3 + 3H2
Zn + 2HCl ⟶ ZnCl2 + H2
2Al + 6HCl ⟶ 2AlCl3 + 3H2
(ii) Their oxides and hydroxides are amphoteric in nature i.e., they
react with both bases and acids to give salt and water.
ZnO + 2HCl ⟶ ZnCl2 + H2O
ZnO + 2NaOH ⟶ Na2ZnO2 + H2O
Al2O3 + 6HCl ⟶ 2AlCl3 + 3H2O
Al2O3 + 2NaOH ⟶ 2NaAlO2 + H2O
Question 12
Write balanced equations for the following
(i) Iron reacts with dil. HCl
(ii) Zinc reacts with caustic soda solution
(iii) Lead reacts with potassium hydroxide,
(iv) Aluminium reacts with fused sodium hydroxide
Answer
(i) Fe + 2HCl ⟶ FeCl2 + H2
(ii) Zn + 2NaOH ⟶ Na2ZnO2 + H2
(iii) Pb + 2KOH ⟶ K2PbO2 + H2
(iv) 2Al + 6NaOH ⟶ 2Na3AlO3 + 3H2
Question 13
Write balanced equations and give your observations when the
following metals react:
(i) Sodium with cold water
(ii) Calcium with cold water
(iii) Magnesium with boiling water
(iv) Magnesium with steam.
Answer
(i) When Sodium reacts with cold water, it melts, forming a silvery
globule, which darts about on the surface of water. It catches fire and
burns with a golden yellow flame. Bubbles of hydrogen gas are
liberated. The solution formed is colourless, soapy, slightly warm and
alkaline.
2Na + 2H2O ⟶2NaOH + H2 ↑
(ii) Calcium sinks in water and the reaction is less vigorous than
Sodium. Bubbles of hydrogen gas are liberated and the solution turns
milky, turbid and alkaline. If red litmus is introduced in solution, it
turns blue.
Ca + 2H2O ⟶ Ca(OH)2 + H2 ↑
(iii) Magnesium reacts slowly with boiling water and forms a base,
magnesium hydroxide, liberating hydrogen gas.
Mg + 2H2O ⟶ Mg(OH)2 + H2 ↑
(iv) Magnesium burns in steam with an intense white light, liberating
hydrogen gas and white ash which is magnesium oxide.
Mg + H2O ⟶ MgO + H2 ↑
Magnesium oxide crumbles down due to heating. Further exposing
magnesium to steam results in the liberation of hydrogen gas.
Question 14
(i) Under what conditions iron reacts with water?
(ii) Give the balanced equation of the reaction.
(iii) What is noticed if the products are not allowed to escape?
Answer
(i) Red hot iron reacts with steam, forming triferric tetra-oxide and
hydrogen gas.
(ii) 3Fe + 4H2O ⇌ Fe3O4 + 4H2 ↑
(iii) If the hydrogen formed is not removed the iron oxide formed is
reduced back to iron, as the reaction is reversible.
In the beginning, the forward reaction is fast and the backward
reaction is slow. As the products are formed and the reactants get
consumed the backward reaction becomes faster. There comes a
time when the forward and the backward reactions acquire the same
speed. An equilibrium stage is reached at 700°C and the amounts of
the reactants and the products do not change.
Question 15
From the knowledge of activity series, name a metal which shows the
following properties:
(i) It reacts readily with cold water
(ii) It displaces hydrogen from hot water
(iii) It displaces hydrogen from dilute HCl
(iv) It forms a base which is insoluble in water.
Answer
(i) Sodium
(ii) Magnesium
(iii) Zinc
(iv) Iron
Question 16
Complete the following word equations:
(a) Sodium hydroxide + zinc ⟶ hydrogen + ...............
(b) Calcium + water ⟶ calcium hydroxide + ...............
Answer
(a) Sodium hydroxide + zinc ⟶ hydrogen + sodium zincate
(b) Calcium + water ⟶ calcium hydroxide + hydrogen

Exercise 6(B)
Question 1(i)
Hydrogen is evolved by the action of cold dil. HNO3 on
1. Fe
2. Cu
3. Mg
4. Zn
Answer
Mg
Reason — Magnesium (Mg) and manganese (Mn) are the only metals
that react with very dil. nitric acid to liberate hydrogen. The oxidizing
action of the acid is much reduced due to its over dilution.
Mg + 2HNO3 ⟶ Mg(NO3)2 + H2 ↑
Question 1(ii)
Which metal produces hydrogen gas on reaction with cold water?
1. Al
2. Fe
3. Pd
4. Na
Answer
Na
Reason — Reactive metals like potassium, sodium and calcium react
with cold water forming their corresponding oxides and evolving
hydrogen.
2Na + 2H2O ⟶ 2NaOH + H2 ↑
Question 1(iii)
The composition of the nucleus of deuterium is:
1. 1e– and 1P
2. 1P and 1n
3. 1n and 1e
4. 2P and 1e–
Answer
1P and 1n
Reason — Hydrogen has three isotopes i.e., namely protium (11H),
deuterium (21H) and tritium (31H). Deuterium (21H) has 1 proton and 1
neutron in its nucleus.
Question 1(iv)
Elements which show unique nature in the preparation of hydrogen
are
1. Na, K, Li
2. Mg, Ca, Ba
3. Al, Zn, Pb
4. Fe, Cu, Ag
Answer
Al, Zn, Pb
Reason — Metals like zinc, aluminium and lead are considered to
have a unique nature in the preparation of hydrogen. They react with
acids and can even react with hot concentrated alkalis to form
hydrogen and a soluble salt.
Question 2
Hydrogen can be prepared with the metal zinc by using
(i) acid
(ii) alkali
(iii) water
Give an equation in each case.
Answer
(i) Zn + 2HCl ⟶ ZnCl2 (dil.) + H2 ↑
(ii) Zn + 2NaOH ⟶ Na2ZnO2 + H2 ↑
(iii) Zn + H2O ⟶ ZnO + H2 ↑
Question 3
For laboratory preparation of hydrogen, give the following
(a) materials used
(b) method of collection
(c) chemical equation
(d) fully labelled diagram.
Answer
(a) Granulated zinc, dilute hydrochloric acid or dil. sulphuric acid.
(b) It is collected by the downward displacement of water.
(c) Zn + 2HCl ⟶ ZnCl2 + H2 ↑
(d) Labelled diagram of laboratory preparation of hydrogen:

Question 4
(a) Name the impurities present in hydrogen prepared in the
laboratory.
(b) How can these impurities be removed?
Answer
(a) Impurities present are:
1. Hydrogen sulphide (H2S)
2. Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
3. Oxides of nitrogen
4. Phosphine (PH3)
 5. Arsine (AsH3)
6. Carbon dioxide and
7. Water vapour
(b) The impurities can be removed from hydrogen by passing it
through:
1. Silver nitrate solution [to remove arsine and phosphine].
AsH3 + 6AgNO3 ⟶ Ag3As + 3AgNO3 + 3HNO3
PH3 + 6AgNO3 ⟶ Ag3P + 3AgNO3 + 3HNO3
2. Lead nitrate solution [to remove hydrogen sulphide].
Pb(NO3)2 + H2S ⟶ PbS + 2HNO3
3. Caustic potash solution [to remove sulphur dioxide, carbon
dioxide and oxides of nitrogen].
SO2 + 2KOH ⟶ K2SO3 + H2O
CO2 + 2KOH ⟶ K2CO3 + H2O
2NO2 + 2KOH ⟶ KNO2 + KNO3 + H2O
4. A drying agent used to dry the gas. Common drying agents such
as fused calcium chloride, caustic potash stick and phosphorus
pentoxide remove water vapour.
Thus, the gas is purified and dried and then collected over mercury
because mercury has no reaction with it.
Question 5
Which test should be made before collecting hydrogen in a gas jar?
Answer
The gas should be collected only after all the air in the apparatus has
escaped. This can be ascertained by collecting some amount of gas in
a test tube and taking it to a flame. If the gas burns quietly, then
there is no more air in the flask.
Question 6
Why is nitric acid not used in the preparation of hydrogen?
Answer
As nitric acid is a powerful oxidizing agent, and the oxygen formed
due to its decomposition oxidizes the hydrogen to give water thus
defeating the purpose of the reaction. Hence, Nitric acid is not used
in the preparation of hydrogen.
3Zn + 8HNO3 ⟶ 3Zn(NO3)2 + 4H2O + 2NO ↑
Question 7
Why is hot concentrated sulphuric acid not used in the preparation of
hydrogen?
Answer
Hot concentrated sulphuric acid is not used in the preparation of
hydrogen as it is a strong oxidizer and will produce sulphur dioxide.
Zn + 2H2SO4 ⟶ ZnSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O
Question 8
Hydrogen is manufactured by 'Bosch Process'.
(a) Give the equations with conditions.
(b) How can you obtain hydrogen from a mixture of Hydrogen and
carbon monoxide?
Answer
(a) Steam is passed over hot coke (1000°C) in furnaces of a special
design, called converters, giving water gas.
 1000°C
Chot coke + H2Osteam → [CO + H2]water gas − Δ
The reaction is endothermic.
(b) Water gas i.e., hydrogen and carbon monoxide is mixed with
excess steam and passed over heated ferric oxide, which acts as a
catalyst and chromic oxide Cr2O3 which acts as a promoter.
Fe2 O3
[CO + H2]water gas + H2Osteam → CO2 + 2H2 + Δ
450°C

Question 9
Give equations to express the reaction between:
(a) steam and red hot iron
(b) calcium and water
Answer
(a) 3Fe + 4H2O ⇌ Fe3O4 + 4H2 ↑
(b) Ca + 2H2O ⟶ Ca(OH)2 + H2 ↑
Question 10
A small piece of calcium metal is put into a small trough containing
water. There is effervescence and white turbidity is formed.
(a) Name the gas formed in the reaction. How would you test the
gas?
(b) Write an equation for the reaction.
(c) What do you observe when a few drops of red litmus solution are
added to the turbid solution?
Answer
(a) Hydrogen gas.
It burns silently in air or oxygen with a pale blue flame, forming
water.
2H2 + O2 ⟶ 2H2O
When it is premixed with air or oxygen, it explodes with a pop sound.
(b) Ca + 2H2O ⟶ Ca(OH)2 + H2 ↑
(c) The solution turns blue.
Question 11
Thin strips of magnesium, copper and iron are taken.
(a) Write down what happens when these metals are treated as
follows
(i) Heated in presence of air
(ii) Heated with dil. HCl
(iii) Added to an aqueous solution of zinc sulphate
(b) Arrange these metals in descending order of reactivity.
Answer
(a) (i) When we heat magnesium, copper and iron in presence of air
they form respective oxides.
(ii) Magnesium and iron react with HCl liberating hydrogen and
forming their respective salts.
Mg + 2HCl ⟶ MgCl2 + H2 ↑
Fe + 2HCl ⟶ FeCl2 + H2 ↑
As Cu is below hydrogen in metal reactivity series, hence, it cannot
displace hydrogen from acid and so no reaction takes place.
Cu + HCl (dil) ⟶ no reaction
(iii) Magnesium will displace zinc from zinc sulphate solution as
magnesium is more reactive than zinc and is placed above zinc in the
reactivity series of metals.
Mg + ZnSO4 ⟶ MgSO4 + Zn
Copper and iron are less reactive and are placed below zinc in the
reactivity series, hence will not displace it and no reaction will take
place.
(b) Mg > Fe > Cu
Question 12
Give the reason for the following
(a) Zinc granules are used in the lab preparation of hydrogen.
(b) Purified and dried hydrogen is collected over mercury.
(c) The end of the thistle funnel should be dipped under acid.
(d) Dilute sulphuric acid cannot be replaced by concentrated acid in
the preparation of hydrogen.
Answer
(a) Granulated zinc contains traces of impurities like copper, which
has a slight catalyzing effect on the reaction and speeds it up. Hence,
granulated zinc is preferred in the lab preparation of hydrogen over
pure zinc.
(b) Hydrogen gas is purified and dried and then collected over
mercury because mercury has no reaction with it.
(c) The end of the thistle funnel should be dipped under acid so as to
prevent gas from escaping the thistle funnel.
(d) Dilute Sulphuric acid cannot be replaced by concentrated acid in
the preparation of hydrogen as it is a strong oxidiser and it will
produce sulphur dioxide.
Zn + 2H2SO4 ⟶ ZnSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O

Exercise 6(C)
Question 1
(a) Where does Hydrogen occur in free state?
(b) How did the name 'hydrogen' originate?
Answer
(a) In free state, hydrogen is found in traces in earth's crust and
atmosphere. Volcanic gases contain 0.025% of it, the earth's crust
0.98%, the earth's atmosphere 0.01% and the atmospheres of the
Sun and the stars also contain hydrogen in large amounts.
(b) It is on account of its ability to form water that Lavoisier, in 1783,
named it hydrogen (Greek word meaning water former).
Question 2
Hydrogen can be prepared with the help of cold water. Give a
reaction of hydrogen with:
(a) a monovalent metal
(b) divalent metal
Answer
Δ
(a) 2K + H2 → 2KH
Δ
(b) Ca + H2 → CaH2
Question 3
Which metal is preferred for preparing hydrogen from:
(a) cold water?
(b) hot water?
(c) steam?
Write balanced equation for each case.
Answer
(a) Calcium is preferred for preparing hydrogen from cold water as
the reaction is less vigorous than Sodium.
Ca + 2H2O ⟶ Ca(OH)2 + H2 ↑
(b) Magnesium reacts with boiling water and forms a base,
magnesium hydroxide, liberating hydrogen gas.
Mg + 2H2O ⟶ Mg(OH)2 + H2 ↑
(c) Zinc is preferred for preparing hydrogen from steam. When steam
is passed over heated zinc, hydrogen is liberated and zinc is
converted to zinc oxide.
Zn + H2O ⟶ ZnO + H2 ↑
Question 4
Hydrogen may be prepared in the laboratory by the action of a metal
with an acid.
(a) Which of the metals copper, zinc, magnesium or sodium would be
the most suitable?
(b) Which of the acids dilute sulphuric, concentrated sulphuric, dilute
nitric and concentrated nitric would you choose? Explain why you
would not use the acids you rejected.
(c) How would you modify your apparatus to collect dry hydrogen?
Which drying agent would you employ for this purpose?
Answer
(a) Zinc, because sodium reacts violently with acid, magnesium is
expensive and copper does not displace hydrogen when reacted with
acids as it lies below hydrogen in the metal activity series.
(b) Dilute sulphuric acid is preferred to prepare hydrogen in the
laboratory because:
1. Nitric acid, even in its dilute form, is not used in the preparation
of hydrogen from metals because it is a powerful oxidizing
agent, and the oxygen formed due to its decomposition oxidizes
the hydrogen to give water, thus defeating the purpose of the
reaction.
3Zn + 8HNO3 ⟶ 3Zn(NO3)2 + 4H2O + 2NO↑
2. The reason for not using concentrated sulphuric acid is that it is
a strong oxidiser and will produce sulphur dioxide.
Zn + 2H2SO4 ⟶ ZnSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O
(c) The purified and dry hydrogen gas is collected over mercury
because mercury has no reaction with it.
Common drying agents like fused calcium chloride, caustic potash
stick and phosphorous pentoxide can be used to dry hydrogen gas.
Question 5
Why are the following metals not used in the lab. preparation of
hydrogen?
(a) calcium
(b) iron
(c) aluminium
(d) sodium
Answer
The following metals are not used in the lab. preparation of hydrogen
because:
(a) Calcium is expensive.
(b) Iron has to be heated, but then the hydrogen thus produced
contains impurities like hydrogen sulphide and sulphur dioxide.
(c) Aluminium forms a protective coating of Al2O3 due to its great
affinity for oxygen. Due to the coating of Al2O3, aluminium does not
give hydrogen with acid.
(d) Sodium reacts violently with acid.
Question 6
Based on the reactions of water on metals, arrange the following
metals in increasing order of reactivity: Iron, sodium, magnesium,
zinc, calcium.
Answer
Iron < Zinc < Magnesium < Calcium < Sodium
Question 7
Hydrogen is evolved when dilute HCl reacts with magnesium, but
nothing happens in the case of mercury and silver. Explain.
Answer
As magnesium is more reactive than hydrogen and is placed above it
in the metal reactivity series, hence hydrogen is displaced by
magnesium but mercury and silver are less reactive than hydrogen
and are placed below it in the series, hence they can't displace
hydrogen.
Question 8
Steam can react with a metal and a non-metal to liberate hydrogen.
Give the necessary conditions and equations for the same.
Answer
The conditions necessary for the reaction of steam with a metal and
a non-metal to liberate hydrogen are:
1. Presence of steam — Steam (water vapor) is required for this
reaction to occur.
2. Heat — The reaction is typically carried out at high
temperatures to facilitate the reaction between the metal or
non-metal and steam.
Reaction of Zinc (metal) with steam to liberate hydrogen:
Znheated + H2Osteam ⟶ ZnO + H2 ↑
Reaction of Carbon (non-metal) with steam to liberate hydrogen:
CRed Hot Coke + H2Osteam ⟶ CO + H2
⏟
Water gas

Question 9
Hydrogen is obtained by displacement from
(a) dilute sulphuric acid
(b) dilute hydrochloric acid
Write equations using zinc and iron.
Why does not copper show similar behaviour?
Answer
(a) dilute sulphuric acid
Zn + H2SO4 (dil.) ⟶ ZnSO4 + H2 ↑
Fe + H2SO4 (dil.) ⟶ FeSO4 + H2 ↑
(b) dilute hydrochloric acid
Zn + 2HCl (dil.) ⟶ ZnCl2 + H2 ↑
Fe + 2HCl (dil.) ⟶ FeCl2 + H2 ↑
Zinc and iron are above hydrogen in activity series of metals whereas
copper is below hydrogen in the series. As metals below hydrogen
cannot displace it from dilute acids hence, copper does not show
similar behaviour as zinc and iron.
Question 10
Give a reason for the following
(a) Though lead is above hydrogen in the activity series, it is not used
to prepare hydrogen.
(b) Potassium and sodium are not used for reaction with dilute
hydrochloric acid or dilute sulphuric acid in the laboratory
preparation of hydrogen.
Answer
(a) Lead reacts with dilute sulphuric acid or hydrochloric acid and
forms an insoluble coating of lead sulphate or lead chloride.
Therefore, further reaction is prevented. Hence, it is not used to
prepare hydrogen.
(b) Potassium and sodium react violently with acid, hence they are
not used for reaction with dilute hydrochloric acid or dilute sulphuric
acid in the laboratory preparation of hydrogen.
Question 11
Name two alkalies that can displace hydrogen. Give balanced
equations for the same. Why are the metals you have used
considered to have unique nature?
Answer
NaOH and KOH
Zn + 2NaOH ⟶ Na2ZnO2 + H2 ↑
Zn + 2KOH ⟶ K2ZnO2 + H2 ↑
Zinc and aluminium are considered to have a unique nature because:
(i) They can react with acids and can even react with hot conc. alkalis
to form hydrogen and a soluble salt.
Zn + 2HCl ⟶ ZnCl2 + H2
(ii) Their oxides and hydroxides are amphoteric in nature i.e., they
react with both bases and acids to give salt and water.
ZnO + 2HCl ⟶ ZnCl2 + H2O
ZnO + 2NaOH ⟶ Na2ZnO2 + H2O
Question 12
Complete and balance the following equations.
(a) Na + H2O ⟶ ............... + ...............
(b) Ca + H2O ⟶ ............... + ...............
(c) Mg + H2O ⟶ ............... + ...............
(d) Zn + H2O ⟶ ............... + ...............
(e) Fe + H2O ⟶ ............... + ...............
(f) Zn + HCl ⟶ ............... + ...............
(g) Al + H2SO4 ⟶ ............... + ...............
(h) Fe + HCl ⟶ ............... + ...............
(i) Zn + NaOH ⟶ ............... + ...............
(j) Al + KOH + H2O ⟶ ............... + ...............
Answer
(a) 2Na + 2H2O ⟶ 2NaOH + H2
(b) Ca + 2H2O ⟶ Ca(OH)2 + H2
(c) Mg + 2H2O ⟶ Mg(OH)2 + H2
(d) Zn + H2O ⟶ ZnO + H2
(e) 3Fe + 4H2O ⇌ Fe3O4 + 4H2
(f) Zn + 2HCl ⟶ ZnCl2 + H2
(g) 2Al + 3H2SO4 ⟶ Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2
(h) Fe + 2HCl ⟶ FeCl2 + H2
(i) Zn + 2NaOH ⟶ Na2ZnO2 + H2
(j) 2Al + 2KOH + 2H2O ⟶ 2KAlO2 + 3H2
Question 13
If the following are kept in closed vessels at over 400°C what would
happen to them ?
(a) iron filings and steam,
(b) hydrogen and magnetic oxide of iron ?
Answer
(a) Iron oxide is formed with liberation of hydrogen gas.
3Fe + 4H2O ⇌ Fe3O4 + 4H2 ↑
(b) Hydrogen when passed over heated magnetic oxide of iron, it
reduces the oxide to free metal.
Fe2O3 + 3H2 ⟶ 2Fe + 3H2O
Question 14
(a) A metal in the powdered form reacts very slowly with the boiling
water, but it decomposes with steam. Name the metal.
(b) Write a balanced equation for the reaction of the named metal
with (i) boiling water (ii) steam.
Answer
(a) Magnesium
(b) The reaction of Magnesium with:
1. boiling water
Mg + 2H2O ⟶ Mg(OH)2 + H2 ↑
2. steam
Mg + H2O [steam] ⟶ MgO + H2 ↑
Question 15
What do you observe when hydrogen gas is passed through soap
solution?
Answer
On passing hydrogen gas through the soap solution, soap bubbles
filled with hydrogen start coming out of the solution and rise up in
the air. This behaviour proves that hydrogen is lighter than air.
Question 16
Under what conditions can hydrogen be made to combine with
(a) nitrogen
(b) chlorine
(c) sulphur
(d) oxygen
Name the products in each case and write the equation for each
reaction.
Answer
(a) Three volumes of hydrogen and one volume of nitrogen react at
temperature 450-500°C, pressure 200-900 atm in the presence of a
catalyst, finely divided iron, with molybdenum as a promoter to give
ammonia.
Fe
N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3 + Δ
450-500 °C

(b) Equal volumes of hydrogen and chlorine react slowly in diffused

sunlight but explosively in direct sunlight, to form hydrogen chloride.
sunlight
H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl
(c) Hydrogen gas on passing through molten sulphur reacts to give
hydrogen sulphide.
H2 + Smolten sulphur ⟶ H2 S
(d) Hydrogen burns (in presence of electric spark) with a 'pop' sound
in oxygen and with a blue flame forming water.
electric spark
2H2 + O2 → 2H2 O
Question 17
When hydrogen is passed over a black solid compound A, the
products are 'a colourless liquid' and 'a reddish-brown metal B.'
Substance B is divided into two parts, each placed in separate test
tubes.
Dilute HCl is added to one part of substance B and dilute HNO3 to the
other.
(a) Name the substances A and B.
(b) Give two tests for the colourless liquid formed in the experiment.
(c) What happens to substance A when it reacts with hydrogen ? Give
reasons for your answer.
(d) Write an equation for the reaction between hydrogen and
substance A.
(e) Is there any reaction between substance B and dilute hydrochloric
acid ? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer
(a) A = copper oxide [CuO],
B = copper [Cu]
(b) The liquid does not change the colour of blue or red litmus paper,
showing neutral nature.
It changes the colour of cobalt chloride paper from blue to pink
colour. Hence, the liquid produced is water.
(c) Black copper oxide (A) is reduced to copper, by losing oxygen. This
happens because, hydrogen, the reducing agent reduces copper
oxide to copper.
Δ
(d) CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O
(e) As copper is less reactive than hydrogen and lies below it in the
metal reactivity series, hence it cannot displace it from HCl. Hence,
there is no reaction between them.
Cu + HCl ⟶ No reaction

Exercise 6(D) — Very Short Type

Question 1
Choose terms from the options given in brackets to complete these
sentences.
(a) When CuO reacts with hydrogen, ............... is reduced
to ............... and ............... is oxidized to ............... . (CuO, H2, Cu, H2O)
(b) Hydrogen is ............... soluble in water. (sparingly, highly,
moderately)
(c) Metals like ..............., ............... and ............... give H2 with steam.
(iron, magnesium, aluminium, sodium, calcium)
(d) Sodium ............... reacts smoothly with cold water. (metal,
amalgam, in the molten state)
(e) A metal ............... hydrogen in the activity series gives hydrogen
with ............... acid or ............... acid. (above, below, dilute
hydrochloric, concentrated hydrochloric, dilute sulphuric).
Answer
(a) When CuO reacts with hydrogen, CuO is reduced to Cu and H2 is
oxidized to H2O
(b) Hydrogen is sparingly soluble in water.
(c) Metals like magnesium, iron and aluminium give H2 with steam.
(d) Sodium amalgam reacts smoothly with cold water.
(e) A metal above hydrogen in the activity series gives hydrogen
with dilute hydrochloric acid or dilute sulphuric acid acid.
Question 2
Name
(a) an oxidizing agent that does not contain oxygen.
(b) a substance that oxidizes concentrated HCl to chlorine.
(c) a substance that will reduce aqueous Iron (III) ions to Iron (II) ions.
(d) a liquid that is an oxidizing as well as a reducing agent.
(e) a gas that is an oxidizing as well as a reducing agent.
(f) a solid that is an oxidizing agent.
Answer
a) Chlorine [Cl2]
b) Manganese dioxide [MnO2]
c) Hydrogen sulphide [H2S]
(d) Hydrogen peroxide [H2O2]
(e) Hydrogen [H2]
(f) Potassium permanganate [KMnO4]
Question 3
Correct the following statements:
(a) Hydrogen is separated from CO by passing the mixture through
caustic potash solution.
(b) All metals react with acids to give hydrogen.
(c) Hydrogen is dried by passing it through conc. H2SO4.
(d) Very dilute nitric acid reacts with iron to produce hydrogen.
(e) Conc. H2SO4 reacts with zinc to liberate hydrogen.
Answer
(a) Hydrogen is separated from CO2 by passing the mixture through
caustic potash solution.
(b) All the metals above hydrogen in the metal activity series react
with acids to give hydrogen.
(c) Hydrogen is dried by passing it through fused calcium chloride.
(d) Very dilute nitric acid reacts with magnesium [Mg] and
manganese [Mn] to produce hydrogen.
(e) Dilute H2SO4 reacts with zinc to liberate hydrogen.
Exercise 6(D) — Short Answer Type
Question 1
Divide the following redox reactions into oxidation and reduction half
reactions.
(i) Zn + Pb2+ ⟶ Zn2+ + Pb
(ii) Zn + Cu2+ ⟶ Zn2+ + Cu
(iii) Cl2 + 2Br- ⟶ Br2 + 2Cl-
Answer
(i) Zn + Pb2+ ⟶ Zn2+ + Pb
Oxidation : Zn ⟶ Zn2+ + 2e-
Reduction : Pb2+ + 2e- ⟶ Pb
(ii) Zn + Cu2+ ⟶ Zn2+ + Cu
Oxidation : Zn ⟶ Zn2+ + 2e-
Reduction : Cu2+ + 2e- ⟶ Cu
(iii) Cl2 + 2Br- ⟶ Br2 + 2Cl-
Oxidation : Cl2 ⟶ 2Cl- + 2e-
Reduction : 2Br- + 2e- ⟶ Br2
Question 2
(a) Write the equation in the ionic form
CuSO4 (aq) + Fe (s) ⟶ FeSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)
(b) Divide the above equation into oxidation and reduction half
reactions.
Answer
(a) The equation in the ionic form:
Cu2+ SO42- + Fe ⟶ Fe2+ SO42- + Cu
(b) Oxidation : Fe ⟶ Fe2+ + 2e-
Reduction : Cu2+ + 2e- ⟶ Cu
Question 3
Select the odd one out and justify your answer.
(a) Zn, Fe, Mg and Na
(b) SO2, H2S, NH3 and CO2
(c) Fe, Zn, Cu and Mg
(d) Fe, Pb, Al and Zn
Answer
(a) Na, as it reacts with cold water to produce hydrogen gas while
others react with hot water/steam to produce hydrogen gas.
(b) NH3, as it is basic in nature but rest are acidic.
(c) Cu, as it is below hydrogen in the metal activity series, hence it
cannot displace hydrogen from dilute acids whereas others are above
hydrogen and can displace it from dilute acids.
(d) Fe as rest of the elements Pb, Al and Zn have unique nature. They
can react with acids as well as hot concentrated alkalis to form
hydrogen and a soluble salt.
Question 4
Give reasons
(a) Hydrogen is collected by the downward displacement of water
and not of air, even though it is lighter than air.
(b) A candle brought near the mouth of a jar containing hydrogen gas
starts burning but is extinguished when pushed inside the jar.
(c) Apparatus for laboratory preparation of hydrogen should be air
tight and away from a naked flame.
Answer
(a) Hydrogen is collected by the downward displacement of water as
it forms an explosive mixture with air and therefore, cannot be
collected by downward displacement of air even though it is lighter
than air.
(b) Hydrogen is a combustible gas but it does not support the
combustion process, hence, when a candle is brought near the
mouth of a jar containing hydrogen gas, it starts burning but is
extinguished when pushed inside the jar.
(c) Apparatus for laboratory preparation of hydrogen should be air
tight becasue hydrogen forms an explosive mixture with air.
Hydrogen is a highly flammable gas, if a naked flame is present near
the apparatus, it can lead to an ignition of the hydrogen, resulting in
an explosion.
Question 5
Write half-reactions for the following reaction :
A+ + B ⟶ A + B+ and name the following:
(a) oxidizing agent
(b) substance oxidized
(c) reducing agent.
Answer
Half reaction:
A+ + e- ⟶ A (Reduction)
B ⟶ B + e- (Oxidation)
a. A, as it is oxidizing B by accepting electrons.
b. B, as it is losing electrons.
c. B, a it is reducing A by providing electrons.
Question 6
State whether the following conversions are oxidation or reduction
reactions.
(a) PbO2 + SO2 ⟶ PbSO4
(b) Cu2+ + 2e- ⟶ Cu
(c) K ⟶ K+ + e-
(d) 2Cl- - 2e- ⟶ Cl2
Answer
(a) Oxidation, gain of oxygen
(b) Reduction, gain of electron
(c) Oxidation; loss of electron
(d) Oxidation, loss of electron
Question 7
State, giving reasons, whether the substances printed in bold letters
have been oxidised or reduced.
(a) PbO + CO ⟶ Pb + CO2
(b) Mg + 2HCl ⟶ MgCl2 + H2
(c) H2S + Cl2 ⟶ 2HCl + S
(d) Cl2 + H2S ⟶ 2HCl + S
Answer
(a) PbO is reduced, due to removal of oxygen.
(b) Mg is oxidised, due to loss of electrons.
(c) H2S is oxidised, as hydrogen is lost to give sulphur.
(d) Chlorine is reduced, due to addition of hydrogen to form HCl.
Exercise 6(D) — Descriptive Type
Question 1
Is it essential that oxidation and reduction must occur side by side in
a chemical reaction? Explain.
Answer
In a chemical reaction, if one substance is oxidized, the other
substance must necessarily be reduced. This is because the electrons
lost during oxidation are simultaneously gained during reduction and
vice versa.
For example, Zinc reacts with copper sulphate to form zinc sulphate
and copper.
CuSO4 + Zn ⟶ ZnSO4 + Cu
Cu2+ SO42- + Zn ⟶ Zn2+ SO42- + Cu
Writing half-reaction,
Zn ⟶ Zn2+ + 2e- (Oxidation)
Cu2+ + 2e- ⟶ Cu (Reduction)
They occur simultaneously as
Cu2+ + Zn ⟶ Zn2+ + Cu
Thus, oxidation and reduction always occur simultaneously in a
chemical reaction.
Question 2
Describe briefly the ionic concept of oxidation and reduction. Give an
equation to illustrate.
Answer
Oxidation is a process in which an atom or ion loses an electron(s).
Example: Zn ⟶ Zn2+ + 2e-
Reduction is a process in which an atom or ion gains electron(s).
Example: Cu2+ + 2e- ⟶ Cu (Reduction)
Question 3
State the similarities of hydrogen with group 1 elements and group
17 elements.
Answer
Similarity of hydrogen with group 1 elements:
1. Electronic configuration — Both hydrogen and alkali metals
have only one electron in their outermost orbits.
 2. Ion formation — Both form a cation by loss of an electron.
H ⟶ H+ + e-
Na ⟶ Na+ + e-
3. Valency — Both have the valency 1.
4. Reducing power — Both act as reducing agents.
CuO + H2 ⟶ Cu + H2O
CuO + 2Na ⟶ Cu + Na2O
5. Reaction with Oxygen — Both react with oxygen to form
respective oxides.
Hydrogen forms H2O
Sodium forms Na2O
Similarity of hydrogen with group 17 elements:
1. Electronic configuration — Hydrogen and halogens have one
electron less than the nearest inert gas.
2. Physical state — Like halogens (fluorine and chlorine), hydrogen
too is a gas.
3. Ion formation — Both form an anion by accepting an electron.
H + e- ⟶ H-
Cl + e- ⟶ Cl-
4. Valency — Both have the valency 1.
5. Atomicity — Hydrogen as well as halogens exist in the form of
diatomic molecules (H2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2).
Question 4
Which is the most preferred metal for the laboratory preparation of
hydrogen. Why is any other metal not used?
Answer
Zinc is the most preferred metal in the laboratory preparation of
hydrogen.
Other metals are not used because of the following reasons:
1. Sodium and potassium react violently with acid.
2. Calcium and magnesium are expensive.
3. Aluminium forms a protective coating of Al2O3 due to its great
affinity for oxygen. Due to the coating of Al2O3, aluminium does
not give hydrogen with acid.
4. Iron has to be heated, but then the hydrogen thus produced
contains impurities like hydrogen sulphide and sulphur dioxide.
5. Lead reacts with dil. sulphuric acid or hydrochloric acid and
forms an insoluble coating of lead sulphate or lead chloride.
Therefore, further reaction is prevented.
6. Hydrogen cannot be prepared from metals that are below in
the metal reactivity series such as copper and mercury, since
only metals that are more reactive than hydrogen can displace
it from acids.
Question 5
Describe the laboratory preparation of hydrogen with a labelled
diagram? How are the impurities removed.
Answer
Reactants : Granulated zinc, dil. hydrochloric acid or dil. sulphuric
acid.
Procedure : Place some pieces of granulated zinc in a flat bottom
flask fitted with an air tight cork with two holes. Through one hole,
pass a thistle funnel with a long stem provided with a stopper, and
through the other, a long delivery tube.
Pour dilute hydrochloric acid (or dilute sulphuric acid) through the
funnel.

Zn + 2HCl (dil.) ⟶ ZnCl2 + H2 ↑

Zn + H2SO4 (dil.) ⟶ ZnSO4 + H2 ↑
Observation : Reaction will gradually start in the form of
effervescence and evolution of gas. When all the air from the
apparatus has been expelled, collect the gas over water by
downward displacement of water.
Impurities can be removed from hydrogen by passing it through :
1. Silver nitrate solution [to remove arsine and phosphine].
AsH3 + 6AgNO3 ⟶ Ag3As + 3AgNO3 + 3HNO3
PH3 + 6AgNO3 ⟶ Ag3P + 3AgNO3 + 3HNO3
 2. Lead nitrate solution [to remove hydrogen sulphide].
Pb(NO3)2 + H2S ⟶ PbS + 2HNO3
3. Caustic potash solution [to remove sulphur dioxide, carbon
dioxide and oxides of nitrogen].
SO2 + 2KOH ⟶ K2SO3 + H2O
CO2 + 2KOH ⟶ K2CO3 + H2O
2NO2 + 2KOH ⟶ KNO2 + KNO3 + H2O
4. A drying agent used to dry the gas. Common drying agents such
as fused calcium chloride, caustic potash stick and phosphorus
pentoxide remove water vapour.
Thus, the gas is purified and dried and then collected over mercury
because mercury has no reaction with it.
Question 6
How is hydrogen manufactured? Describe with the equation(s)
involved.
Answer
Hydrogen is manufactured by Bosch process. It consists of following
steps:
1. Production of water gas
1000°C
Ccoke + H2Osteam → [CO + H2]water gas − Δ
Reactants : White hot coke and steam
Temperature : Around 1000°C
Process : Passage of steam over white hot coke [carbon]
Chamber : Specially designed convertor
2. Reduction of steam to hydrogen by carbon monoxide
 [CO + H2]water gas + H2Oexcess steam
→ 450°CFe2O3 CO2 + 2H2 + Δ
Reactants : Water gas and excess steam
Temperature : Around 450°C
Catalysts : Iron [III] oxide [Fe2O3], promoter chromic oxide [Cr2O3]
Process : Excess steam is mixed with water gas, passed over a catalyst
at elevated temperatures.
[CO is converted to CO2 with a further yield of hydrogen.]
3. Separation of carbon dioxide [CO2] and carbon monoxide from the
above mixture
(a) CO2 is removed by dissolving mixture in water under pressure [30
atmospheres], or caustic potash solution to dissolve CO2.
2KOH + CO2 ⟶ K2CO3 + H2O
(b) CO is removed by dissolving mixture in ammoniacal cuprous
chloride solution.
CuCl + CO + 2H2O ⟶ [Link].2H2O.
Thus, hydrogen gas is left behind.
Exercise 6(D) — Structured/Application/Skill Type
Question 1
Look at the following figure and answer the questions that follow:
(a) Which gas is prepared by this method marked as A.
(b) Name this method of collection. Why is this method used?
(c) Why is nitric acid not used as a reactant in the above method?
(d) Conc. H2SO4 is a good drying agent. However, it is not used here.
Why?
Answer
(a) Hydrogen
(b) Downward displacement of water.
This method is used as:
1. Hydrogen is virtually insoluble in water (20 ml of hydrogen
dissolves in 1 litre of water under normal conditions)
2. Hydrogen forms an explosive mixture with air and therefore,
cannot be collected by downward displacement of air even
though it is lighter than air.
(c) Nitric acid, even in its dilute form, is not used in the preparation of
hydrogen from metals because it is a powerful oxidizing agent, and
the oxygen formed due to its decomposition oxidizes the hydrogen to
give water, thus defeating the purpose of the reaction.
3Zn + 8HNO3 ⟶ 3Zn(NO3)2 + 4H2O + 2NO↑
(d) Conc. H2SO4 is a good drying agent. However, it is not used to dry
hydrogen as it reacts with hydrogen, thus defeating the purpose of
the reaction.
H2SO4 + H2 ⟶ 2H2O + SO2
Question 2
Identify the gas evolved in the figure shown below.

What would happen if the following changes are made:

(a) In place of zinc granules, same amount of zinc dust is taken in the
test tube.
(b) Instead of dilute sulphuric acid, dilute hydrochloric acid is taken.
(c) Sodium hydroxide is taken in place of dilute sulphuric acid and it is
heated.
Answer
Gas evolved is Hydrogen.
(a) The reaction and the evolution of hydrogen gas will proceed more
quickly if the same quantity of zinc dust is placed in the test tube.
This is because the surface area of zinc dust is greater than that of
zinc granules.
(b) When dilute hydrochloric acid is used in place of sulphuric acid,
same amount of gas will evolve.
Zn + 2HCl (dil.) ⟶ ZnCl2 + H2 ↑
(c) Zinc reacts with hot concentrated alkalis like sodium hydroxide to
form hydrogen and a soluble salt.
Zn + 2NaOH ⟶ Na2ZnO2 + H2 ↑
Question 3
A metal is treated with dil. H2SO4. The gas evolved is collected by the
method shown in the figure given below.
Answer the following:
(a) Name the gas.
(b) Name the method of collection of the gas.
(c) Is the gas soluble or insoluble in water?
(d) Is the gas lighter or heavier than air?
(e) Is the gas combustible or a supporter of combustion?
Answer
(a) Hydrogen.
(b) Downward displacement of water.
(c) Hydrogen gas is virtually insoluble in water.
(d) Hydrogen gas is lighter than air.
(e) Hydrogen gas is combustible but does not support combustion.

Chapter 2
Chemical Changes and Reactions
Exercise 2(A)
Question 1
(a) What is a chemical reaction?
(b) State the conditions necessary for a chemical change or reaction.
Answer
(a) A chemical reaction is a process of breaking chemical bonds of the
reacting substances (reactants) and making new bonds to form new
substances (products).
(b) Conditions necessary for a chemical change or reaction are :
1. Mixing (close contact) — Some chemical reactions take place
when two substances are mixed in their solid state.
Pb(NO3)2 (s) + 2KI (s) ⟶ 2KNO3 + PbI2 (s)
2. Solution — In some cases, a chemical reaction occurs when
substances are mixed either in molten or aqueous state.
AgNO3 + NaCl ⟶ AgCl ↓ + NaNO3
3. Heat — Some chemical reactions occur only on heating.
Δ
CuCO3 (s) → CuO (s) + CO2 ↑ (g)
 4. Light — Some chemical reactions take place by the action
of light. They are called photochemical reaction.
sunlight
2AgNO3 → 2Ag + 2NO2 + O2 ↑
5. Electricity — Some reactions are caused or accompanied by the
passage of an electric current. They are called electrochemical
reaction.
electricity
2NaCl → 2Na + Cl2 ↑
6. Pressure — Some chemical reaction take place only when the
involved substances are subjected to high pressure.
above 200 atm
N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3 ↑
7. Catalyst — Some chemical reactions need a catalyst to
accelerate or decelerate the rate at which they occur.
MnO2
2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2 ↑
Question 2
Define the following terms:
(a) Chemical change
(b) Chemical bond
(c) Effervescence
(d) Precipitate
Answer
(a) A chemical change is a permanent change in which the chemical
composition of a substance is changed and one or more new
substances with different chemical compositions and different
properties are formed.
(b) A chemical bond is the force that holds the atoms of a molecule
together, as in a compound.
(c) Effervescence is the formation of gas bubbles in a liquid during a
reaction.
(d) Certain chemical reactions are characterized by the formation
of insoluble solid substances called precipitate.
Question 3
Give an example of a reaction where the following are involved:
(a) Heat
(b) Light
(c) Electricity
(d) Close contact
(e) Solution
(f) Pressure
(g) Catalyst
Question 4
Define :
(a) Photochemical reaction
(b) Electrochemical reaction.
Give one example in each case.
Answer
(a) A chemical reaction that takes place by the action of light is called
a photochemical reaction.
Example —
sunlight
2AgNO3 → 2Ag + 2NO2 ↑ + O2 ↑
(b) Reactions that are caused or accompanied by the passage of an
electric current are called electrochemical reaction.
Example — On passing current through molten sodium chloride,
sodium and chloride are obtained separately.
electricity
2NaCl → 2Na + Cl2 ↑
Question 5
Give an example of each of the following chemical changes.
(a) A photochemical reaction involving:
1. silver salt
2. water
(b) A reaction involving:
1. blue solution
2. formation of a dirty green precipitate
(c) Two gases combine to form a white solid.
(d) Two solids combine to form a liquid.
(e) A reaction where colour change is noticed.
Answer

Question 6
Write the chemical reaction where the following changes are
observed.
(a) Gas is evolved
(b) Colour change is noticed
(c) Precipitate is formed
(d) Physical state of reactants is changed
Answer
(a) Gas is evolved
Zn(s) + H2SO4 (aq) ⟶ ZnSO4 (aq) + H2 (g)

Question 7
Give reason for the following :
(a) Silver nitrate solution is kept in coloured bottles.
(b) Molybdenum is used in the manufacture of ammonia.
(c) Blue solution of copper sulphate changes to green when a piece
of iron is added to this solution.
(d) Colourless concentrated sulphuric acid in a test tube changes to
blue on adding a small piece of copper to it.
Answer
(a) Silver nitrate solution is kept in brown bottles in the laboratory
because it decomposes in the presence of light. It becomes black and
forms silver, nitrogen dioxide and oxygen.
 sunlight
2AgNO3 → 2Ag + 2NO2 ↑ + O2 ↑
(b) Molybdenum acts as a promoter and increases the efficiency of
the catalyst iron, hence it is used in the manufacture of ammonia.

Question 8
State the changes observed in the following chemical reactions.
(a) A small piece of sodium is dropped in water.
(b) Few iron filings are added to blue copper sulphate solution.
(c) Water is added to quick lime (CaO).
(d) Hydrochloric acid is added to metal sulphide.
Answer
(a) Sodium reacts vigorously, producing bubbles of hydrogen gas,
moving rapidly on the water surface, and often melting into a small
ball. The reaction is highly exothermic and may produce a flame.
2Na + 2H2O ⟶ 2NaOH + H2 ↑
(b) The blue colour of copper sulphate solution gradually changes to
light green due to the formation of ferrous sulphate. A reddish-brown
deposit of copper is formed on the iron filings.
Fe + CuSO4 ⟶ FeSO4 + Cu
(c) Quick lime reacts with water with the evolution of a large amount
of heat. A hissing sound may be heard and a white, powdery/pasty
substance called slaked lime, Ca(OH)2, is formed.
CaO + H2O ⟶ Ca(OH)2 + Δ
(d) A gas with a rotten egg smell is released, indicating the formation
of hydrogen sulphide gas during the reaction.
FeS + 2HCl ⟶ FeCl2 + H2S ↑
Intext Questions 1
Question 1
State the type of reactions and give one equation in each case.
(a) Two or more reactants combine to form a single product.
(b) A single reactant breaks up into two or more products.
Answer
(a) Combination reaction or Synthesis
2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⟶ 2SO3(s)
(b) Decomposition reaction
electric
2H2O (l) → 2H2 (g) + O2 (g)
current

Question 2(a)
Give an example of each:
Combination reaction in which:
(i) An element of valency 3 combines with nitrogen.
(ii) A non-metal oxide reacting with water to form an acid.
(iii) A metal oxide reacting with water to form its hydroxide.
Answer
(i) 2Al + N2 ⟶ 2 AlN
(ii) SO2 + H2O ⟶ H2SO3 (sulphurous acid)
(iii) K2O + H2O ⟶ 2KOH (Caustic potash)
Question 2(b)
Give an example of each:
Write the decomposition reactions for the following:
(i) Metallic oxide on heating forms metallic oxide and oxygen.
(ii) A compound on heating gives a gas which turns lime water milky.
(iii) A white hydroxide on heating gives a yellow residue and water
vapours.
Answer
Δ
(i) (s) → (l) + (g)
(ii) ZnCO3 ⟶ ZnO + CO2 ↑
(iii) Zn(OH)2 ⟶ ZnO + H2O
Question 3
Write the reaction for the decomposition of a nitrate which does not
yield nitrogen dioxide on heating.
Answer
2KNO3 ⟶ 2KNO2 + O2
Question 4
Give two balanced equations to show thermal dissociation.
Answer
Two balanced equations showing thermal dissociation:
 1. NH4Cl ⇌ NH3 ↑ + HCl ↑
heat
2. N2O4 ⇌ 2NO2
cool

Question 5
Name:
(a) two coloured oxides that do not decompose on heating.
(b) a carbonate that is stable to heat
(c) an oxide formed during thunder and lighting.
(d) the compound formed when phosphorus and oxygen combines.
Answer
(a) Two coloured oxides that do not decompose on heating are
1. Copper(II) oxide (CuO) – Black
2. Iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3) – Reddish-brown
(b) Potassium Carbonate (K2CO3)
(c) Nitric oxide (NO)
(d) Phosphorus pentoxide (P2O2)
Question 6
Give one example each of :
(a) Thermal decomposition.
(b) Electrolytic decomposition.
(c) Photochemical decomposition.
Answer
(a) Calcium carbonate decomposes on heating.
Δ
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
(b) Water decomposes into hydrogen and oxygen.
electric current
2H2O → 2H2 + O2
(c) Silver chloride decomposes in the presence of light.
sunlight
2AgCl → 2Ag + Cl2
Question 7
Write balanced equations for the following and identify the type of
chemical reaction.
(a) Iron reacts with chlorine to form iron (III) chloride.
(b) Calcium oxide combines with silicon dioxide to form calcium
silicate.
(c) Hydrogen peroxide produces water and oxygen.
Answer
(a) 2Fe + 3Cl2 ⟶ 2FeCl3
Combination reaction
(b) CaO + SiO2 ⟶ CaSiO3
Combination reaction
(c) 2H2O2 ⟶ 2H2O + O2
Decomposition reaction
Question 8
A silvery white metal A is in the form of a ribbon. It burns with a
dazzling white flame to form a white powder B. When water is added
to powder B, it partially dissolves to form a substance C.
(a) What is metal A ?
(b) Write the equation for the conversion of A to B and state the type
of reaction.
(c) Write a balanced equation for the conversion of B to C and state
the type of reaction.
Answer
(a) Metal A is magnesium.
(b) 2Mg + O2 ⟶ 2MgO
Type of reaction: Combination reaction
(c) MgO + H2O ⟶ Mg(OH)2
Type of reaction: Combination reaction
Exercise 2(B)
Question 1(i)
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a chemical change?
1. It is irreversible
2. No net energy change is involved
3. New substance is formed
4. Involves absorption or liberation of energy
Answer
No net energy change is involved
Reason — Chemical reactions always involve energy changes either
energy is absorbed or released.
Characteristics of a chemical change are :
1. It's irreversible.
2. A new substance is formed.
 3. Involves absorption or liberation of energy.
Question 1(ii)
A reaction of a type: AB + CD ⟶ AD + CB, involves
1. no chemical change
2. decomposition of AB and CD
3. exchange of ions of AB and CD
4. combination of AB and CD
Answer
exchange of ions of AB and CD
Reason — In the type of reaction called double displacement two
compounds exchange their positive and negative radicals.
Example : AB + CD ⟶ AD + CB
A new set of substances (AD and CB) is formed, so a chemical change
definitely occurs. Decomposition means breaking a compound into
simpler substances, which is not happening here. Combination
means two substances combine to form one product, but here we
get two new products.
Question 1(iii)
The reaction:
BaCl2 (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) ⟶ BaSO4 (s) + 2HCl (aq) is
1. displacement reaction
2. neutralisation reaction
3. decomposition reaction
4. double displacement reaction
Answer
Double displacement reaction
Reason — A chemical reaction in which both reactants [compounds]
are decomposed to give two new compounds by exchanging their
radicals is called a Double decomposition or double displacement
reaction.
It is represented as XY + AB ⟶ XB + AY
In a displacement reaction, one element replaces another. In
neutralisation acid reacts with base to form salt and water. Here, no
water is formed. Decomposition involves one compound breaking
into simpler substances.
Question 1(iv)
Thermal decomposition of sodium carbonate will produce
1. carbon dioxide
2. oxygen
3. sodium hydroxide
4. no other product
Answer
Carbon dioxide
Reason — Sodium carbonate, on heating gives sodium oxide and
carbon dioxide
Δ
Na2CO3 → Na2O + CO2 ↑
Question 2
Complete the following statements.
(a) The chemical change involving iron and hydrochloric acid
illustrates a ............... reaction.
(b) In the type of reaction called ............... two compounds exchange
their positive and negative radicals.
(c) A catalyst either ............... or ............... the rate of a chemical
change but itself remains ............... at the end of the reaction.
(d) On heating, hydrated copper sulphate changes its colour
from ............... to ...............
Answer
(a) The chemical change involving iron and hydrochloric acid
illustrates a displacement reaction.
(b) In the type of reaction called double displacement two
compounds exchange their positive and negative radicals.
(c) A catalyst either accelerates or decelerates the rate of a chemical
change but itself remains unaffected at the end of the reaction.
(d) On heating, hydrated copper sulphate changes its colour
from blue to white.
Question 3
Match the following :

(a) Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) ⟶ ZnSO4(aq) + (i) Photochemical

H2(g) decomposition

Sunlight
(b) 2AgCl(s) → 2Ag(s) + Cl2(g) (ii) Thermal decomposition
 Electricity
(c) 2KCl → 2K + Cl2 (iii) Displacement reaction

Δ
(d) 2HgO(s) → 2Hg(s) + O2 (iv) Electrolytic decomposition

Answer

(a) Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) ⟶ ZnSO4(aq) +

(iii) Displacement reaction
H2(g)

Sunlight (i) Photochemical

(b) 2AgCl(s) → 2Ag(s) + Cl2(g) decomposition

Electricity
(c) 2KCl → 2K + Cl2 (iv) Electrolytic decomposition

Δ
(d) 2HgO(s) → 2Hg(s) + O2 (ii) Thermal decomposition

Question 4
When hydrogen burns in oxygen, water is formed; when electricity is
passed through water, hydrogen and oxygen are given out. Name the
type of chemical changes involved in the two cases.
Answer
When hydrogen burns in oxygen, hydrogen and oxygen combine
together and forms water, hence, it is a direct combination
reaction whereas, when electricity is passed through water, it breaks
to give hydrogen and oxygen, hence, it is a decomposition reaction.
Question 5
Explain the following chemical changes by giving one example of
each:
(a) Double decomposition
(b) Thermal dissociation
(c) Reversible reaction
(d) Displacement
Answer
(a) Double decomposition — This is a type of chemical change in
which two compounds in a solution react to form two new
compounds by mutual exchange of radicals. Double decomposition
reaction is also called double displacement reaction.
AB + CD ⟶ AD + CB
Eg., AgNO3 + NaCl ⟶ AgCl ↓ + NaNO3
(b) Thermal dissociation — A reversible decomposition reaction
brought about only by heat is called thermal dissociation reaction.
Heat some solid ammonium chloride in a test tube. Two colourless
gases, ammonia and hydrogen chloride, are produced. As these gases
move up to the upper part of the test tube which is cooler, they
combine to form ammonium chloride, which appears as a white
sublimate on the upper cooler side of the test tube.
NH4Cl ⇌ NH3 ↑ + HCl ↑
(c) Reversible reaction — A reaction that can be reversed by
changing the conditions under which the reaction is taking place is
called a reversible reaction.
+⇌ +
(d) Displacement — A chemical change in which a more active
element displaces a less active element from its salt solution is called
a displacement reaction.
Mg + H2SO4 ⟶ MgSO4 + H2 ↑
Question 6
(a) What is synthesis?
(b) What kind of chemical reaction is synthesis? Support your answer
with an example.
Answer
(a) A reaction in which two or more substances combine together to
form a single substance is called a synthesis or combination reaction.
A + B ⟶ AB
(b) Synthesis is a direct combination reaction.
In the above reaction, substances A and B combine to give a
molecule of a new substance, AB (Product).
For example, carbon burns in oxygen to form a gaseous compound,
carbon dioxide.
Δ
C + O2 → CO2 ↑
Question 7
Decomposition brought about by heat is known as thermal
decomposition. What is the difference between thermal dissociation
and thermal decomposition?
Answer
Difference between the two is that thermal dissociation is a
reversible reaction whereas, thermal decomposition is an irreversible
reaction.
Question 8
(a) What is a decomposition reaction ?
(b) Decomposition reactions can occur by (i) heat (ii) electricity and
(iii) sunlight.
Give two balanced reactions for each.
Answer
(a) The chemical reaction in which a compound splits into two or
simpler substances (elements or compounds) is called decomposition
reaction.
(b) Two balanced chemical equations for:
(i) Heat
Δ
2HgO (s) → 2Hg (l) + O2 (g)
Δ
CaCO3 (s) → CaO (s) + CO2 (g)
(ii) Electricity
electricity
2NaCl (l) → 2Na (l) + Cl2 (g)
electricity
2H2O (l) → 2H2 (g) + O2 (g)
(iii) Light
sunlight
2AgCl (s) → 2Ag (s) + Cl2 (g)
sunlight
2H2O2 (l) → 2H2O (l) + O2 (g)
Question 9
Samples of four metals A, B, C and D are taken and were added to the
following solutions one by one. The results obtained have been
tabulated as follows :
Solution to which metal is added

Iron (II) Copper (II) Zinc

Metal Silver nitrate
sulphate sulphate sulphate

A No reaction Displacement ----- -----

No
B Displacement ----- -----
reaction

No
C No reaction No reaction Displacement
reaction

No
D No reaction No reaction No reaction
reaction

Use the table given above to answer the following questions:

(a) Which is the most reactive metal ?
(b) What would you observe when B is added to solution of copper
(II) sulphate ?
(c) Arrange the metals A, B, C and D in order of increasing reactivity.
Answer
(a) B is the most reactive metal.
Reason — B displaces iron from iron (II) sulphate solution, showing
that B is more reactive than iron. It does not displace zinc from zinc
sulphate solution, so it is less reactive than zinc. Among the given
metals A, B, C and D, metal B is the most reactive.
(b) The blue colour of copper (II) sulphate solution will fade, and a
reddish-brown deposit of copper will be formed.
Reason — Since B is more reactive than iron, it is also more reactive
than copper. Hence, it will displace copper from copper (II) sulphate
solution.
(c) D < C < A < B
Reason — A metal displaces another metal from its salt solution only
if it is more reactive than that metal.
• B displaces iron from iron (II) sulphate, so B is more reactive
than iron.
• A displaces copper from copper (II) sulphate but does not
displace iron from iron (II) sulphate, so A is less reactive than B.
• C displaces silver from silver nitrate but does not displace
copper from copper (II) sulphate, so C is less reactive than A.
• D does not displace silver from silver nitrate, so D is the least
reactive.
Hence, the increasing order of reactivity is:
D<C<A<B
Question 10
(a) Define neutralization reaction with an example.
(b) Give a balanced equation for this reaction.
(c) Give three applications of neutralization reactions.
Answer
(a) The reaction between an acid and a base that forms salt and
water only is referred to as Neutralization reaction.
Reaction between an acid and an alkali to form salt and water only is
an example of neutralization reaction.
(b) NH4OH + HCl ⟶ NH4Cl + H2O
(c) Applications of neutralization reactions are as follows :
1. When someone is stung by a bee, formic acid enters the skin
and causes pain, which can be relieved by rubbing the spot with
slaked lime or baking soda, both of which are bases and thus
neutralize the acid.
2. The acid which is accidentally spilt on to our clothes can be
neutralised with ammonia solution.
3. If soil is somewhat acidic and thus unfavourable for the growth
of certain crops, slaked lime is added to neutralise the excess
acid.
Question 11
What do you understand by precipitation reaction? Explain with an
example.
Answer
A chemical reaction in which two compounds in their aqueous state
react to form an insoluble salt (precipitate) as one of the products is
called a precipitation reaction.
Example: Take a solution of silver nitrate in a test tube and add dil.
hydrochloric acid. A curdy white ppt. is formed.
AgNO3 + HCl ⟶ AgCl ↓ + HNO3
Question 12
(a) What are double displacement reactions?
(b) Give an example of a double displacement reaction, where gas is
evolved.
Answer
(a) Double displacement reactions are those in which two
compounds in a solution react to form two new compounds by
mutual exchange of radicals. This type of reaction is also known as a
double decomposition reaction.
(b) FeS (s) + H2SO4 (aq) ⟶ FeSO4 (aq) + H2S ↑
Question 13
State the type of reactions each of the following represent and
balance the ones that are not balanced.
(a) Cl2 + 2KBr ⟶ 2KCl + Br2
(b) NaOH + HCl ⟶ NaCl + H2O
(c) 2HgO ⟶ 2Hg + O2 ↑
(d) Fe + CuSO4 ⟶ FeSO4 + Cu
(e) PbO2 + SO2 ⟶ PbSO4
(f) 2KClO3 ⟶ 2KCl + 3O2 ↑
(g) 2H2O2 ⟶ 2H2O + O2 ↑
(h) KNO3 + H2SO4 ⟶ HNO3 + KHSO4
(i) CuO + H2 ⟶ Cu + H2O
(j) CaCO3 ⟶ CaO + CO2 ↑
(k) NH4Cl ⟶ NH3 + HCl
(l) PbO + 2HNO3 ⟶ Pb(NO3)2 + 2H2O
(m) AgNO3 + NaCl ⟶ AgCl ↓ + NaNO3
Answer
(a) Cl2 + 2KBr ⟶ 2KCl + Br2
Displacement reaction
(b) NaOH + HCl ⟶ NaCl + H2O
Neutralisation reaction
(c) 2HgO ⟶ 2Hg + O2 ↑
Decomposition reaction
(d) Fe + CuSO4 ⟶ FeSO4 + Cu
Displacement reaction
(e) PbO2 + SO2 ⟶ PbSO4
Combination reaction
(f) 2KClO3 ⟶ 2KCl + 3O2 ↑
Decomposition reaction
(g) 2H2O2 ⟶ 2H2O + O2 ↑
Decomposition reaction
(h) KNO3 + H2SO4 ⟶ HNO3 + KHSO4
Double decomposition reaction
(i) CuO + H2 ⟶ Cu + H2O
Displacement reaction
(j) CaCO3 ⟶ CaO + CO2 ↑
Decomposition reaction
(k) NH4Cl ⟶ NH3 ↑ + HCl
Decomposition reaction
(l) PbO + 2HNO3 ⟶ Pb(NO3)2 + H2O
Neutralisation reaction
(m) AgNO3 + NaCl ⟶ AgCl ↓ + NaNO3
Double decomposition reaction
Exercise 2(C) — Multiple Choice Type
Question 1(i)
Which of the of following is not a chemical change.
1. Rusting of iron
2. Iron is magnetised
3. Potassium is dissolved in water
4. Magnesium wire is burnt
Answer
Iron is magnetised
Reason — Magnetisation of iron is not a chemical change, as it is a
temporary change. Magnetising iron only changes its magnetic
properties, no new substance is formed.
The others are chemical change because:
• Iron reacts with oxygen and moisture to form a new substance
iron oxide.
• Potassium reacts vigorously with water to form Potassium
hydroxide and hydrogen gas. A new substance forms, so it's
chemical.
• Magnesium reacts with oxygen to form Magnesium oxide, a
new substance, along with bright light and heat.
Question 1(ii)
Heating of zinc nitrate is a ............... reaction.
1. Displacement
2. Combination
3. Decomposition
4. Redox
Answer
Decomposition reaction
Reason — Zinc nitrate undergoes thermal decomposition and
produces reddish brown Nitrogen dioxide gas (NO2), Zinc oxide (ZnO),
and Oxygen gas (O2).
Δ
Zn(NO3 )2 → 4NO2 + 2ZnO + O2 ↑
It can't be displacement as no element is replacing another. In
combination, substances combine to form one product, which is the
opposite here. Redox reaction does involve oxidation and reduction,
but the question is asking for the type of reaction.
Question 1(iii)
Burning of a metal is an example of :
1. Decomposition reaction
2. Combination reaction between an element and a compound
3. Direct combination reaction between two elements
4. Displacement reaction
Answer
Direct combination reaction between two elements
Reason — A reaction in which two elements react to form a single
substance is called a direct combination reaction between two
elements.
When a metal, for example Magnesium, is burnt, it reacts with
oxygen to form a new compound magnesium oxide.
2Mg + O2 ⟶ 2MgO
Hence, burning of a metal is a direct combination reaction between
two elements.
Decomposition reaction involves breaking down a compound, not
forming one. In displacement reaction no element is replacing
another. No compound is present here, therefore combination
reaction between an element and a compound is incorrect.
Question 1(iv)
Formation of white precipitate on mixing sodium chloride solution
and silver nitrate solution is an example of ............... reaction.
1. Combination
2. Decomposition
3. Displacement
4. Double decomposition
Answer
Double decomposition
Reason — A chemical reaction in which both reactants [compounds]
are decomposed to give two new compounds by exchanging their
radicals is called a Double decomposition or double displacement
reaction. Eg.,
AgNO3 + NaCl ⟶ AgCl ↓ + NaNO3
Question 1(v)
A brown substance A on heating in air turns black forming another
substance B. Substances A and B are:
1. A = Fe and B = FeO
2. A = Zn and B = ZnO
3. A = Cu and B = CuO
4. A = Pb and B = PbO
Answer
A = Cu and B = CuO
Reason — Brown copper on heating forms black copper oxide.
2Cu + O2 ⟶ 2CuO
Question 1(vi)
Which one of these is a chemical change?
1. Water changes to steam
2. Dissolution of sugar in water
3. Combustion of LPG
4. Liquefying ammonia
Answer
Combustion of LPG
Reason — A chemical change is a permanent change and combustion
of LPG is a permanent change.
Others are not a chemical change because:
• Water only changes its state from liquid to gas. No new
substance is formed.
 • Sugar dissolves in water, but its chemical identity remains the
same. It can be recovered by evaporation.
• Ammonia only changes its state from gas to liquid. No new
substance is formed.
Question 1(vii)
The reaction of neutralization is a :
1. Displacement reaction
2. Double decomposition
3. Combination reaction
4. Combination reaction between two compounds
Answer
Double decomposition
Reason — A chemical reaction in which both reactants [compounds]
are decomposed to give two new compounds by exchanging their
radicals is called a Double decomposition or double displacement
reaction.
These reactions are of two types:
1. precipitation reaction
2. neutralization reaction
Question 1(viii)
FeS + H2SO4 ⟶ FeSO4 + H2S is an example of:
1. Displacement reaction
2. Double decomposition reaction
3. Decomposition reaction
 4. Combination reaction
Answer
Double decomposition reaction
Reason — A chemical reaction in which both reactants [compounds]
are decomposed to give two new compounds by exchanging their
radicals is called a Double decomposition or double displacement
reaction.
AB + CD ⟶ AD + CB
No single element is replacing another element, so it can't be
displacement reaction. A single compound breaking into simpler
substances is not happening, so it can't be decomposition reaction.
Two reactants combining into one product is not the case here, so it
can't be combination reaction.
Question 1(ix)
Which of the following statements is/are correct with respect to the
figure shown alongside?
P — A is HCl, B is iron.
Q — A is Cl2, B is copper.
R — A is Cl2, B is iron.
1. Only P
2. Only Q
3. Only R
4. Both P and R
Answer
Only R
Reason — When chlorine gas (Gas A) is passed over heated iron
(Compound B), it forms Iron(III) chloride, which is brown in color.
Whereas hydrochloric acid (HCl) will not produce the same reaction,
and copper reacting with chlorine gas will produce copper(II)
chloride, which is typically green or blue-green, not brown.
Hence A is chlorine gas and B is iron.
Question 1(x)
Aman performed the following four experiments

The experiments in which the blue colour of the solution will fade
are :
1. P and Q
2. P, Q and R
3. Q and R
4. Q, R and S
Answer
Q and R
Reason — Blue colour is because of CuSO4. In experiment Q, zinc
displaces copper from copper sulphate solution because zinc is more
reactive and present above copper in reactivity series.
CuSO4 (aq) + Zn ⟶ ZnSO4 + Cu ↓
In experiment R, iron displaces copper from copper sulphate solution
because iron is also more reactive and present above copper in
reactivity series.
 + (aq.) ⟶ +
Hence, in experiment Q and R, copper is displaced by more reactive
metal. So, the blue colour of the solution will fade.
Question 1(xi)
The figure given below demonstrates the preparation of oxygen.
MnO 2 /heat
2KClO3 (s) → 2KCl (s) + 3O2 (g)

(I) Which of the following statements is/are correct about the

reaction?
1. It is a decomposition reaction and is exothermic.
2. It is a decomposition reaction and is endothermic.
3. It is a photochemical decomposition reaction.
4. It is a combination reaction.
(II) Potassium chlorate is:
1. an oxidising agent.
2. a reducing agent.
3. both reducing as well as an oxidising agent.
 4. all options are correct.
(III) In the reaction, manganese dioxide:
1. takes part in the reaction.
2. acts as a catalyst.
3. decreases the speed of reaction.
4. helps in producing more oxygen.
Answer
(I) It is a decomposition reaction and is endothermic.
Reason — When potassium chlorate (2KClO3) is heated in the
presence of manganese dioxide it will undergo decomposition
reaction. Since heat is absorbed during the process it is a
endothermic reaction.
(II) an oxidising agent
Reason — Potassium chlorate (KClO3) provides oxygen, which
supports oxidation of other substances. It releases oxygen, hence it
can oxidize other materials.
(III) acts as a catalyst.
Reason — Potassium chlorate decomposes only at 700°C and even
then the rate of release of oxygen is very slow. But when potassium
chlorate is heated in the presence of manganese dioxide,
decomposition begins at a much lower temperature, 300°C and
manganese dioxide remains unaffected. Thus, in this reaction,
manganese dioxide acts as a catalyst
Question 1(xii)
What happens when a solution of an acid is mixed with a solution of
a base in a test tube?
P — The temperature of the solution increases.
Q — The temperature of the solution decreases.
R — The temperature of the solution remains the same.
S — Salt formation takes place.
1. Only P
2. P and R
3. Q and R
4. P and S
Answer
P and S
Reason — When a solution of an acid is mixed with a solution of a
base, it forms salt and water. This is referred to as neutralization
reaction. Neutralization reactions are also exothermic reactions.
Hence the temperature of the solution increases.
For example :
NaOH + HCl ⟶ NaCl + H2O + Heat
Exercise 2(C) — Very Short Type
Question 1
Name
(a) a carbonate which does not decompose on heating.
(b) a nitrate which produces oxygen as the only gas.
(c) a compound which produces carbon dioxide on heating
(d) a nitrate which produces brown gas on heating.
Answer
(a) Sodium carbonate
(b) Potassium nitrate
(c) Calcium carbonate
(d) Lead nitrate
Question 2
Which is the most reactive element in this question :
CuSO4 + Fe ⟶ FeSO4 + Cu
Answer
Fe, as Fe is higher in the metal reactivity series. The reactivity of the
metal reactivity series decreases as one moves from top to bottom.
Exercise 2(C) — Short Answer Type
Question 1
Define :
(a) Photochemical reaction
(b) Electrochemical reaction
Give one example in each case.
Answer
(a) Photochemical reaction — It is a reaction that occurs with the
absorption of light.
Example : Decomposition of silver nitrate
sunlight
2AgNO3 → 2Ag + 2NO2 ↑ + O2 ↑
(b) Electrochemical reaction — It is a reaction that occurs with
absorption of electrical energy.
Example : Acidulated water breaks into hydrogen and oxygen when
electric current is passed through it.
electric
2H2O → 2H2 ↑ + O2 ↑
current

Question 2
Give an example of a reaction where the following are involved
(a) Evolution of heat
(b) Absorption of heat
(c) High pressure is required
Answer
(a) CH4 + 2O2 ⟶ CO2 ↑ + 2H2O + Heat
Δ
(b) C + 2S → CS2
above 200 atm
(c) N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3 ↑
Question 3
Why does the blue colour of copper sulphate solution fade on adding
iron fillings ?
Answer
Blue colour of copper sulphate fades away as iron displaces copper
from copper sulphate solution as iron is more reactive than copper.
Question 4
Give an example of:
(a) Single displacement reaction
(b) Double displacement reaction
(c) Photochemical reaction
(d) Thermal decomposition reaction
(e) Electrolytic decomposition reaction
(f) Combination reaction between two compounds ?
Answer
(a) Single displacement reaction
CuSO4 + Zn ⟶ Cu + ZnSO4
(b) Double displacement reaction
BaCl2 (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) ⟶ BaSO4 (s) + 2HCl (aq)
(c) Photochemical reaction
sunlight
2AgNO3 → 2Ag + 2NO2 ↑ + O2 ↑
(d) Thermal decomposition reaction
Δ
2HgO (s) → 2Hg (l) + O2 (g)
(e) Electrolytic decomposition reaction
electric
2H2O → 2H2 + O2 ↑
current

(f) Combination reaction between two compounds ?

NH3 + HCl ⟶ NH4Cl
Question 5
What do you understand by a 'chemical reaction'?
Answer
A chemical reaction is a process of breaking chemical bonds of the
reacting substances (reactants) and making new bonds to form new
substances (products).
Example : BaCl2 (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) ⟶ BaSO4 (s) + 2HCl (aq)
Question 6
Give an example of each of the following chemical changes.
(a) A reaction involving
(i) change of state
(ii) formation of a precipitate
(b) An exothermic and an endothermic reaction involving carbon as
one of the reactants.
(c) A reaction where colour change is noticed.
Answer
(a) An example of:
(i) A reaction involving change of state — Ammonia gas reacts with
hydrogen chloride gas to produce solid ammonium chloride.
NH3 (g) + HCl (g) ⇌ NH4Cl (s)
(ii) A reaction involving formation of a precipitate — Take a solution
of silver nitrate in a test tube and add solution of sodium chloride, a
curdy white ppt. is formed.
AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) ⟶ AgCl ↓ + NaNO3 (aq)
(b) Exothermic reaction involving carbon — Combustion of methane
gives out large amount of energy.
CH4 + 2O2 ⟶ CO2 ↑ + 2H2O + Heat
Endothermic reaction involving carbon — When carbon is heated
with sulphur at high temperature, liquid carbon disulphide is formed.
Δ
C + 2S → CS2
(c) A reaction where colour change is noticed — When a few pieces
of iron are dropped into a blue coloured copper sulphate solution,
the blue colour of the solution fades and eventually turns into light
green due to the formation of ferrous sulphate.
+⟶ +
Question 7
What is a chemical change? Give two examples of a chemical
change?
Answer
A chemical change is a permanent change in which the chemical
composition of a substance is changed and one or more new
substances with different chemical compositions and different
properties are formed.
Examples :
1. Pb(NO3)2 (s) + 2KI (s) ⟶ 2KNO3 + PbI2 (s)
2. NaCl (aq.) + AgNO3 (aq.) ⟶ AgCl (white ppt.) ↓ + NaNO3 (aq.)
Question 8
Define exothermic and endothermic reactions. Give two examples in
each case.
Answer
A chemical reaction in which heat is given out is called an exothermic
reaction. It causes a rise in temperature.
Examples:
1. Combustion of methane gives out large amount of energy.
CH4 + 2O2 ⟶ CO2 ↑ + 2H2O + Heat
2. When carbon burns in oxygen to form carbon dioxide, lot of
heat is produced.
C + O2 ⟶ CO2 ↑ + Heat
A chemical reaction in which heat is absorbed is called
an endothermic reaction. It causes a fall in temperature.
Example :
1. When carbon is heated with sulphur at high temperature, liquid
carbon disulphide is formed.
Δ
C + 2S → CS2
2. Calcium carbonate decomposes to carbon dioxide and calcium
oxide when heated to 1000°C
Δ
CaCO3 (s) → CaO (s) + CO2 (g)
Question 9
Why is energy involved in a chemical change?
Answer
A chemical reaction involves the breaking up of chemical bonds
between atoms resulting in absorption of energy in the form of heat,
and simultaneous formation of bonds with release of energy. These
two types of energies are different from each other, i.e., there is
either a surplus or a deficit of energy during the reaction.
Therefore, in a chemical reaction, energy is involved.
Question 10
A metal X (used for galvanization) is immersed in the aqueous
solution of a blue salt YSO4. Metal Y is deposited on the surface of
the solution and a strip of metal X dissolves.
(a) Predict the metal X.
(b) What type of reaction is it?
(c) Write the word equation for this reaction and balance it.
Answer
(a) Zinc (Zn)
(b) Displacement reaction
(c) Copper(II) sulphate + Zinc ⟶ Zinc sulphate + Copper ↓
CuSO4 (aq.) + Zn ⟶ ZnSO4 + Cu↓
Explanation — Galvanization involves coating iron with zinc (Zn) to
prevent rusting.
So, Metal X ⟶ Zinc (Zn).
Since Zn displaces Y from its sulphate solution, Zn must be more
reactive than Y. The blue salt indicates YSO4 is CuSO4 (copper(II)
sulphate), which is blue in color.
So, Metal Y ⟶ Copper (Cu)
YSO4 ⟶ CuSO4
A more reactive metal (zinc) displaces a less reactive metal (copper)
from its salt solution.
CuSO4 (aq.) + Zn ⟶ ZnSO4 + Cu↓
Exercise 2(C) — Descriptive Type
Question 1
State the main characteristics of chemical reactions. Give at least one
example in each case.
Answer
The main characteristics of chemical reactions are :
1. Evolution of gas
Δ
Zn(NO3)2 → 4NO2 + 2ZnO + O2 ↑
2. Change of colour
+ (aq.) ⟶ +
3. Change of state
electric
2H2O (l) → 2H2 (g) + O2 (g)
current

4. Formation of precipitate
NaCl (aq.) + AgNO3 (aq.) ⟶ AgCl (white ppt.) ↓ + NaNO3 (aq.)
Question 2
State the effects of endothermic and exothermic reactions on the
surroundings with examples.
Answer
In exothermic reactions heat is given out, hence it causes a rise in
temperature.
CH4 + 2O2 ⟶ CO2 ↑ + 2H2O + Heat
In endothermic reactions heat is absorbed, hence it causes a fall in
temperature.
Δ
C + 2S → CS2
Question 3
Complete and balance the following reactions:
(a) NaCl (aq.) + AgNO3 (aq.) ⟶
(b) Pb(NO3)2 + KI ⟶
Δ
(c) CuCO3 →
Δ
(d) Pb(NO3)2 →
Chlorophyll
(e) CO2 + H2O →
sunlight

Answer
(a) NaCl (aq.) + AgNO3 (aq.) ⟶ AgCl (white ppt.) ↓ + NaNO3 (aq.)
(b) Pb(NO3)2 (s) + 2KI (s) ⟶ 2KNO3 + PbI2 (s)
Δ
(c) CuCO3 (s) → CuO (s) + CO2 (g)
Δ
(d) Pb(NO3)2 → 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
Chlorophyll
(e) 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
sunlight

Question 4
What do you observe in the following cases?
(a) Lead nitrate is heated.
(b) Silver chloride is exposed to sunlight.
(c) Hydrogen peroxide is exposed to sunlight
(d) H2S gas is passed through copper sulphate solution
(e) Barium chloride is added to sodium sulphate solution.
(f) Water is added to quick lime
(g) Sodium chloride solution is added to silver nitrate solution.
Answer
(a) When white crystalline solid Lead nitrate is heated, it decomposes
into a buff yellow residue of lead monoxide. Reddish brown gas
Nitrogen dioxide and colourless gas Oxygen are evolved.
++
(b) When silver chloride (white) is exposed to sunlight, it undergoes
photochemical decomposition forming a grey metal, silver and a
greenish yellow gas, chlorine.
sunlight
2AgCl (s) → 2Ag (s) + Cl2 (g)
(c) When hydrogen peroxide is exposed to sunlight, it changes to
water and colourless, odourless oxygen gas is evolved.
sunlight
2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2 ↑
(d) When H2S is passed through copper sulphate solution, a black
precipitate of copper sulphide is obtained
CuSO4 + H2S ⟶ CuS [black] + H2SO4
(e) White coloured precipitate of barium sulphate is formed when
sodium sulphate is mixed with barium chloride.
Na2SO4 (aq.) + BaCl2 (aq.) ⟶ 2NaCl (aq.) + BaSO4 [white ppt.] ↓
(f) When calcium oxide (quick lime) combines with water, a vigorous
reaction takes place with the liberation of a large amount of heat
(exothermic reaction) and calcium hydroxide is formed. Heat
produced boils the water and a hissing sound is produced.
CaO (s) + H2O (l) ⟶ Ca(OH)2 (s) + Heat
(g) When sodium chloride is added to the silver nitrate solution, a
white curdy precipitate of silver chloride is formed.
NaCl (aq.) + AgNO3 (aq.) ⟶ AgCl (white ppt.) ↓ + NaNO3 (aq.)
Question 5
Discuss the factors that affect a chemical change.
Answer
1. Certain chemical reactions occur only when electricity is passed
through the reactants.
electricity
2NaCl → 2Na + Cl2 ↑
2. Some chemical reactions occur when the involved substances
are subjected to high pressure.
above 200 atm
N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3 ↑
3. Some chemical reactions need a catalyst to accelerate or
decelerate the rate at which they occur.
MnO2
2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2 ↑
4. Some chemical reactions take place by the action of light.
sunlight
2AgCl (s) → 2Ag (s) + Cl2 (g)
5. Some chemical reactions take place when two substances
are mixed in their solid state.
Pb(NO3)2 (s) + 2KI (s) ⟶ 2KNO3 + PbI2 (s)
6. Some chemical reactions occur only on heating
++
Question 6
Balance these reactions and state what type of reactions they are:
(a) NaNO3 ⟶ NaNO2 + O2
(b) AgNO3 + Zn ⟶ Zn(NO3)2 + Ag
(c) Fe + HCl ⟶ FeCl2 + H2
(d) AgNO3 ⟶ Ag + NO2 + O2
(e) NaBr + Cl2 ⟶ NaCl + Br2
(f) PbO + C ⟶ Pb + CO2
(g) KClO3 ⟶ KCl + O2
(h) AgNO3 + HCl ⟶ AgCl ↓ + HNO3
(i) NH3 + HCl ⟶ NH4Cl
(j) N2 + H2 ⟶ NH3
Answer
(a) 2NaNO3 ⟶ 2NaNO2 + O2 ↑
Decomposition reaction
(b) 2AgNO3 + Zn ⟶ Zn(NO3)2 + 2Ag
Displacement reaction
(c) Fe + 2HCl ⟶ FeCl2 + H2 ↑
Displacement reaction
(d) 2AgNO3 ⟶ 2Ag + 2NO2 ↑ + O2 ↑
Decomposition reaction
(e) 2NaBr + Cl2 ⟶ 2NaCl + Br2
Displacement reaction
(f) 2PbO + C ⟶ 2Pb + CO2 ↑
Displacement reaction
(g) 2KClO3 ⟶ 2KCl + 3O2 ↑
Decomposition reaction
(h) AgNO3 + HCl ⟶ AgCl ↓ + HNO3
Double decomposition reaction
(i) NH3 + HCl ⟶ NH4Cl
Direct combination reaction
(j) N2 + 3H2 ⟶ 2NH3 ↑
Direct combination reaction
Question 7
Explain the different types of double decomposition reactions by
giving suitable equations.
Answer
Different types of double decomposition reactions are:
1. Precipitation reaction — A reaction between two compounds
in aqueous solution state to give two new compounds one of
which is insoluble (precipitate) is called a Precipitation reaction.
For example, when H2S is passed through copper sulphate
solution, a black precipitate of copper sulphide is obtained.
CuSO4 (aq) + H2S (g) ⟶ CuS [black ppt.] ↓ + H2SO4
2. Neutralization reaction — The reaction between an acid and a
base that forms salt and water only is referred to as
Neutralization reaction.
For example, Sodium chloride (base) reacts with HCl (acid) to
form salt and water only.
NaOH + HCl ⟶ NaCl + H2O
Question 8
Explain thermal dissociation and thermal decomposition reactions
with examples. What is the difference between them ?
Answer
A reversible decomposition reaction brought about only by heat is
called thermal dissociation reaction.
For example, on application of heat, ammonium chloride
decomposes into Ammonia and HCl:
NH4Cl ⇌ NH3 + HCl
A chemical reaction in which a compound decomposes to give two
new elements / a new compound & an element / two new
compounds on application of heat without any recombination on
cooling is called a Thermal decomposition reaction.
For example, calcium carbonate decomposes to carbon dioxide and
calcium oxide when heated to 1000°C
Δ
CaCO3 (s) → CaO (s) + CO2 (g)
Difference between the two is that thermal dissociation is a
reversible decomposition reaction whereas, thermal decomposition
is an irreversible reaction.
Question 9
Metal X was placed in lead nitrate solution. A thin layer of lead metal
deposits on metal X. Which is more reactive metal X or lead ? State
the type of reaction and give an example of this type.
Answer
Metal X is more active metal because it displaced the metal lead
from lead nitrate. It is a displacement reaction.
CuSO4 + Zn ⟶ ZnSO4 + Cu
Zn is more active metal than Cu, and it displaces Cu from copper
sulphate.
Question 10
What type of reaction is respiration ? Explain.
Answer
Respiration is an exothermic reaction as it involves combustion of
glucose with oxygen in the cells of the body releasing heat energy
that is used by cells to perform various functions such as muscle
contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and protein synthesis. The
equation for respiration reaction is:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ⟶ + 6CO2 ↑ + 6H2O + Heat energy
Question 11
Discuss decomposition reactions occurring inside our body.
Answer
Digestion of food in our body is an example of decomposition
reaction.
The starch present in the food we eat decomposes into glucose and
sugar. Proteins undergo decomposition to form amino acids. Fats and
oils are decomposed to fatty acids and finally oxidized by respiration
into carbon dioxide and water.
Enzymes [O]
Starch → Glucose → CO2 + H2O + Energy
Question 12
Take sodium sulphate solution in a test tube and add barium chloride
solution to it dropwise.
(a) What do you observe?
(b) Why is the reaction fast?
(c) Which type of reaction is it?
Answer
(a) A white precipitate of barium sulphate is formed immediately.
Na2SO4 + BaCl2 → BaSO4↓ + 2NaCl
(b) The reaction is fast because both sodium sulphate and barium
chloride are in aqueous solution, so their ions are already free and
can react immediately.
(c) It is a double displacement reaction. More specifically, it is a
precipitation reaction.
Question 13
NaCl + AgNO3 ⟶ AgCl + NaNO3
(a) What will you observe in the above chemical change?
(b) Why is this reaction known as a double displacement reaction?
(c) Which reagent can be used to test the chloride radical?
Answer
(a) A white precipitate is formed due to the formation of insoluble
silver chloride.
(b) This reaction is known as a double displacement reaction because
the ions of the two reactants exchange partners. Sodium chloride
and silver nitrate exchange ions to form silver chloride and sodium
nitrate.
(c) The chloride ion (Cl-) is tested using silver nitrate solution. It gives
a white precipitate of silver chloride (AgCl) when chloride ions are
present.
Exercise 2(C) — Structured/Application/Skill Type
Question 1
K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Pb, Cu, H, Hg, Ag
Pick an element from the reactivity series given above and write the
equations for the the following:
(a) Metal hydroxide on heating forms metal oxide and water vapour.
(b) Metal hydroxide on heating forms metal, oxygen and water
vapours.
(c) Metal nitrate decomposes to give two products only.
(d) Metal nitrate on heating forms metal oxide, nitrogen dioxide and
oxygen.
(e) Metal nitrate on heating forms metal, nitrogen dioxide and
oxygen.
(f) Metal carbonate which is stable to heat.
(g) Metal carbonate which forms metal oxide and carbon dioxide on
heating.
(h) The heating effect on bivalent metal hydrogen carbonate.
Answer
(a) Metal hydroxide on heating forms metal oxide and water vapour
— Calcium hydroxide
Δ
Ca(OH)2 → CaO + H2O
(b) Metal hydroxide on heating forms metal, oxygen and water
vapours — silver hydroxide
Δ
4AgOH → 4Ag + O2 + 2H2O
(c) Metal nitrate decomposes to give two products only — potassium
nitrate
Δ
2KNO3 → 2KNO2 + O2 ↑
(d) Metal nitrate on heating forms metal oxide, nitrogen dioxide and
oxygen — Lead nitrate
Δ
2Pb(NO3)2 → 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2 ↑
(e) Metal nitrate on heating forms metal, nitrogen dioxide and
oxygen — Silver nitrate
Δ
2AgNO3 → 2Ag + 2NO2 + O2 ↑
(f) Metal carbonate which is stable to heat — Potassium carbonate
Potassium carbonate is stable to heat
(g) Metal carbonate which forms metal oxide and carbon dioxide on
heating — Magnesium carbonate
Δ
MgCO3 → MgO + CO2 ↑
(h) The heating effect on bivalent metal hydrogen carbonate
— Magnesium bicarbonate
Δ
Mg(HCO3)2 → MgCO3 + H2O + CO2 ↑
Question 2
KI + Cl2 ⟶ KCl + I2
(a) Balance the equation given above.
(b) Which type of reaction is it ?
(c) Which element is more reactive ?
(d) What will be the product formed if KCl reacts with I2 ?
Answer
(a) 2KI + Cl2 ⟶ 2KCI + I2
(b) Displacement reaction
(c) Chlorine
(d) No reaction, because Iodine being less reactive than chlorine will
not be able to displace chlorine from KCl.
Question 3
See the diagram given below and answer the following questions:
(a) Write the chemical reaction involved in the process.
(b) Mention the colour of :
(i) copper powder and
(ii) the substance formed after heating it.
(c) Can we reverse the above reaction ? If yes, write the equation for
the reverse reaction and state the substance that undergoes
oxidation and the substance that undergoes reduction.
Answer
(a) 2Cu + O2 ⟶ 2CuO
(b)
(i) The colour of copper powder is reddish brown.
(ii) The substance formed after heating, copper(II) oxide, is black in
colour.
(c) Yes, the reaction can be reversed by reducing copper(II) oxide with
hydrogen.
CuO + H2 ⟶ Cu + H2O
In this reaction, hydrogen is oxidised to water, and copper(II) oxide is
reduced to copper.
Assertion Reason Type
Question 1(i)
Assertion (A): Zinc can displace copper from aqueous copper
sulphate solution.
Reason (R): Copper is placed above zinc in the reactivity series.
1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
 4. A is false but R is true.
Answer
A is true but R is false.
Explanation — Zinc is more reactive than copper. So, zinc is placed
above copper in reactivity series. Hence, zinc displaces copper from
aqueous copper sulphate solution. Hence A is true.
CuSO4 (aq) + Zn → ZnSO4 + Cu ↓
Copper is less reactive than zinc and is placed below zinc in reactivity
series. Less reactive elements cannot displace more active elements.
Hence, copper cannot displace zinc from its salt solution. Hence R is
false.
Therefore, A is true but R is false is the correct option.
Question 1(ii)
Assertion (A): In a redox reaction, the electron gaining species acts as
a reducing agent.
Reason (R): Oxidation and reduction reactions occur simultaneously
in redox reaction.
1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.
Answer
A is false but R is true.
Explanation — The electron gaining species is being reduced, so it
acts as an oxidizing agent, not as a reducing agent. The reducing
agent is the one that loses electrons. Hence A is false.
A redox reaction is a chemical reaction where both oxidation and
reduction occur simultaneously. Hence R is true.
Therefore, A is false but R is true is the correct option.
Question 1(iii)
Assertion (A): The decomposition of vegetable matter into compost
is an endothermic reaction.
Reason (R): Decomposition reactions involve the breakdown of a
single reactant into simpler products.
1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.
Answer
A is false but R is true.
Explanation — The decomposition of vegetable matter (also called
composting) is an exothermic reaction. Microbial activity breaks
down the organic material and releases heat. Hence A is false.
A chemical reaction in which a compound splits into two or more
simpler substances (elements or compounds) is called decomposition
reaction. Hence R is true.
Therefore, A is false but R is true is the correct option.
Question 1(iv)
Assertion (A): The decomposition of silver bromide is utilized in black
and white photography.
Reason (R): Light provides energy for this endothermic reaction.
1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.
Answer
Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation — Silver bromide (AgBr) decomposes when exposed to
light. The formation of black metallic silver is what creates the image
in black and white photography. Hence A is true.
light
2AgBr → 2Ag + Br
R is true as above reaction is an endothermic reaction where heat is
absorbed. Light provides energy for this decomposition of silver
bromide.
Therefore, Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of
A is the correct option.
Question 1(v)
Assertion (A): Chlorine can displace iodide ions from KI solution.
Reason (R): It is an example of displacement reaction.
1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.
Answer
Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation — Chlorine is more active non-metal when compared to
iodine. In the reactivity series of non-metals, chlorine is placed above
iodine. Hence, chlorine displaces iodine from potassium iodide
solution. Hence, A is true.
2KI + Cl2 ⟶ 2KCI + I2
Above reaction is displacement reaction in which a more active
element chlorine displaces a less active element iodine from its salt
solution. Hence R is true.
However, reason (R) does not explain about reactivity of chlorine and
position of chlorine and iodine in reactivity series. Hence, Both A and
R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A is the correct
option.
Question 1(vi)
Assertion (A): Silver is displaced by copper from the aqueous
solution of silver nitrate.
Reason (R): Copper is placed below silver in the activity series.
1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.
Answer
A is true but R is false.
Explanation — A is true as silver is displaced by copper from the
aqueous solution of silver nitrate because copper is more reactive
than silver. Hence the assertion is true.
Copper is placed above silver in the activity series. So copper is more
reactive and can displace silver. Hence the R is false.
Therefore, A is true but R is false is the correct option.
Case Study Type
Question 1
Riya was revising different types of chemical reactions studied in
class. She recalled that:
∙ A double displacement reaction generally takes place in an aqueous
solution where the ions of two compounds exchange places.
∙ If one of the products formed is an insoluble solid, the reaction is
called a precipitation reaction.
∙ A reaction in which an acid or acidic oxide reacts with a base or
basic oxide to form salt and water is known as a neutralisation
reaction.
To understand these reactions better, Riya observed the following
experiments.
(a) When hydrogen sulphide gas (H2S) was passed through a blue
solution of copper sulphate, a black solid was formed along with
sulphuric acid.
(i) Identify the type of reaction taking place.
(ii) Name the black solid formed.
(b) Sodium hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric acid to form sodium
chloride and water.
Explain why this reaction is considered a double displacement
reaction.
(c) Complete and balance the following chemical equation ;
Pb(NO3)2 (aq.) + KI ⟶ ...... + ......
(d) State one observable change that indicates the reaction in part (c)
has taken place.
Answer
(a) (i) This is a double displacement reaction.
(ii) The black solid formed is copper sulphide.
(b) NaOH + HCl ⟶ NaCl + H2O
Na is combining with Cl which is provided by HCl. H combines with
OH which is provided by NaOH. Here, ions exchanged their partners.
Therefore, this is called double displacement reaction.
(c) Pb(NO3)2 (aq.) + KI ⟶ PbI2 + 2KNO3
(d) A bright yellow precipitate is formed which indicates the
formation of lead iodide.
HOTS Questions
Question 1
An aqueous solution of metal nitrate M reacts with sodium chloride
to form a white precipitate of a compound N. N undergoes
photochemical reaction (decomposition). Identify and name M and
N. Write the chemical equation for the reaction involved and also
identify the type of reaction.
Answer
M is silver nitrate.
N is silver chloride.
AgNO3 + NaCl ⟶ AgCl + NaNO3
This is double displacement reaction.
2AgCl ⟶ 2Ag + Cl2
This is decomposition reaction.
Question 2
A water insoluble substance A on reacting with dilute H2SO4 releases
a gas which turns a paper dipped in acidified potassium dichromate
solution green. When the gas is passed through lime water, the
solution obtained turns blue litmus red. On bubbling the gas through
lime water, it initially became turbid and the turbid nature
disappeared when the gas is passed in excess.
(a) Identify the substance 'A'.
(b) Write the chemical equations of the reactions involved.
(c) State the type of reactions that are involved.
Answer
(a) The substance A is sodium sulphite.
(b) The reactions involved are:
1. SO2 formation
Na2SO3 + H2SO4 ⟶ Na2SO4 + H2O + SO2
2. Reaction with potassium dichromate
K2Cr2O7 + 3SO2 + H2SO4 ⟶ K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + H2O
3. Reaction with lime water
Ca(OH)2 + SO2 ⟶ CaSO3 + H2O
4. Excess SO2
CaSO3 + SO2 + H2O ⟶ Ca(HSO3)2
(c)
1. SO2 formation - Double displacement reaction
 2. Reaction with potassium dichromate - Redox reaction
3. Reaction with lime water - Combination reaction
4. Excess SO2 - Combination reaction
Chapter 8
Atmospheric Pollution
Class 9 - Concise Chemistry Selina

Exercise 8A
Question 1
Define the following terms :
(i) pollution
(ii) pollutant
(iii) air pollution.
Answer
(i) Pollution is defined as the effect of undesirable changes in our
surroundings that have a harmful effect on plants, animals and
human beings.
(ii) Pollutants are toxic and otherwise harmful substances that have
an undesirable impact on the different components of the
environment and life forms.
(iii) Air pollution means degradation of air quality due to the increase
in the concentration of harmful contaminants that affects human,
plant and animal lives.
Question 2
What are primary and secondary pollutants ?
Answer
Primary pollutants are emitted directly into the atmosphere from
their source and remain in the same form.
Examples : dust, ash, smoke, fumes, hydrocarbons and oxides of
sulphur and nitrogen.
Secondary pollutants are formed by chemical interactions between
primary pollutants and other reagents present in the atmosphere.
Example : peroxyacyl nitrate (PAN) and ozone are formed when
primary pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and hydrocarbons react
in the presence of sunlight.
Question 3
Name any four gaseous pollutants.
Answer
Four gaseous pollutants are :
1. Sulphur dioxide
2. Hydrogen sulphide
3. Nitrogen oxides
4. Carbon monoxide
Question 4
Name the compounds of sulphur that cause air pollution. Also, state
their harmful effects.
Answer
Compounds of sulphur like sulphur dioxide (SO2), sulphur trioxide
(SO3) and hydrogen sulphide ((H2S) cause air pollution.
Harmful effects of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) :
• It causes nausea and irritates the eye and the throat. Being
acidic in nature H2S destroys vegetable matter.
Harmful effects of oxides of sulphur:
• It causes headache, vomiting and even death due to respiratory
failure.
• It destroys vegetation and weakens building
materials/constructions.
• It mixes with smoke and fog to form smog, which is very
harmful.
• It causes acid rain.
Question 5
State:
(i) natural sources of air pollution
(ii) man-made sources of air pollution
Answer
(i) Natural sources of air pollution are :
1. Volcanic eruptions.
2. Lightning discharge.
3. Decaying vegetation.
4. Forest fires.
5. Winds and dust storms.
(ii) Man-made sources of air pollution are :
1. Automobiles.
2. Factories.
3. Industrial processes.
4. Burning of fossil fuels.
5. Decay of crop residue.
Question 6
(a) How do oxides of nitrogen enter the atmosphere?
(b) What are their harmful effects?
Answer
(a) Oxides of Nitrogen enter the atmosphere in the following ways :
• On the burning of fuels in furnaces, temperature increases. At
high temperature, nitrogen and oxygen present in the air
combine to form oxides of nitrogen.
• When fuel burns in internal combustion engine, oxides of
nitrogen are produced and they enter the atmosphere as
exhaust gases from automobile engines.
• Nitric oxide is formed by the reaction between atmospheric
nitrogen and oxygen in the presence of electric discharge,
which happens during thunderstorms, when there is lightening.
• Nitric oxide further reacts with atmospheric oxygen and ozone
to form nitrogen dioxide.
b) Harmful effects of oxides of nitrogen are :
• Nitrogen dioxide causes irritation in the mucous membrane.
 • Large concentrations of nitrogen dioxide may cause serious lung
diseases.
• Nitrogen dioxide causes injuries to vegetation by damaging
plant leaves.
• In sunlight, nitrogen dioxide oxidises hydrocarbons to form
photochemical smog. It causes eye irritation, asthma attacks,
nasal and throat infections.
Question 7
State the origin and health impact of smog.
Answer
A pollutant which is a combination of oxides of nitrogen and sulphur
and partially-oxidized hydrocarbons and their derivatives produced
by industries and automobiles forms a dark, thick, dust and soot
laden fog and is known as smog.
Smog is noxious and irritating. It reduces visibility, induces respiratory
troubles, and can cause death by suffocation.
Question 8
What are the harmful effects of oxides of Sulphur?
Answer
Harmful effects of oxides of sulphur:
1. It causes headache, vomiting and even death due to respiratory
failure.
2. It destroys vegetation and weakens building
materials/constructions.
3. It mixes with smoke and fog to form smog, which is very
harmful.
 4. It is oxidised by atmospheric oxygen into sulphur trioxide which
combines with water to form sulphuric acid. Sulphuric acid is
the cause of acid rain.
2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⟶ 2SO3 (g)
SO3 (g) + H2O (l) ⟶ H2SO4 (aq)
Question 9
(a) State the main sources and effects of carbon monoxide.
(b) Give the mechanism of the action of carbon monoxide.
Answer
(a) Carbon monoxide is formed by incomplete combustion of fuels in
homes, factories and automobiles.
Harmful effects of carbon monoxide :
Carbon monoxide is a highly poisonous gas. If inhaled, it binds with
haemoglobin 200 times more strongly than oxygen reducing the
blood's ability to carry oxygen by converting haemoglobin into
carboxyhaemoglobin. So, even in small quantities, it is fatal and can
lead to death.
(b) When inhaled, carbon monoxide enters the bloodstream through
the lungs. It binds to haemoglobin, which carries oxygen to body
tissues. Carbon monoxide binds with haemoglobin 200 times more
strongly than oxygen, so even small amounts in the air can greatly
affect the body. It reduces the blood's ability to carry oxygen by
converting haemoglobin into carboxyhaemoglobin. The heart and
brain, being highly sensitive to oxygen deprivation, are most severely
impacted by carbon monoxide exposure. In high concentrations,
carbon monoxide can lead to death by paralyzing normal brain
function.
Question 10
How can we control carbon monoxide poisoning?
Answer
Carbon monoxide poisoning can be controlled in the following ways :
1. By switching over from internal combustion engines to
electrically powered cars.
2. Many pollution control devices are now installed in cars. Most
of these devices help reduce pollution by burning gasoline
completely. Complete combustion of gasoline produces only
carbon dioxide and water vapour.
2C8H18 +25O2 ⟶ 16CO2 + 18H2O
3. By using substitute fuels for gasoline: Natural gas in both
compressed (CNG) and liquefied forms (LNG) is now
increasingly being used as fuel. Alcohols are other feasible
substitutes.
4. By using catalytic converters:
Carbon monoxide changes to carbon dioxide in the presence of
finely divided platinum as a catalyst.
Pt
2CO → CO2 + H2 O
[O]

Exercise 8B
Question 1
Name the natural and man made sources of acid rain.
Answer
Natural sources
1. Volcanic eruptions
2. Lightning strikes
 3. Decaying vegetation and wildfires
4. Oceanic emissions and bacterial activity
Man-made or anthropogenic sources
1. Burning of fossil fuels
2. Industrial processes
3. Vehicle emission
4. Agricultural activities
Question 2
Explain the formation of acid rain due to:
(i) oxides of sulphur
(ii) oxides of nitrogen
Answer
(i) Sulphur is a non-metallic element found in coal and other fossil
fuels. When these fuels are burned, sulphur combines with oxygen in
air to form its gaseous oxides, sulphur dioxide (SO2) and sulphur
trioxide (SO3)
S + O2 ⟶ SO2
2SO2 + O2 ⟶ 2SO3
Sulphur dioxide and sulphur trioxide react with water to form H2SO4,
which is the main cause of acid rain.
2SO2 + O2 + 2H2O ⟶ 2H2SO4
SO3 + H2O ⟶ H2SO4
(ii) Oxides of nitrogen are produced naturally during thunder and
lightning. They are also produced by internal combustion engines.
 high temperature
N2 + O2 → 2NO
(3000°C)

Nitrogen oxide then gets oxidized in the atmosphere of nitrogen

dioxide.
2NO + O2 ⟶ 2NO2
Nitrogen dioxide combines with water to form a mixture of nitrous
acid and nitric acid which causes acid rain.
2NO2 + H2O ⟶ HNO2 + HNO3
Question 3
What are the causes of acid rain?
Answer
The main cause of acid rain is the formation of mineral acids like
carbonic acid, nitric acid and sulphuric acid during rains.
Combustion of fossil fuels releases large amounts of sulphur dioxide,
oxides of nitrogen and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. These
oxides dissolve in rain water forming mineral acids and causing acid
rain.
Question 4
Why does rainwater have pH less than 7?
Answer
pH of rain water is about 5.6, because carbon dioxide reacts with it to
form weak carbonic acid.
CO2 + H2O ⟶ H2CO3
Question 5
pH of acid rain is sometimes as low as 2. Explain.
Answer
Acid rain results from acids like nitric acid and sulphuric acid present
in polluted air. These acids are formed when oxides of nitrogen and
sulphur come into contact with rain water. Due to high pollution,
when amount of these acids dissolved in rain water is high, the pH of
acid rain can be as low as 2.
Question 6
Give the impact of acid rain:
(i) on plants
(ii) on soil
(iii) on water bodies
Answer
Impact of acid rain on:
(i) On plants — Acid rain causes nutrient loss from plants thus
damaging their leaves. It also suppresses growth of plants.
(ii) On soil — Acid rain affects soil chemistry. It removes calcium and
potassium, both the basic ingredients of soil, thus making it lose its
fertility.
(iii) On water bodies — The water of lakes and rivers is gradually
becoming acidic due to acid rain, which is affecting aquatic life.
Question 7
How does a scrubber help in reducing the formation of acid rain?
Answer
A scrubber is a device that absorbs gaseous pollutants. It consists of a
fine spray of water and gas rising from the stack, which is passed
through the scrubber where water absorbs sulphur dioxide. Thus the
formation of this constituent of acid rain is reduced. Below diagram
shows the working of a scrubber :

Question 8
State the remedial measures taken to control acid rains.
Answer
Acid rain can be controlled by:
1. Using scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators, etc. in factories.
2. Reducing the emissions of oxides of sulphur and nitrogen from
the industries.
3. Using lime to neutralise the acidity of soil.
4. Raising public awareness.
Exercise 8C
Question 1
What do you understand by the 'greenhouse effect' ?
Answer
Heating of the earth and its environment due to solar radiations
trapped by greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and water
vapour in the atmosphere is called greenhouse effect.
Question 2
What are greenhouse gases? How are they responsible for global
warming?
Answer
Carbon dioxide, water vapour, oxides of nitrogen, methane, ozone,
chloro-fluoro carbons, etc. are called greenhouse gases.
The greenhouse gases in the atmosphere allow the infrared rays from
the Sun to penetrate the Earth but do not allow the heat radiated by
the heated Earth to penetrate back into space. This trapped radiation
warms the earth's surface and lower parts of the atmosphere leading
to increase in temperature which is known as global warming.
Question 3
State the sources and effects of the following gases:
(i) Carbon dioxide
(ii) Methane
(iii) Water vapour
Answer
(i) Carbon dioxide
Sources :
 1. Burning of fossil fuels like coal, natural gas and petroleum.
2. Industrial processes like the manufacture of lime and those
seen in fermentation units.
3. Biological decay of plants.
4. Respiration by animals, humans beings and plants.
Effects :
1. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas.
2. It has the largest contribution of about 50% towards
greenhouse effect.
(ii) Methane
Sources :
1. Anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in soil, water and
sediments.
2. Incomplete combustion of fossil fuels.
Effects :
1. Methane is a greenhouse gas.
2. It has the second largest contribution of about 19% towards
greenhouse effect.
(iii) Water vapour
Sources :
1. Burning of hydrocarbons.
2. Evaporation from water bodies.
3. Transpiration from plants.
Effects :
 1. Water vapour is a greenhouse gas.
2. It contributes 2% towards greenhouse effect.
Question 4
State the ways of reducing the presence of greenhouse gases.
Answer
The ways of reducing the presence of greenhouse gases are :
1. Minimize use of automobiles : depending on the situation, one
can use a bicycle or the public transport system and car pools.
2. Plant more trees to increase the green cover.
3. Avoid burning of dry leaves, wood etc.
4. Avoid smoking
5. Spread awareness about global warming.
Question 5
State the effects of greenhouse gases on the atmosphere.
Answer
Effects of the greenhouse gases on the atmosphere are :
1. Greenhouse gases are crucial for the evolution of life on earth.
Without them, solar heat would escape, leaving the planet cold
and barren like the moon.
2. They are necessary for evaporation of water and formation of
clouds, leading to rain.
3. The increase of greenhouse gases above an optimum level is
causing global warming by increasing the earth's temperature.
 4. Global warming due to greenhouse gases will lead to rise in sea
level, change in rainfall pattern and destruction of forests and
wildlife.
Question 6
State the role of a greenhouse in growing plants.
Answer
A greenhouse is a glass structure that is used to grow green plants in
colder regions of the earth. The glass structure allows sunlight to
reach inside it but does not allow reflected radiations to escape, thus
heating up the greenhouse and providing optimum temperature for
the plants to grow.
Question 7
Our atmosphere acts as a greenhouse. Explain.
Answer
The atmosphere acts as a greenhouse by trapping and retaining heat
energy from the Sun, similar to how a greenhouse retains heat to
create a warmer environment for plants.
The greenhouse gases in the atmosphere allow the infrared rays from
the Sun to penetrate the Earth but do not allow the heat radiated by
the heated Earth to penetrate back into space. Thus, they act like a
blanket around the Earth.
By trapping heat, the atmosphere helps to regulate the Earth's
temperature and maintain suitable conditions for life.
Question 8
How can we reduce global warming?
Answer
We can reduce global warming in the following ways :
1. Minimize use of automobiles : depending on the situation, one
can use a bicycle or the public transport system and car pools.
2. Plant more trees to increase the green cover.
3. Avoid burning of dry leaves, wood etc.
4. Avoid smoking
5. Spread awareness about global warming.
Exercise 8D — Multiple Choice Type
Question 1(i)
Excessive release of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is the cause
of :
1. depletion of ozone
2. formation of polar vortex
3. global warming
4. formation of smog
Answer
global warming
Reason — Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas and it traps heat
radiated from the sun. An excessive release of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere will lead to rise in temperature, thus leading to global
warming.
Question 1(ii)
Inhalation of air polluted with carbon monoxide is dangerous
because :
 1. CO combines with O2 dissolved in the blood.
2. CO combines with haemoglobin of blood.
3. CO removes water from the body and causes dehydration.
4. CO causes coagulation of proteins in the body.
Answer
CO combines with haemoglobin of blood
Reason — Carbon monoxide is dangerous because it combines with
haemoglobin of blood and prevents it from carrying oxygen to
different parts of the body.
Question 1(iii)
A decrease in the amount of ozone in the stratosphere is called
depletion of ozone and it is caused by :
1. UV radiations of the sun
2. excessive use of detergents
3. burning coal and wood
4. Use of CFC compounds
Answer
Use of CFC compounds
Reason — Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) entering the atmosphere
cause ozone layer depletion.
Question 1(iv)
Which is not a greenhouse gas ?
1. Carbon monoxide
2. Methane
 3. Nitrous oxide
4. Carbon dioxide
Answer
Carbon monoxide
Reason — Carbon monoxide is not a greenhouse gas. Carbon dioxide,
water vapour, oxides of nitrogen, methane, ozone, chloro-fluoro
carbons are examples of greenhouse gases.
Question 1(v)
The acid which is not responsible for acid rain is :
1. Formic acid
2. Carbonic acid
3. Sulphuric acid
4. Nitric acid
Answer
Formic acid
Reason — The main cause of acid rain is the formation of mineral
acids like carbonic acid, sulphuric acid and nitric acid during rains.
Formic acid being an organic acid does not cause acid rain.
Question 1(vi)
The branch of chemistry that aims to design product/process which
minimize the use and/or generation of pollution is :
1. Industrial chemistry
2. Green chemistry
3. Analytical chemistry
 4. Biochemistry
Answer
Green chemistry
Reason — Green chemistry is the study of science dealing with the
development of environment friendly technology in order to reduce
the use and production of hazardous and poisonous chemicals.
Question 1(vii)
Locking of chlorine monoxide and free radicals of chlorine is called
SCAVENGING. In the atmosphere, nitrogen dioxide scavenges
chlorine monoxide and methane scavenges chlorine atoms, which
are responsible for:
P — Acid rain
Q — Global warming
R — Ozone depletion
1. Only P
2. Only Q
3. Only R
4. Both P and Q
Answer
Only R
Reason — In the atmosphere, nitrogen dioxide scavenges chlorine
monoxide and methane scavenges chlorine atoms,
ClO (g) + NO2 (g) ⟶ ClONO2 (g)
Cl (g) + CH4 (g) ⟶ CH3 (g) + HCl (g)
The process continues and these free radicals continue to break
ozone molecules, causing the depletion of ozone.
Question 1(viii)
pH of acid rain usually ranges between:
P — 7.5 to 9.7
Q — 2 to 5
R — 3.5 to 5.6
1. Only P
2. Only Q
3. Only R
4. Both Q and R
Answer
Both Q and R
Reason — pH of acid rain usually ranges between 5.6 and 3.5; at
times it can be as low as 2. Hence, both Q and R are correct.
Question 2(i)
Assertion (A): There is a gradual increase in the average temperature
of the earth's surface.
Reason (R): Greenhouse effect is responsible for the increase in
earth's temperature.
1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.
Answer
Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation— Heating of the earth and its environment due to solar
radiation trapped by greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and
water vapour in the atmosphere is called greenhouse effect.
Green house gases contribute in Greenhouse effect, which is
responsible for the increase in earth's temperature. Hence, the
reason (R) is true and it is the correct explanation of assertion (A).
Question 2(ii)
Assertion (A): Excessive burning of fossil fuels and the use of
automobiles do not cause air pollution.
Reason (R): Incomplete combustion of fuels which leads to the
formation of CO is a cause of air pollution.
1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.
Answer
A is false but R is true.
Explanation— Excessive burning of fossil fuels and the use of
automobiles cause air pollution and global warming. Hence, the
assertion (A) is false.
Carbon monoxide is formed by incomplete combustion of fuels in
homes, factories and automobiles. Carbon monoxide is a highly
poisonous gas. Hence, the reason (R) is true.
Question 2(iii)
Assertion (A): The formation of ozone involves a chemical reaction
called photolysis.
Reason (R): The highly energetic ultraviolet radiation from the sun
breaks the oxygen molecules into oxygen atoms. Oxygen atoms then
react with oxygen molecules to form ozone.
1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.
Answer
Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation— The formation of ozone involves a chemical reaction
called photolysis. High energy ultra-violet radiation, also known as far
UV, helps in breaking oxygen molecules into oxygen atoms.
O2 + UV light ⟶ 2O
Oxygen atom then reacts with oxygen molecules to form ozone.
O + O2 ⟶ O3
Hence, both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is
the correct explanation of assertion (A).
Question 2(iv)
Assertion (A): Photochemical smog is composed of oxides of
nitrogen, ozone, peroxyacetyl nitrates and other organic compounds.
Reason (R): Photochemical smog is formed by the interaction of
certain pollutants in cold weather conditions.
1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
 2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.
Answer
A is true but R is false.
Explanation— Photochemical smog is a type of air pollution formed
when sunlight reacts with pollutants like nitrogen oxides Ozone (O3),
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), Nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2) and Other
oxidants and organic compounds. Hence, the assertion (A) is true.
Photochemical smog forms primarily in warm, sunny conditions, not
cold weather. Hence, the reason (R) is false.
Question 2(v)
Assertion (A): Atmosphere plays an important role in maintaining the
temperature on earth.
Reason (R): Atmosphere absorbs some radiations coming from the
sun and transmits near ultraviolet, visible and near infra red
radiations.
1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.
Answer
Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation— The atmosphere acts like a blanket, and plays an
important role in maintaining the temperature on earth. Hence, the
assertion (A) is true.
The atmosphere absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation (mainly by the
ozone layer). It allows most visible light, near UV, and near IR to pass
through, which warms Earth’s surface. These properties are essential
for Earth’s energy balance. Hence, the reason (R) is true and reason
(R) is the correct explanation of assertion (A).
Question 2(vi)
Assertion (A): UV radiations break ozone into O2 and O.
Reason (R): Ozone hole is responsible for global warming and climate
change.
1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.
Answer
A is true but R is false.
Explanation— The Ozone layer is formed by the photolysis, it again
absorbs UV radiation of comparatively longer wavelengths, breaking
down again into oxygen molecule and oxygen atoms. Hence, the
assertion (A) is true.
O3 ⟶ O2 + O
The ozone hole affects UV radiation reaching Earth's surface, leading
to health and ecological issues. However, global warming and climate
change are primarily caused by the greenhouse effect, driven by
gases like CO2, CH4, and N2O — not by the ozone hole. Hence, the
reason (R) is false.
Exercise 8D — Very Short Answer Type
Question 1
Fill in the blanks:
(a) The pollutants such as NO2, SO2 and SO3 dissolved in the moisture
of air are the cause of ...............
(b) Excessive release of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is the
cause of ............... effect which produces global warming.
(c) Ozone layer prevents the harmful ............... radiation of the sun to
reach the earth.
(d) Decrease in the concentration of ozone in the stratosphere is the
cause of the formation of ............... holes.
(e) Ozone depletion is mainly caused by the active ............... atoms
generated from CFC in the presence of UV radiation.
Answer
(a) The pollutants such as NO2, SO2 and SO3 dissolved in the moisture
of air are the cause of acid rain
(b) Excessive release of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is the
cause of greenhouse effect which produces global warming.
(c) Ozone layer prevents the harmful ultraviolet radiation of the sun
to reach the earth.
(d) Decrease in the concentration of ozone in the stratosphere is the
cause of the formation of ozone holes.
(e) Ozone depletion is mainly caused by the active chlorine atoms
generated from CFC in the presence of UV radiation.
Question 2
Name any two :
(a) natural sources of atmospheric pollution.
(b) gases which are responsible for the formation of acid rain.
(c) particulate pollutants.
Answer
(a) Volcanic eruptions, Decaying vegetation.
(b) Sulphur dioxide, Nitrogen dioxide.
(c) Dust, Smoke.
Question 3
What do you understand by ozone depletion.
Answer
Ozone depletion is the gradual thinning of ozone layer in the upper
atmosphere caused by the release of chemicals like chlorine,
chlorofluorocarbons, etc.
Exercise 8D — Short Answer Type
Question 1
What is a pollutant ?
Answer
Pollutants are toxic and otherwise harmful substances that have an
undesirable impact on the different components of the environment
and life forms.
Question 2
What do you understand by ppm ?
Answer
PPM stands for "parts per million." It is a unit of measurement used
to express the concentration of one substance in relation to a million
units of another substance. It is commonly used to quantify the
presence of pollutants in air.
Question 3
State an advantage of CNG (Compressed Natural Gas).
Answer
CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) is a cleaner and cheaper fuel than
petrol or diesel that helps to control carbon monoxide pollution.
Question 4
State how CFCs break ozone layer.
Answer
CFCs are decomposed by ultra-violet rays to highly reactive chlorine,
which is produced in its atomic form.
Ultraviolet rays
CF2Cl2 (g) → CF2Cl (g) + Cl (g) [free radical]
This free radical [Cl] reacts with ozone forming chlorine monoxide.
Cl(g) + O3(g) ⟶ ClO (g) + O2 (g)
This causes depletion of ozone, and chlorine monoxide further reacts
with atomic oxygen to produce more free radicals of chlorine.
ClO (g) + O (g) ⟶ Cl (g) + O2 (g)
Again this free radical [Cl] destroys ozone, and the process continues,
giving rise to large scale ozone depletion.
Question 5
State the chemicals responsible for ozone layer depletion.
Answer
Chemicals responsible for the depletion of the ozone layer are :
1. Excessive use of chlorofluoro carbons: CFCs (freons) enter the
atmosphere because of their excessive use in solvents, aerosol
sprays, propellants, refrigerants and blowing agents for plastic
foams.
2. Fuel of planes: When the fuel of planes burns, a large quantity
of nitric oxide and other gases is emitted in the atmosphere.
3. The chemicals used in industries like methyl chloride (CH3Cl),
methyl bromide (CH3Br), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) also
deplete ozone layer.
Question 6
What is the function of ozone in the atmosphere ?
Answer
The ozone layer acts as a blanket in the atmosphere above 16 km
from the earth’s surface. Ozone absorbs the harmful ultra-violet rays
coming from the sun and prevents them from reaching the earth’s
surface. Thus, it protects the life on earth from harmful effects of
ultra-violet rays that can cause skin cancer and destroy many
organisms necessary for life in general.
Question 7
What is the effect of the following pollutants on living beings (one in
each case)?
(a) Fluorides
(b) Smoke particles
(c) Lead
(d) Nitrogen oxide
(e) Smog
Answer
(a) Fluorides — causes destruction of vegetation.
(b) Smoke particles — get lodged in lungs damaging its functioning.
(c) Lead — damages the nervous and digetsive systems and can cause
cancer.
(d) Nitrogen oxide — causes irritation in mucous membranes.
(e) Smog — it induces respiratory troubles.
Question 8
What is smog ? State its damaging effects.
Answer
A pollutant that is a combination of oxides of nitrogen and sulphur
and of partially oxidized hydrocarbons and their derivatives produced
by industries and automobiles forms a dark, thick, dust and soot
laden fog and is known as smog.
Smog is noxious and irritating. It reduces visibility, induces respiratory
troubles, and can cause death by suffocation.
Question 9
Automobiles release CO and CO2 into the atmosphere.
(a) Explain the contribution of one of these gases to global warming.
(b) What is the danger associated with carbon monoxide ?
Answer
(a) Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas. It has the largest contribution
of about 50% towards greenhouse effect. Carbon dioxide in
atmosphere absorbs harmful infrared radiations, thus they remain on
the earth. Trapped radiation warms both the earth's surface and the
lower parts of the atmosphere.
(b) Carbon monoxide is a highly poisonous gas that binds with
haemoglobin 200 times more strongly than oxygen, forming
carboxyhaemoglobin. This reduces the blood's ability to carry oxygen,
leading to oxygen deprivation. Even small amounts can cause serious
harm, especially to the brain and heart, and high concentrations can
be fatal.
Question 10
How is global warming related to climate change?
Answer
Global warming is the rise in Earth’s average temperature due to
increased greenhouse gases. This warming causes glaciers and polar
ice caps to melt, leading to rising sea levels. It also affects rainfall
patterns, causing some areas to receive too much rain and others too
little. Heatwaves, droughts, forest fires and faster evaporation from
water bodies are also consequences of global warming, all of which
lead to climate change.
Question 11
State the impact of ozone depletion on:
(a) Plants
(b) Human health
(c) Aquatic ecosystem
Answer
(a) Effects on plants:
1. Increased UV radiation weakens the plants, making them more
susceptible to diseases.
2. Crops exposed to high UV levels may develop smaller leaves
and show stunted growth.
(b) Effects on Human health:
1. UV radiation damages skin cells and DNA which increases the
risk of mutations, thereby leading to a higher risk of skin
cancers, including melanoma.
2. Prolonged UV exposure accelerates skin aging.
3. UV rays cause cataracts and may lead to blindness.
(c) Effects on aquatic ecosystem:
1. UV radiation reduces the motility and survival rates of
phytoplanktons (or microscopic marine algae), a key
component of the marine food chain.
2. Reduced phytoplankton populations can impact higher
organisms, affecting aquatic biodiversity and food webs.
Question 12
State the effects of increased exposure to UV rays on human health.
Answer
Effects of increased exposure to UV rays
1. UV radiation damages skin cells and DNA which increases the
risk of mutations, thereby leading to a higher risk of skin
cancers, including melanoma.
2. Prolonged UV exposure accelerates skin aging.
 3. UV rays cause cataracts and may lead to blindness
Exercise 8D — Descriptive type
Question 1
Give the composition, causes and effects of acid rain.
Answer
Composition
Acid rain results from acids like nitric acid and sulphuric acid present
in polluted air. These acids are formed when oxides of nitrogen and
sulphur come into contact with rain water.
Causes
Fossil fuels contain compounds of nitrogen and sulphur in addition to
carbon. Due to combustion of these fuels, large amounts of sulphur
dioxide, oxides of nitrogen and carbon dioxide get discharged into
the atmosphere. These oxides dissolve in rainwater to form mineral
acids which is the main cause of acid rain.
Effects
1. Acid rain affects soil chemistry. It removes calcium and
potassium, both the basic ingredients of soil, thus making it
lose its fertility.
2. Acid rain causes nutrient loss from plants thus damaging their
leaves.
3. The water of lake and rivers is gradually becoming acidic due to
acid rain, which is affecting aquatic life.
4. Acid rain causes extensive damage to building and sculptural
materials like marble, limestone, slate, mortar, etc. These
materials become pitted and thus weaken mechanically.
 5. Acid rain increases corrosion of metals.
6. In high concentrations, it affects a person's breathing. In lower
concentrations, it injures lung tissues.
Question 2
How do you propose to control:
(a) carbon monoxide emission
(b) SOx emission
Answer
(a) Carbon monoxide pollution can be controlled in the following
ways:
1. By switching over from internal combustion engines to
electrically powered cars.
2. Many pollution control devices are now installed in cars. Most
of these devices help reduce pollution by burning gasoline
completely. Complete combustion of gasoline produces only
carbon dioxide and water vapour.
2C8H18 + 25O2 ⟶ 16CO2 + 18H2O
3. By using substitute fuels for gasoline: Natural gas in both
compressed (CNG) and liquefied forms (LNG) is now
increasingly being used as fuel. Alcohols are other feasible
substitutes.
4. By using catalytic convertors :
Carbon monoxide changes to carbon dioxide in the presence of
finely divided platinum as a catalyst.
Pt
2CO → CO2 + H2 O
[O]
(b) The main source of SOx emissions are industrial and metallurgical
processes. Such emissions can be reduced by using a scrubber, a
device which absorbs gaseous pollutants. It consists of a fine spray of
water. The gas rising from the stack is passed through the scrubber
where water absorbs sulphur dioxide.
Question 3
What are the components of clean, dry air?
Answer

Pure Air Components by Volume (% Proportion) Concentration (ppm)

Nitrogen 78.08 780,900

Oxygen 20.94 209,400

Inert gases

Argon 0.93 9300

Neon 18

Helium 5

Krypton 1

Xenon 1

Carbon dioxide 0.03 315

Methane 1
 Pure Air Components by Volume (% Proportion) Concentration (ppm)

Hydrogen 0.5

Natural pollutants

Oxides of Nitrogen 0.52

Ozone 0.52

Question 4
What is air pollution? How is it caused?
Answer
Air pollution means degradation of air quality due to the increase in
the concentration of harmful contaminants that affects human, plant
and animal lives.
Causes of air pollution are :
Natural Sources
1. Volcanoes — Volcanoes release large amounts of air pollutants
such as carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulphide,
chlorine, hydrogen chloride, hydrocarbons and particulates.
2. Decaying vegetation — Microbial action on organic matter in
soil releases a pollutant - nitrous oxide.
3. Forest fires release the poisonous gas - carbon monoxide.
4. Winds and dust storms carry particulate matter like sand and
dust.
Man-made sources
 1. Automobiles use diesel or petrol as fuel. Incomplete
combustion of these fuels releases carbon monoxide, sulphur
dioxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxide and particulates like lead.
2. Factories release carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen
monoxide and particulates.
3. Industrial processes release different types of air pollutants,
depending upon the type of process involved.
4. Decay of crop residue in rural areas is the main source of
carbon monoxide and methane.
5. Burning of plastics releases carbon monoxide and other harmful
gases.
Question 5
Why is cigarette-smoking harmful?
Answer
Cigarette smoking is harmful to both the smoker and those exposed
to secondhand smoke. Below are a few key points highlighting the
harmful effects of cigarette smoking :
1. It increases the risk of cancer due to the many toxic carcinogens
present in the cigarette smoke.
2. It damages the respiratory system causing respiratory diseases
like pneumonia, asthma, chronic bronchitis, etc.
3. It significantly increases the risk of heart diseases and stroke.
4. It affects almost every organ in the body. It weakens the
immune system, damages the skin, teeth, and gums, and
increases the risk of vision problems.
Question 6
Describe the major air pollutants. How does carbon monoxide
pollute our environment?
Answer
Major air pollutants are :
1. Nitrogen oxides (N2O, NO and NO2)
2. Hydrocarbons (mainly methane, CH4)
3. Sulphur oxides (SO2 and SO3)
4. Hydrogen sulphide (H2S)
5. Carbon monoxide (CO)
6. Particulates (small solid particles and liquid droplets)
Carbon monoxide is a highly poisonous gas. If inhaled, it binds with
haemoglobin 200 times more strongly than oxygen reducing the
blood's ability to carry oxygen by converting haemoglobin into
carboxyhaemoglobin. So, even in small quantities, it is fatal and can
lead to death.
In atmosphere, Carbon monoxide combines with oxygen to increase
carbon dioxide concentration leading to global warming.
Question 7
Explain the effect of sulphur dioxide on the atmosphere.
Answer
Effects of Sulphur dioxide on the atmosphere are :
1. It mixes with smoke and fog to form smog, which is very
harmful.
2. It is oxidised by atmospheric oxygen into sulphur trioxide (SO3)
which combines with water to form sulphuric acid. Sulphuric
 acid (H2SO4) is the cause of acid rain.
2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⟶ 2SO3 (g)
SO3 (g) + H2O (l) ⟶ H2SO4 (aq)
3. It destroys vegetation and weakens building
materials/constructions.
4. It causes headache, vomiting and even death due to respiratory
failure.
Question 8
Explain the formation of ozone in the atmosphere.
Answer
Ozone is formed by the action of ultraviolet rays of the Sun on
oxygen.
3O2 (g) ⟶ 2O3 (g)
High energy ultra violet radiation, help in breaking oxygen molecules
into oxygen atoms.
O2 + UV ⟶ O + O
Oxygen atoms then react with oxygen molecule to form ozone.
O + O2 ⟶ O3
Net reaction : 3O2 + UV ⟶ 2O3
Question 9
Explain the term 'global warming'. State two ways by which global
warming can be reduced.
Answer
The rise in temperature of earth surface due to the heat trapped by
greenhouse gases i.e., carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide,
ozone, chloro-fluoro-carbon compounds (CFCs) and water vapour
present in the atmosphere is called global warming.
Two ways by which global warming can be reduced are :
1. Minimize use of automobiles : depending on the situation, one
can use a bicycle or the public transport system and car pools.
2. Plant more trees to increase the green cover.
Question 10
What is the cause of acid rain? Give any two impacts of acid rain.
Answer
Fossil fuels contain compounds of nitrogen and sulphur in addition to
carbon. Due to combustion of these fuels, large amounts of sulphur
dioxide, oxides of nitrogen and carbon dioxide get discharged into
the atmosphere. These oxides dissolve in rainwater to form mineral
acids causing acid rain.
Two impacts of acid rain are :
1. Acid rain affects soil chemistry. It removes calcium and
potassium, both the basic ingredients of soil, thus making it
lose its fertility, which ultimately damages forests. Acid rain
causes nutrient loss from plants thus damaging their leaves.
2. The water of lakes and rivers is gradually becoming acidic due
to acid rain, which is affecting aquatic life.
Question 11
Describe the methods of saving the ozone layer.
Answer
Methods of saving the ozone layer are :
 1. Use of products that contain CFC's to be replaced by alternative
products.
2. Substitutes for CFC's have been initiated by scientists and use of
HCFC [hydrochlorofluorocarbons] is being considered. Labelling
products as CFC free is initiated.
3. International Treaty [Montreal protocol] was also initiated to
prevent ozone depletion.
Exercise 8D — Structured/Application/Skill Type
Question 1
Study the following figure and answer the questions that follow :

(a) What phenomenon is depicted in this figure ?

(b) Mention the cause of it and give the reactions involved.
(c) State any two consequences of the above phenomenon.
(d) List the ways by which you can reduce and/or prevent it from
happening.
Answer
(a) Acid rain
(b) Fossil fuels contain compounds of nitrogen and sulphur in
addition to carbon. Due to combustion of these fuels, large amounts
of sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen and carbon dioxide get
discharged into the atmosphere. These oxides dissolve in rainwater
to form mineral acids causing acid rain.
Formation of sulphuric acid : Sulphur dioxide is oxidised by
atmospheric oxygen into sulphur trioxide which combines with water
to form sulphuric acid.
2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⟶ 2SO3 (g)
SO3 (g) + H2O (l) ⟶ H2SO4 (aq)
Formation of nitric acid : Oxides of nitrogen are produced naturally
during thunder and lightning. They are also produced by internal
combustion engines.
high temperature
N2 + O2 → 2NO
(3000°C)

Nitrogen oxide then gets oxidized in the atmosphere to nitrogen

dioxide.
2NO + O2 ⟶ 2NO2
Nitrogen dioxide combines with water to form a mixture of nitrous
acid and nitric acid which causes acid rain.
2NO2 + H2O ⟶ HNO2 + HNO3
(c) Two consequences of acid rain are :
1. Acid rain affects soil chemistry. It removes calcium and
potassium, both the basic ingredients of soil, thus making it
lose its fertility, which ultimately damages forests. Acid rain
causes nutrient loss from plants thus damaging their leaves.
2. The water of lakes and rivers is gradually becoming acidic due
to acid rain, which is affecting aquatic life.
(d) The ways to reduce and/or prevent acid rain are :
1. Use coal or oil with low sulphur content to reduce the emission
of oxides of sulphur and nitrogen.
2. Use of scrubber (a device which absorbs gaseous pollutants) for
removing sulphur dioxide from a smoke stack.