UNIT CONVERTION & CONSTANTS

Prefix Symbol Value Length Conversion FORCE TEMPERATURE

Tera T 10¹² 1 km = 1000 m 1 N =1 kg·m/s² K = °C +273.15
Giga G 10⁹ 1 m = 100 cm 1 dyne =10⁻⁵ N °C =K−273.15
Mega M 10⁶ 1 cm = 10 mm 1 kgf =9.80665 N °F =(9/5)°C+32
Kilo k 10³ 1 mm = 1000 μm °C =(°F−32)5/9
Hecto h 10² 1 μm = 1000 nm DENSITY
Deca da 10¹ 1 nm = 10 Å 1 g/cm³ =1000 kg/m³ PRESSURE
Base — 10⁰ 1 Å = 10⁻¹⁰ m 1 kg/m³ =0.001 g/cm³ Unit Equivalent
Deci d 10⁻¹ 1 pm = 10⁻¹² m 1 atm 101325 Pa
Centi c 10⁻² SPEED 1 atm 760 Torr
Milli m 10⁻³ AREA 1 m/s =3.6 km/h 1 atm 760 mmHg
Micro μ 10⁻⁶ 1 km² = 10⁶ m² 1 km/h =0.2778 m/s 1 atm 1.01325
Nano n 10⁻⁹ 1 m² = 10⁴ cm² 1 mph =1.609 km/h bar
Pico p 10⁻¹² 1 cm² = 100 mm² 1 bar 10⁵ Pa
Femto f 10⁻¹⁵ 1 hectare = 10⁴ m² FREQUENCY 1 MPa 10⁶ Pa
Atto a 10⁻¹⁸ 1 acre = 4046.86 m² 1 Hz =1 s⁻¹ 1 GPa 10⁹ Pa
1 kHz =10³ Hz
MASS VOLUME 1 MHz =10⁶ Hz ENERGY
1 tonne = 1000 kg 1 m³ = 1000 L 1 GHz =10⁹ Hz 1 cal =4.184 J
1 kg = 1000 g 1 L = 1000 mL 1 THz =10¹² Hz 1 kcal =4184 J
1 g = 1000 mg 1 mL = 1 cm³ 1 eV
1 mg = 1000 μg 1 μL = 10⁻⁶ L CHARGE =1.60218×10⁻¹⁹ J
1 μg = 1000 ng 1 nm³ = 10⁻²⁷ m³ 1 C =1 A·s 1 J =6.242×10¹⁸ eV
1 ng = 1000 pg 1 Ah =3600 C 1 kWh =3.6×10⁶ J
1 amu (u)=1.66054×10⁻²⁷ MOLE 1 e =1.602176634×10⁻¹⁹
kg 1 mol =6.02214076×10²³ C POWER
1 u = 931.494 MeV/c² particles 1 W =1 J/s
1 mmol =10⁻³ mol CURRENT 1 kW =1000 W
VOLTAGE 1 μmol =10⁻⁶ mol 1 A =1000 mA 1 MW =10⁶ W
1 kV =1000 V 1 mA =1000 μA 1 hp =746 W
1 V =1000 mV CONCENTRATION 1 μA =1000 nA
1 mV =1000 μV 1 M =1 mol/L WAVENUMBER
1 mM =10⁻³ M WAVE ṽ=1/λ
RESISTANCE 1 μM =10⁻⁶ M INTERCONVERSION (cm⁻¹)
1 MΩ =10⁶ Ω 1 nM =10⁻⁹ M Wave speed v=fλ λ(cm)=1/ṽ
1 kΩ =1000 Ω Frequency f=v/λ λ(nm)=10⁷/ṽ
ELECTROCHEMISTRY Wavelength λ=v/f
CAPACITANCE Faraday F=96485 C/mol For light c=3×10⁸ m/s ANGULAR
1 F =1000 mF Charge Q=nF c=fλ FREQUENCY
1 mF =1000 μF Mass deposited m=QZ/F Frequency ν=c/λ ω=2πf
1 μF =1000 nF Wavelength λ=c/ν f=ω/2π
1 nF =1000 pF MECHANICS
Velocity PHOTON ENERGY MOMENTUM
ELECTRICITY v=u+at INTERCONVERSION p=mv
INTERCONVERSION Displacement E=hν p=h/λ
Charge Q=It s=ut+½at² E=hc/λ λ=h/p
Current I=Q/t v²=u²+2as λ=hc/E
Voltage V=W/Q Average velocity ν=E/h DE BROGLIE
Resistance R=V/I (u+v)/2 hc =1240 eV·nm RELATION
Power P=VI Average speed =1.986×10⁻²⁵ J·m λ=h/mv
P=I²R Total distance/Total time λ=h/p
P=V²/R FORCE
Electrical Energy CAPACITOR F=ma POTENTIAL
E=Pt Q=CV Weight W=mg ENERGY
E=Vit C=Q/V Gravitational force PE=mgh
Energy E=½CV² F=GMm/r²
OHM'S LAW Gravitational
V=IR POWER KINETIC ENERGY U=-GMm/r
I=V/R P=W/t KE=½mv²
R=V/I
 UNIT CONVERTION & CONSTANTS
GAS LAWS MODERN PHYSICS
PRESSURE PV=nRT Einstein
P=F/A Boyle E=mc²
P₁V₁=P₂V₂ Photon
DENSITY Charles E=hν
ρ=m/V V₁/T₁=V₂/T₂ de Broglie
Gay-Lussac λ=h/p
TORQUE P₁/T₁=P₂/T₂ Bohr radius
τ=rF Combined a₀=5.29×10⁻¹¹ m
P₁V₁/T₁=P₂V₂/T₂
ROTATIONAL
MOTION OPTICS
ω=θ/t Lens
α=(ω₂−ω₁)/t 1/f=1/v−1/u
v=rω Mirror
a=rα 1/f=1/v+1/u
Magnification
HEAT m=v/u
Q=mcΔT Power
Specific heat P=1/f
c=Q/mΔT (Diopter)
Latent heat
Q=mL

IMPORTANT CONSTANTS
Constant Value
Speed of light 2.99792458×10⁸ m/s
Planck constant 6.62607015×10⁻³⁴ J·s
Boltzmann constant 1.380649×10⁻²³ J/K
Gas constant 8.314462618 J/mol·K
Avogadro number 6.02214076×10²³
Electron charge 1.602176634×10⁻¹⁹ C
Faraday constant 96485 C/mol
Electron mass 9.109×10⁻³¹ kg
Proton mass 1.673×10⁻²⁷ kg
Neutron mass 1.675×10⁻²⁷ kg
Gravitational constant 6.674×10⁻¹¹ N·m²/kg²
Permittivity 8.854×10⁻¹² F/m
Permeability 4π×10⁻⁷ H/m
Stefan–Boltzmann 5.670×10⁻⁸ W·m⁻²·K⁻⁴
Rydberg constant 1.097×10⁷ m⁻¹
Atomic mass unit 1.66054×10⁻²⁷ kg
1 u energy 931.494 MeV/c²