investigatory
project
on
synthesis
of
fragrance
esters
submitted to
Mr. Ajay Verma
submitted by
Sejal Nim
1
class XII-D
Index
1. Certificate of authenticity
2. Acknowledgment
3. Introduction
what are esters?
use of esters in various sectors
4. Experiment
aim
theory
requirements
procedure
observation
calculations
5. Results
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certificate of
authenticity
This is to certify that Sejal Nim, a student of
class XII-D, DPS Indirapuram, has successfully
completed the research project on the topic,
under the guidance of Mr. Ajay Verma,
subject teacher.
This project is absolutely genuine and does
not indulge in plagiarism in any kind.
Mr. Ajay Verma
Chemistry teacher
signature:
___________________
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acknowledgment
I wish to express my gratitude with a great
pleasure towards my chemistry teacher, Mr.
Ajay Verma for his constant encouragement
and able guidance, he rendered to me for
completion of this project.
I am also highly thankful to my parents who
help me financially to undertake and
complete this investigation work.
Last but not least, i am thankful to the
internet, the NCERT textbooks and myself for
providing the brains for this project.
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introduction
What are esters?
Esters are compounds best known for their fruity
smell. In chemistry, an ester is an organic
compound derived from an acid (either organic or
inorganic) in which the hydrogen atom (H) of at
least one acidic hydroxyl group (−OH) of that acid
is replaced by an alkyl group (R).
These compounds contain a distinctive functional
group. Analogues derived from oxygen replaced
by other chalcogens belong to the ester category
as well. According to some authors, organyl
derivatives of acidic hydrogen of other acids are
esters as well (e.g. amides) but not according to
the IUPAC.
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Industrial use of esters
Esters are highly versatile organic compounds that
power multiple global sectors, most notably,
synthetic polymers, high-performance industrial
solvents, artificial fragrance and biodegradable
biofuels. They’re heavily
used in the food
and beverage
industries as
flouring agents,
artificial sense for
candies, baked
goods and
beverage,
mimicking, natural
fruits.
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also, they’re used in
cosmetic and personal
care as emulsifiers
and thickness and
lotion, creams and
makeup to improve
texture and skin
hydration, specifically
methyl paraben ester.
They are used in chemical
manufacturing in high
grade solvents for paints
and inks and adhesive, as
well as in the plastic and
textile industry to synthesize
synthetic fibers for clothing
and biodegradable
packaged plastics they are
used for energy and
lubrication as well.
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experiment:
synthesis of fragrance
esters
Aim:
to synthesize a fragrant ester by the process of esterification
Introduction:
esters are organic compounds known for their pleasant and
fruity smell. This project focuses on synthesis of fragrant tester,
specifically Ethyl Ethanoate, which is one of the most
commonly used fragrant ester in the industry. and exploring this
specification process, understanding reaction, conditions, and
study how Ester are prepared for commercial use in fragrance
applications.
Theory:
Esters are chemical compounds formed by a reaction between
acid and alcohol where the hydrogen atom in acid is replaced
by organic group such as alcohol or group. They are found by
esterification a condensation reaction between a carboxylic
acid and an alcohol in the present of a strong acid catalyst like
concentrated sulphuric acid.
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This reaction produces an Esther and water and is reversible.
So axis reactants or removal of water helps increase yield. For
example when ethanoic acid acetic acid reacts with ethanol
to form ethyl ethanol a fragrant test.
Material required:
Carboxylic acid (acetic acid)
Alcohol (ethanol)
Concentrated sulfuric acid (catalyst)
Sodium bicarbonate (for washing)
Test tubes or conical flask
Water bath or heating set up
Beaker
Glass stirring rod
Droppers or pipettes
Procedure:
Mixing reactants: take five ml of ethanol and five ml of
glacial acetic acid in a dry test tube or clinical flask
Adding catalyst: carefully add 1-2 ml of concentrated
sulfuric acid to the mixture stir gently using glass rod
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Heating: place the test tube or flask in a water bath and warm
the mixture gently for 10-15 minutes. Avoid boiling or
overheating
Cooling: after heating remove mixture from water bath and
allow it to cool.
Dilution and washing: pour the reaction mixture into a beaker
containing about 20 ml of distilled water. This helps to stop the
reaction.
Washing with sodium bicarbonate: at 20 ml of 5% sodium
bicarbonate solution slowly to the diluted mixture while stirring
gently. This neutralizes any remaining acid and removes sulfuric
acid.
Separation: allow the mixture to settle. You will observe two
layers— an aqueous layer and an ester layer (usually on top
since esters are less dense than water).
Isolation of ester: use a pipette or separator funnel to
separate the upper layer carefully
Smelling: smell the separated ester carefully, and identify the
characteristic fruity fragrance of ethyl acetate.
Chemical equation:
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Steps Observation
Mixing of reactants Clear coulourless solution formed
After adding Sulphuric acid Slight warming, no immediate change
During heating No visible reaction, the mixture remains clear
After adding to water Two layers formed
After washing with Sodium
Effervescence observed due to CO2 release
bicarbonate
Upper layer with fruity smell (ethyl acetate) is
After separartion
formed
Result:
A colorless liquid with a sweet fruity fragrance was obtained after
the esterification of ethanol and acetic acid in the presence of
concentrated sulfuric acid. The product formed was ethyl
acetate, or ethyl ethanoate, which separated as the upper layer
and was confirmed by its characteristic oder.
Conclusion:
Experiments successfully demonstrated that the synthesis of a
fragrant ester ethyl acetate through esterification. The reaction
was carried out using acetic acid and ethanol in the presence of
concentrated sulfuric acid as a catalyst. The final product was
identified by sweet fruity oder, confirming the formation of ester.
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THANK
YOU!
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