BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
CC101- INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING

Maryjes G. Calades

College of Arts & Sciences

 1 | Intro to Human Computer Interaction i

PREFACE

This module provides an overview of the Computing Industry and Computing

Profession, including Research and Applications in different fields: and appreciation of
computing in different fields such as Biology, Sociology, Environment and Gaming; an
Understanding of ACM Requirements; an Appreciation on the History of Computing and
Knowledge of the Key Components of Computer Systems (Organization and Architecture),
Malware, Computer Security, Internet and Internet Protocols, HTML 4/5 and CSS.

UNIT I: Computer Careers and Certification

UNIT II: Digital Literacy: Introducing a World of Technology
UNIT III: Computer Systems (Organization and Architecture)
UNIT IV: Introduction to HTML
UNIT V: Introduction to Cascading Style Sheets

Each unit composed of six (6) parts namely: Learning Outcomes, Introduction,
Discussion, Assessment, References, and Acknowledgement.

Learning Outcomes – In this part, students will identify what they will know and be able to
do by the end of a course or program.
Introduction - This part describes the scope, and brief explanation or summary of the certain
topic.
Discussion – In this part, students will learn and explore the different topics of the unit.

Assessment – In this section, students need to answer several questions related to the topics
discussed in order for the instructor to evaluate their learnings.
References – This part presents the citations of sources of information.
Acknowledgement – In this section, references/authors are recognized.
 1 | Introduction to Computing 1

UNIT 1
Computer Careers and Certification

1.0 Learning Outcomes

After completing this module, you will be able to:

a. Assess career path in IT.

1.1 Introduction
We live in a time of great change career-wise; jobs are lost to automation and others
are changing what skills are required. With changes like these in the market, you may be
considering a shift to a career in technology or, perhaps, you’re already in the field and
want to advance. In many industries, there continues to be strong demand for highly
skilled IT specialists.

1.2 Computer Careers and Certification

The Computer Industry

• A demand for computer professionals continues to grow
• IT is predicted to be the fastest growing industry for the next several years

Careers in the Computer Industry

Job opportunities in the computer industry generally are available in one or
more of these areas:
 1 | Introduction to Computing 2

1. General business and government organizations and their IT departments

2. Computer equipment field
3. Computer software field
4. Computer service and repair field
5. Computer sales
6. Computer education and training field
7. IT consulting

• Employees in the IT department work together as a team to meet the

information requirements of their organization
• Employees also are responsible for keeping all the computer operations and
networks running
Jobs in the IT department typically are divided into six main areas:
1. Management
2. System development and programming
3. Technical services
4. Operations
5. Training
6. Security

Top 10 Highest Paying IT Jobs in 2020

Here’s a look at just some of the highest-paying IT jobs, according to Robert
Half Technology’s 2020 Salary Guide and Simplilearn:

1. Big data engineer

Businesses need individuals who can transform large amounts of raw data into
actionable information for strategy-setting, decision-making, and innovation — and
pay well for people with these skills. The salary midpoint (or median national salary)
for big data engineers is $163,250. These professionals typically create a company’s
software and hardware architecture, along with the systems people need to work with
the data. Big data engineers usually have a degree in computer science and expertise
in mathematics and databases.

2. Mobile applications developer

Just look at your phone or tablet applications and it’s pretty easy to figure out
why mobile applications developers are in demand. These IT pros need expertise in
developing applications for popular platforms, such as iOS and Android. They also
must have experience coding with mobile frameworks and mobile development
 1 | Introduction to Computing 3

languages, as well as a knowledge of web development languages. The salary

midpoint for mobile application developers is $146,500.

3. Information systems security manager

Successful candidates for this hot job possess a technical background in systems
and network security, but also have great interpersonal and leadership abilities.
Analytical and problem-solving skills are key, as are excellent communication
abilities. Information systems security managers also need to keep up with security
trends and government regulations. Certifications such as Certified Information
Systems Security Professional (CISSP) or CompTIA Security+ are often requested by
employers. These IT pros earn a midpoint salary of $143,250.

4. Applications architect
These tech pros, who have a mean salary of $141,750, design the main parts of
applications, including the user interface, middleware, and infrastructure. In addition
to strong technical abilities, they need to be able to work well on teams and sometimes
manage them. Excellent communication and planning skills are required for this job.
It’s one of the highest-paying IT jobs because just about every company wants to
improve existing applications or create new ones.

5. Data architect
These tech professionals are responsible for the complicated processes essential
to making strategic business decisions. They translate business requirements into
database solutions and oversee data storage (data centers) and how the data is
organized. Ensuring the security of those databases is part of the job as well. The salary
midpoint for data architects is $141,250.

6. Database manager
Just about every business has some sort of database, and these tech pros
maintain and support a firm’s database environment, helping companies use data
more strategically to meet their goals. And they get a midpoint salary of $133,500 to
do it. Database managers are especially needed in large organizations with
voluminous amounts of data to manage and must possess strong leadership and
strategic planning skills.

7. Internet of Things (IoT) Solutions Architect

The IoT solutions architect is a leadership role in overseeing the strategy behind
the development and deployment of IoT solutions. In addition to understanding IoT
solutions, one should also have strong programming skills, an understanding of
 1 | Introduction to Computing 4

Machine Learning, and knowledge of hardware design and architecture. An IoT

solutions architect is responsible for leading as well as participating in the activities
around architecture and design, helping to develop an overall IoT ecosystem
engagement based on the IoT Solution Framework, and translating business needs
into solution architecture [Link] average yearly salary of an IoT solutions
architect is $133,000.

8. Blockchain Engineer
A blockchain engineer specializes in developing and implementing
architecture and solutions using blockchain technology. Due to the rapid rise of this
technology, we already have a shortage of trained professionals for this role.
A blockchain engineer should have solid programming skills and a thorough
understanding of the technologies behind Ripple, R3, Etherium, and Bitcoin as well as
consensus methodologies and the security protocol stacks, crypto libraries, and
functions. The average yearly salary of a blockchain engineer is $130,000.

9. Data security analyst

Data security analysts must thoroughly understand computer and network
security, including firewall administration, encryption technologies, and network
protocols. The job also requires excellent communication and problem-solving skills
and knowledge of trends in security and government regulations. A professional
certification, such as a Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP)
designation, is beneficial. The salary midpoint for data security analysts is $129,000.

10. Software engineer

The mean national salary for software engineers is $125,750. They design and
create engineering specs for both applications and software, which means they’re
almost always in demand. Software engineers must have information systems
knowledge and typically a bachelor’s degree in computer science or a related area.
Specific programming language knowledge is required, as well as strong
communication skills.
Although these are some of the highest paying jobs in technology, plenty of
other fields like cybersecurity and digital marketing are short on skilled professionals
so keep looking if none of the careers described above appeal to you. If one of them
does sound like a domain you’d like to transition into, keep in mind that you have
various options such as going to school or pursue certifications through online
learning and begin the process of training for one of these new roles and follow the
money into one of these highest paying jobs.
 1 | Introduction to Computing 5

General business and government organizations and their IT departments

Computer Equipment Field

• The computer equipment field consists of

manufacturers and distributors of
computers and computer-related
hardware

• Careers in this field are available with

companies that design, manufacture, and
produce computers and devices

Computer Software Field

The computer software field consists of companies that develop, manufacture, and
support a wide range of software. Job titles might include:

1. Project leader
2. Project manager
3. Desktop or mobile application programmer/developer
4. Technical lead
5. Software engineer
6. Computer scientist
 1 | Introduction to Computing 6

Computer Service and Repair Field

The computer service and

repair field requires a knowledge of
electronics provides:
1. Preventive maintenance
2. Component installation
3. Repair services

Computer Salespeople

Computer salespeople must possess a

general understanding of computers and a
specific knowledge of the products they are
selling. Some work for computer
equipment and software manufacturers,
and others work for retailers.

Corporate Trainers

Corporate trainers teach employees how to use

software, design and develop systems, write
programs, and perform other computer-related
activities.
 1 | Introduction to Computing 7

1.2.1 Preparing for a Career in the Computer Industry

To prepare for a career in the computer industry, you first must decide on the area in
which you are interested and then become educated in that field. If you desire a formal
education, several options are available, which include attending a trade school, a college
that offers two-year degrees, or a college or university that offers four-year degrees. Some
classes are held on campus; others are offered online. After obtaining your education, you
must remain current with changes in the field. The following sections discuss various options
for obtaining formal computer education and methods of remaining current after embarking
on a career in the computer industry.
Attending a Trade School
A trade school, also called a technical school, vocational school, or career college,
offers programs primarily in the areas:
1. Programming
2. Web design and development
3. Graphics design
4. Hardware maintenance
5. Networking
6. Personal computer support
7. Security

If you attend a two-year college, check for an articulation agreement with a four-year
university. Three broad disciplines produce the greatest number of entry-level employees.

Attending a College or University

At colleges and universities, three broad disciplines produce the majority of entry-level
employees in the computer industry: computer information systems, computer science, and
computer engineering. Another program sometimes offered is software engineering, whose
 1 | Introduction to Computing 8

definition varies depending on the school, which may combine characteristics from each of
these disciplines. The characteristics of each program are summarized in the following figure:

Computer information
Computer Science Computer Engineering
systems
• Programming • Artificial intelligence • Application and
• Operating systems • Data communications systems
• Systems analysis and • Data and file programming
design structures • Data and file
• Databases • Operating systems structures
• Networking • Application and • Networks
• Web development systems • Operating systems
programming
• Systems analysis and
design

Computer professionals with common interests and a desire to extend their proficiency
form computer-related professional organizations.
A user group is a collection of people with common computer equipment or software
interests. It can be an effective and rewarding way to learn about and continue career
development.

1.3 Certification & Guide to Certification

Information technology is a highly dynamic and ever-changing field. As the industry
evolves, so do the required skills needed for strong employees. In order to stay up-to-date
with these new technologies, as well as competitive in general, it is important to regularly
continue your education. One of the best ways to do this is by getting an IT certification.
Certification is the process of verifying the technical knowledge of an individual who has
demonstrated competence in a particular area. Computer certifications are available in these
areas:
1. Application software
2. Operating systems
3. Programming
4. Hardware
5. Networking
6. Digital forensics
7. Security
 1 | Introduction to Computing 9

8. The Internet
9. Database systems

Selecting a certification requires careful thought and research.

Certification training options are available to suit every learning style.

Online training Instructor-led

Self-study Web resources
classes training
• Requires high • Students set • Typically span • May include
motivation their own pace from several detailed course
• Least expensive • Can be one- days to several objectives,
third the price months training guides,
of instructor-led • Some sponsors sample test
programs hold their own questions, chat
sessions rooms, and
discussion
groups

Certifications are typically taken on a computer at a testing center. With computerized

adaptive testing (CAT), the tests analyze a person’s responses while taking the test.
Once you choose the certification you want to earn, it’s time to prepare.

 Learn all about the certification process – for example, where and how will you take the
test, how much will it cost, how do you register, are there prerequisites and will you
need any special supplies or equipment.
 Choose your training option. Will you take a class, use a self-paced e-learning tool or
study on your own? Decide which makes the most sense for you based on your learning
style and timeline.
 Become familiar with the exam by downloading official exam objectives and sample
questions and by reading what other IT pros have said about the exams.
 Register and pay for your exam and mark your calendar. Give yourself ample time to
study so you can go in confidently and ace your test.
 1 | Introduction to Computing 10

Why should I consider IT Certification?

According to CompTIA, the largest vendor-neutral certifying group, 91% of
employers believe IT certifications play a key role in the hiring process and that IT
certifications are a reliable predictor of a successful employee.

Stay Relevant

Continuing education is important in any industry, but it’s crucial in a field like
technology. IT certifications help professionals stay relevant in their specialty, requiring you
to attend conferences, participate in webinars, take classes, or write for publications sharing
your subject matter expertise.

Ramp Up Your Skills

Whether you are looking for a new position entirely, or are looking at moving up
through promotions, many people apply for jobs that allow them to further their growth,
typically without having the necessary skills required at the time of hire. By obtaining an IT
certification through classes and online training modules, it allows you to gain the skills
needed in order to meet your career goals. This knowledge can be immediately applied on
the job and provides instant advantages.

Invest in Yourself

New knowledge and education are never wasted. By getting a certification, it not only
shows to your employer (current or future) that you are invested in your career, but it also
proves that you are a lifelong learner that never wants to stop improving. Obtaining an IT
certification only furthers your knowledge and could move you in a different direction that
you are passionate about.

What are the top IT certifications?

Global Knowledge recently published the 15 top-paying IT certifications in 2019 based

on the results of their 2019 IT Skills & Salary Report research. These reveal the current
philosophy shifts and tech trends impacting IT departments in the United States, with
most emphasizing cloud computing, project management, cybersecurity, and
networking.

1. Google Certified Professional Cloud Architect

This certification allows IT professionals to certify as a cloud architect on the Google

Cloud Platform. It demonstrates the ability to design, develop and manage a secure,
scalable and reliable cloud architecture using GCP technologies.
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2. PMP – Project Management Professional

PMP was created and is administered by the Project Management Institute (PMI®)
and is considered the most important industry-recognized certification for project
managers. This certification provides assurance that the holder has both the content
knowledge and field experience to effectively define, plan and deliver their projects.

3. Certified ScrumMaster

Created and managed by the Scrum Alliance, obtaining a Certified ScrumMaster

certificate proves that you are well-verses in both understanding the Agile Scrum
methodology as well as putting it into practice. Typically, a Certified ScrumMaster will
lead a team and help them learn the Scrum framework while performing to the best of
their abilities. Attaining this certification gives you a two-year membership to the Scrum
Alliance.

4. AWS Certified Solutions Architect – Associate

The AWS Certified Solutions Architect Associate-level exam demonstrates an

individual’s expertise in designing and deploying scalable systems on AWS. With further
market need for skilled and certified AWS solutions architects as cloud continues to grow,
this certification will also continue to be in-demand.

5. AWS Certified Developer – Associate

The AWS Certified Developer – Associate certification validates technical expertise

in developing and maintaining applications on AWS as well as being able to efficiently
use AWS SDKs to interact with services from within applications and write code that
optimizes AWS application performance.

6. Microsoft Certified Solutions Expert (MCSE): Core Infrastructure

This certification validates that you have the skills needed to run a highly efficient
and modern data center, identity management, systems management, virtualization,
storage, and networking. Earning an MCSE: Core Infrastructure certification qualifies you
for such jobs as administrator, architect, computer support specialist, and information
security analyst.

7. ITIL® Foundation

ITIL Foundation is the entry-level ITIL certification and provides a broad-based

understanding of the IT service lifecycle. The newest version, ITIL 4, was released this
year and introduces new ways of working, such as DevOps, Agile and Lean IT.
 1 | Introduction to Computing 12

8. CISM – Certified Information Security Manager

ISACA created and maintains the CISM certification which is aimed at

professionals who manage organizations’ IT security. This certification requires at least
five years of hands-on experience in information security, with at least three of those as a
security manager.

9. CRISC – Certified in Risk and Information Systems Control

ISACA also offers and manages this certification which focuses on risk management
proficiency. CRISC certification proves professionals gave the ability to help
organizations understand their business risk as well as develop, implement, and maintain
information systems controls.

10. CISSP – Certified Information Systems Security Professional

Offered by the International Information Systems Security Certification

Consortium (ISC)² as a vendor-neutral credential, CISSP is designed to prove security
expertise, and is one of the most sought-after certifications in cybersecurity. The exam
covers a variety of domains, including areas such as security and risk management,
communications and network security, software development security, asset security,
security architecture and engineering, identity and access management, security
assessment and testing, and security operations.

11. CEH – Certified Ethical Hacker

The International Council of E-Commerce Consultants (EC-Council) created and

manages the Certified Ethical Hacker certification, whose goal is to demonstrate ethical
hacking methodologies that can be used in penetration testing. Passing the CEH exam is
the only step needed to certification. The exam is designed to test a candidate’s abilities
to find weaknesses and vulnerabilities in a company’s network defenses using techniques
and methods that hackers typically employ.

12. Citrix Certified Associate – Virtualization (CCA-V)

The Citrix Certified Associate – Virtualization certification is entry-level and

demonstrates the basics of managing, maintaining, monitoring and troubleshooting. In
order to gain certification, hands-on experience and passing the exam is required.

13. CompTIA Security+

CompTIA Security+ is an intermediate-level certification that demonstrates

mastery of security topics like data, application, host, network, physical and operational
security.
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14. CompTIA Network+

The CompTIA Network+ focuses on foundational networking skills, including

installation, maintenance and troubleshooting of networks, protocols for both the LAN
and WAN, and the importance of network security. Passing this exam proves that you
have knowledge related to network infrastructure and network protocols. The CompTIA
IT Fundamentals certification and CompTIA A+ certification are prerequisites for this
certification.

15. Cisco Certified Networking Professional (CCNP) Routing and Switching

The Cisco Certified Networking Professional (CCNP) Routing and Switching

certification is an advanced certification that ensures network engineers and
administrators have the skills to plan, implement, verify and troubleshoot local and wide
area enterprise networks. It also shows that these professionals are able to work
collaboratively with specialists on advanced security, voice, wireless and video solutions.

Direction:
 1 | Introduction to Computing 14

The following table shows the rubric that will be used in evaluating your
video presentation/vlog.

Excellent Good Average Needs

Criteria improvement
5 4 3 2
The presentation The . The Organization The
was very easy to presentation presentation presentation was
follow was easy to was not easy difficult to follow
Organization
follow. to follow. due to
disorganization of
the utterances.
Accuracy of The student The student The student Accuracy of
language communicated well made a few made some language use It
using correct mistakes in mistakes in was hard to
vocabulary and vocabulary vocabulary understand due to
grammar and and grammar. incorrect use of
grammar but vocabulary and
there were grammar.
no patterns
of errors.
Understanding The student clearly The student The student The student did
of topic. understood the seemed to clearly not show an
topic in-depth and understand understood adequate
presented his/her the main most aspects understanding of
information points of the of the topic the topic.
convincingly. topic and and
presented presented
those with his/her
ease. information
with ease.
Accuracy of All information Most Most Most of the
information presented in writing information information information was
was clear, accurate presented in presented in inaccurate or not
and thorough. writing was writing was clear.
clear, clear, but was
accurate and not usually
thorough. accurate.
The student The student
The student was was able to was able to The student was
able to accurately accurately accurately unable to
Comprehension answer almost all answer most answer a few accurately answer
questions about the questions questions questions about
topic. about the about the the topic.
topic topic.
 1 | Introduction to Computing 15

1.3 References

Vermaat, Misty E. et al. Discovering Computers: Technology, Data, and Devices. Cengage
Learning : USA, 2018.
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]?id=DAAxDgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=kp_read_button&redir_es
c=y#v=onepage&q&f=false

1.4 Acknowledgement

All the figures and information presented in this module were taken from the
references enumerated above.
 1 | Introduction to Computing 16

Unit 2
Digital Literacy: Introducing a World of Technology

2.0 Learning Outcomes

After completing this chapter, you will be able to:
a. Demonstrate steps on how to protect computer from malware and viruses.
b. Create a case report on information technology best practices in various applications
in IT industry.

2.1 Introduction
Technology is an integral part of life at school, home, and work. Technology can enable
you to more efficiently and effectively access and search for information; share personal
ideas, photos, and videos with friends, family, and others; communicate with and meet other
people; manage finances; shop for goods and services; play games or access other sources of
entertainment; keep your life and activities organized; and complete business activities.
Because technology changes, you must keep up with the changes to remain digitally literate.
Digital literacy (Having a current knowledge and understanding of computers, mobile
devices, the Internet, and related technologies.) involves having a current knowledge and
understanding of computers, mobile devices, the Internet, and related technologies.

2.2 Computers
Computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its
own memory, that can accept data (input), process the data according to specified rules,
produce information (output), and store the information for future use.

Characteristics of a Computer
1. Speed – a computer can perform tasks very fast, no human being can compete to
solving the complex computation faster than computer.
2. Accuracy – since the computer is programmed, so whatever input we give it gives
result accurately.
3. Diligence – computer can work for hours without any break and creating error.
4. Versatility – computer can be used to perform completely different type of work
at the same time.
5. Power of remembering – every piece of information that a user stores on a
computer can be retained as long as is needed.
6. No feeling – computers are devoid of emotion, they have no feeling and instincts
because they are machine.
 1 | Introduction to Computing 17

2.2.1 Mobile and Game Devices

Mobile Device
Mobile device is a computing device small enough to hold in your hand.

Are mobile devices computer?

The mobile devices discussed in this section can be categorized as computers because
they operate under the control of instructions stored in their own memory, can accept data,
process the data according to specified rules, produce or display information, and store the
information for future use.

Types of Mobile Devices

1. Smartphone - is an Internet-capable phone that usually also includes a calendar,

an appointment book, an address book, a calculator, a notepad, games, and several
other apps (which are programs on a smartphone).
2. Digital camera - is a mobile device that allows you to take photos and store the
photographed images digitally.
3. Portable media player - mobile device on which you can store, organize, and play
or view digital media and sometimes called a personal media player.

Game Devices

Game device is a mobile computing device designed for single-player or

multiplayer video games. Gamers often connect the game console to a television so that
they can view their gameplay on the television's screen

Games Accessories and Input Techniques

1. Gamepad - holding the gamepad with both hands, press buttons with your
thumbs or move sticks in various directions to trigger events.
2. Air gesture - moving your body or a handheld device in predetermined directions
through the air, you may need at least six feet of open space to accommodate your
motions.
3. Voice command - speaking instructions toward the game console, ensure no
background noise is in the room, or use a headset.
4. Fitness Accessories - working with fitness accessories, such as balance boards and
resistance bands, you can make fitness fun and functional.

Categories of Games

1. Action and adventure: Characters move through their world by running, jumping,
and climbing in an attempt to reach the next level of play and eventually defeat a
villain or rescue a prisoner.
 1 | Introduction to Computing 18

2. Education: Engaging and entertaining puzzles and problems present practical

instruction and possible assessment to teach skills and concepts that are applicable
in real-world circumstances.
3. Music and fitness: Individuals and groups improve their physical and mental
fitness while engaging in athletic competitions, aerobics, dance, and yoga.
4. Puzzle and Strategy: Players use their skills and intelligence to solve problems,
generally with the goal of moving objects to create a pattern.
5. Racing and Sports: Athletes and drivers strive to complete a course or to cross a
finish line in record time.
6. Role-playing: Gamers assume the role of a character and experience adventures
while on a major quest.
7. Simulation: Players control an activity in a simulated situation, such as piloting
an airplane or playing an instrument in a rock band.

2.2.2 Data and Information

Data is a collection of unprocessed items, which can include text, numbers, images,
audio, and video.

Information is a processed data that conveys meaning to users.) conveys meaning to

users. Both business and home users can make well-informed decisions because they have
instant access to information from anywhere in the world.

Data Processing Activities

1. Collection - data originates in the form of events transaction or some observations.

This data is then recorded in some usable form.
2. Conversion - once the data is collected, it is converted from its source documents
to a form that is more suitable for processing.
3. Manipulation - once data is collected and converted, it is ready for the
manipulation function which converts data into information. Manipulation
consists of following activities:
a. Sorting - it involves the arrangement of data items in a desired sequence.
b. Calculating - arithmetic manipulation of data is called calculating. Items of
recorded data can be added to one another, subtracted, divided or multiplied
to create new data. Calculation is an integral part of data processing.
c. Summarizing - to summarize is to condense or reduce masses of data to a more
usable and concise form.
d. Comparing - to compare data is to perform an evaluation in relation to some
known measure.
4. Managing the Output Results - once data has been captured and manipulated
following activities may be carried out:
a. Storing - to store is to hold data for continued or later use. Storage is essential
for any organized method of processing and re-using data. The storage
mechanisms for data processing systems are file cabinets in a manual system,
 1 | Introduction to Computing 19

and electronic devices such as magnetic disks/magnetic tapes in case of

computer based system.
b. Retrieving - to retrieve means to recover or find again the stored data or
information. Retrieval techniques use data storage devices. Thus data, whether
in file cabinets or in computers can be recalled for further processing. Retrieval
and comparison of old data gives meaning to current information.
5. Communication - is the process of sharing information. Unless the information is
made available to the users who need it, it is worthless. Thus, communication
involves the transfer of data and information produced by the data processing
system to the prospective users of such information or to another data processing
system.
6. Reproduction - to reproduce is to copy or duplicate data or information. This
reproduction activity may be done by hand or by machine.

These data processing activities is shown in the following figure.

2.2.3 Internet

Internet is a worldwide collection of computer networks that connects millions of

businesses, government agencies, educational institutions, and individuals.

World Wide Web (or web, for short) is a global library of information available
to anyone connected to the Internet. People around the world access the web to
accomplish a variety of online tasks, including:
 Search for information
 1 | Introduction to Computing 20

 Conduct research
 Communicate with and meet other people
 Share information, photos, and videos with others
 Access news, weather, and sports
 Participate in online training
 Shop for goods and services
 Play games with others
 Download or listen to music
 Watch videos
 Download or read books

Website is a collection of related webpages, which are stored on a web server.

Web server is a computer that delivers requested webpages to your computer or

mobile device.

2.2.4 Digital Security and Safety

People rely on computers to create, store, and manage their information. To safeguard
this information, it is important that users protect their computers and mobile devices.

Malware is short for malicious software, is software that acts without a user's
knowledge and deliberately alters the computer's and mobile device's operations. Examples
of malware include viruses, worms, trojan horses, rootkits, spyware, adware, and zombies.

Each of these types of malware attacks your computer or mobile device differently.
Some are harmless pranks that temporarily freeze, play sounds, or display messages on your
computer or mobile device. Others destroy or corrupt data, instructions, and information
stored on the infected computer or mobile device.

Protection from Viruses and other Malware

1. Use virus protection software. Install a reputable antivirus program and then scan
the entire computer to be certain it is free of viruses and other malware. Update the
antivirus program and the virus signatures (known specific patterns of viruses)
regularly.
2. Use a firewall. Set up a hardware firewall or install a software firewall that protects
your network's resources from outside intrusions.
3. Be suspicious of all unsolicited email attachments. Never open an email attachment
unless you are expecting it and it is from a trusted source. When in doubt, ask the
sender to confirm the attachment is legitimate before you open it. Delete or quarantine
flagged attachments immediately.
 1 | Introduction to Computing 21

4. Disconnects our computer from the Internet. If you do not need Internet access,
disconnect the computer from the Internet. Some security experts recommend
disconnecting from the computer network before opening email attachments.
5. Download software with caution. Download programs or apps only from websites
you trust, especially those with music and movie sharing software.
6. Close spyware windows. If you suspect a pop-up window (rectangular Internet
Research area that suddenly appears on your screen) may be spyware, close the
window. Never click an Agree or OK button in a suspicious window.
7. Before using any removable media, scan it for malware. Follow this procedure even
for shrink-wrapped software from major developers. Some commercial software has
been infected and distributed to unsuspecting users. Never start a computer with
removable media inserted in the computer unless you are certain the media are
uninfected.
8. Keep current. Install the latest updates for your computer software. Stay informed
about new virus alerts and virus hoaxes.
9. Back up regularly. In the event your computer becomes unusable due to a virus attack
or other malware, you will be able to restore operations if you have a clean
(uninfected) backup.

2.2.5 Programs and Applications

Programs consists of a series of related instructions, organized for a common purpose,

that tells the computer what tasks to perform and how to perform them.

Two Categories of Software

1. System Software – consists of the program that control or maintain the operations of
the computer and its devices.

Example:

Operating system - is a set of programs that controls the computer hardware and acts
as an interface with applications. Operating systems can control one or more
computers, or they can allow multiple users to interact with one computer.

Utility programs help to perform maintenance or correct problems with a computer

system.

2. Application Software – consists of programs designed to make users more

productive and/or assist them with personal tasks.
 1 | Introduction to Computing 22

Categories of Applications and Its Uses

Category Sample Application Sample Uses

Create letters, reports, and
other
documents.
Word Processing Create visual aids for
Presentation presentations.
Productivity Schedule and Contact Organize appointments and
Management contact
Personal Finance lists.
Balance checkbook, pay
bills, and
track income and expenses.
Modify digital photos, i.e.,
crop,
remove red-eye, etc.
Photo Editing Modify recorded movie
Graphics and Media Video and Audio Editing clips, add
Media Player music, etc.
View images, listen to
audio/music,
watch videos.
View maps, obtain route
directions,
locate points of interest.
Look up material in
Travel, Mapping, and dictionaries,
Navigation encyclopedias, etc.
Personal Interest Reference Learn through tutors and
Educational prepare for tests.
Entertainment Receive entertainment news
alerts,
check movie times and
reviews, play
games.
Communications Browser Access and view webpages.
Email Send and receive messages.
VoIP Speak to other users over
FTP the
Internet.
Transfer items to and from
other
computers on the Internet.
 1 | Introduction to Computing 23

Security Antivirus Protect a computer against

Personal Firewall viruses.
Spyware, Adware, and Detect and protect against
other Malware Removers unauthorized intrusions.
Detect and delete spyware,
adware,
and other malware.

Desktop Applications are those applications stored on a computer. Often is used to

describe applications stored on a computer.

Web Applications are those applications stored on a web server that you access
through a browser.

Mobile Applications are those applications you download from a mobile device's
application store or other location.

2.2.6 Communications and Networks

Computer communications describe a process in which two or more computers or

devices transfer (send and receive) data, instructions, and information over transmission
media via a communications device(s).

Communications Device - is hardware capable of transferring items from computers

and devices to transmission media and vice versa. Examples of communications devices are
modems, wireless access points, and routers.

Network is a collection of computers and devices connected together, often wirelessly,

via communications devices and
transmission media.

Types of Networks

1. Local Area Network (LAN) - refers to a group of computers that all belong to the
same organization and that are linked within a small geographic area using a
network and often the same technology.

2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) - connects multiple geographically close

LANs (over an area of up to several dozen miles) to one another at high speeds.
Thus, a MAN lets two remote nodes communicate as if they were part of the same
local area network.
 1 | Introduction to Computing 24

3. Wide Area Network (WAN) - connects multiple LANs to one another over great
geographic distances. The speed available on a WAN varies depending on the cost
of the connections, which increases with distance, and may be low.

2.2.7 Netiquette

Netiquette is the code of acceptable Internet behavior.

2.2.8 The Core Rules of Netiquette — Summary

Rule 1. Remember the human.

Never forget that the person reading your mail or posting is, indeed, a person, with
feelings that can be hurt.
Corollary 1 to Rule #1: It's not nice to hurt other people's feelings.
Corollary 2: Never mail or post anything you wouldn't say to your reader's face.
Corollary 3: Notify your readers when flaming.

Rule 2. Adhere to the same standards of behavior online that you follow in real
life.
Corollary 1: Be ethical.
Corollary 2: Breaking the law is bad Netiquette.

Rule 3. Know where you are in cyberspace.

 1 | Introduction to Computing 25

Corollary 1: Netiquette varies from domain to domain.

Corollary 2: Lurk before you leap.

Rule 4. Respect other people's time and bandwidth.

Corollary 1: It's OK to think that what you're doing at the moment is the most
important thing in the universe, but don't expect anyone else to agree with you.
Corollary 2: Post messages to the appropriate discussion group.
Corollary 3: Try not to ask stupid questions on discussion groups.
Corollary 4: Read the FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) document.
Corollary 5: When appropriate, use private email instead of posting to the group.
Corollary 6: Don't post subscribe, unsubscribe, or FAQ requests.
Corollary 7: Don't waste expert readers' time by posting basic information.

Direction: Below are the tasks you need to follow.

Task 1:

Task 2: Create a case report on information technology best practices in

various applications in IT industry.
 1 | Introduction to Computing 26

The following table shows the rubric that will be used by your instructor in evaluating your
case study report.

Excellent Good Average Needs

improvement
5 3 2 1

Insufficient use of
Strong use of sources -
Some use of sources and/or
including summary, Good use of
Knowledge and sources and sources
quotations, sources and
argumentation very little or misunderstood.
interpretation and some
unclear Unclear or
analysis. argumentation.
argumentation. lacking
Argumentation.
argumentation.

Vocabulary in
this paper is
Vocabulary and Wide and growing limited. There are
Most elements
style vocabulary. Some elements several instances
Variety of sentence achieved.
achieved. of incorrect word
types.
choices. There is a
narrow range of
sentence variety.

Main ideas Paper has Use of

Paragraphs and appropriately divided examples of paragraphs and
punctuation by paragraphs. Good control. proper use of punctuation
Sentences divided by paragraphs and needs
proper punctuation.
punctuation. improvement.

Paper has
Good control.
several errors Several sentences
Paper has
Spelling and that could and/or ideas are
Precise and consistent some errors
grammar control. interfere with difficult to
that do not
understanding understand
interfere with
or affect because of errors.
understanding.
readability.
 1 | Introduction to Computing 27

The following table shows the rubric that will be used by your instructor in evaluating
your video presentation/vlog.

Excellent Good Average Needs

Criteria improvement
5 4 3 2
The presentation The . The Organization The
was very easy to presentation presentation presentation was
follow was easy to was not easy difficult to follow
Organization
follow. to follow. due to
disorganization of
the utterances.
Accuracy of The student The student The student Accuracy of
language communicated well made a few made some language use It
using correct mistakes in mistakes in was hard to
vocabulary and vocabulary vocabulary understand due to
grammar and and grammar. incorrect use of
grammar but vocabulary and
there were grammar.
no patterns
of errors.
Understanding The student clearly The student The student The student did
of topic. understood the seemed to clearly not show an
topic in-depth and understand understood adequate
presented his/her the main most aspects understanding of
information points of the of the topic the topic.
convincingly. topic and and
presented presented
those with his/her
ease. information
with ease.
Accuracy of All information Most Most Most of the
information presented in writing information information information was
was clear, accurate presented in presented in inaccurate or not
and thorough. writing was writing was clear.
clear, clear, but was
accurate and not usually
thorough. accurate.
The student The student
The student was was able to was able to The student was
able to accurately accurately accurately unable to
Comprehension answer almost all answer most answer a few accurately answer
questions about the questions questions questions about
topic. about the about the the topic.
topic topic.
 1 | Introduction to Computing 28

2.3 References

Vermaat, Misty E. et al. Discovering Computers: Technology, Data, and Devices.

Cengage Learning : USA, 2018.

[Link]
[Link]?id=DAAxDgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=kp_read_button&redir_es
c=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
[Link]

2.4 Acknowledgement

All the figures and information presented in this module were taken from the
references enumerated above.