GST 312: SECTION 1 LESSON 1

*SET 1: Questions 1-15*

1. The word “conflict” is derived from the Latin word “confligere” which
means:

A. To agree | B. To strike together | C. To cooperate | D. To negotiate

2. According to Webster Dictionary Vol. 1, 1971, conflict does NOT mean:

A. To fight or struggle | B. To contend or be at variance | C. To harmonize |

D. Active opposition or strife

3. Quincy Wright (1990) defines conflict as:

A. A relationship where parties have compatible goals

B. Opposition among social entities directed against one another

C. Cooperation for inadequate resources

D. Peaceful resolution of disputes

4. According to Wright, conflict arises when disagreement emerging from

*_*_ cannot be resolved.

A. Cooperation | B. Competition | C. Communication | D. Negotiation

5. Which scholar defined conflict as “a relationship between two or more

parties who believe they have incompatible goals”?

A. Stagner | B. Ross | C. Kriesberg | D. Laue

6. Conflict is described as a normal, natural and inevitable phenomenon

because:

A. It only occurs in war situations | B. Contradictions exist at all levels of

society | C. It was created by the United Nations | D. It happens only
between nations

7. Which of the following is NOT listed as a cause of conflict in the lesson?

A. Conflicts over resources | B. Conflicts over psychological needs | C.
Conflicts over values | D. Conflicts over weather conditions

8. Conflicts over resources are usually easy to identify because:

A. They involve values and beliefs | B. They can be seen and are
potentially easy to resolve | C. They cannot be seen but affect the psyche
| D. They involve only international parties

9. According to Maslow’s theory, when an individual psychological need is

satisfied, the individual becomes dominated by:

A. Fear | B. A drive for other unsatisfied needs through “Fulfillment

Progression” | C. Conflict over resources | D. Political power

10. Conflicts involving values are the most difficult to resolve because:

A. They are about money and property | B. People could die for what they
believe in | C. They are easy to see | D. They involve only two people

11. “Manipulation of information” by feeding people lies or giving right

information at wrong time causes:

A. Conflict over psychological needs | B. Conflict over information | C.

Intra-personal conflict | D. Structural conflict

12. Conflict that occurs within an individual over use of time, choice of
partner, or moral questions is called:

A. Inter-personal conflict | B. Intra-personal conflict | C. Inter-group conflict

| D. National conflict

13. Conflict between club versus club, or class versus class is an example
of:

A. Intra-group conflict | B. Inter-group conflict | C. International conflict | D.

Intra-personal conflict
14. According to Ted Robert Gurr and Quincy Wright, a better criterion for
classifying conflicts is:

A. Number of parties involved | B. Level of violence rather than absence or

presence | C. Geographic location | D. Economic status

15. Ross stated that without conflict we cannot have:

A. War | B. Change | C. Competition | D. Negotiation

*SET 2: Questions 16-30*

16. The word “conflict” has been in existence since:

A. The industrial revolution | B. The inception of the world | C. 1971 | D.

The United Nations formation

17. Lexically, conflict means all of these EXCEPT:

A. Clash and confrontation | B. Controversy or quarrel | C. Harmony and

agreement | D. Strife or incompatibility

18. According to Quincy Wright, competitors may not be aware of one

another, but they are parties to:

A. Cooperation | B. Conflict | C. Negotiation | D. Mediation

19. Conflict and competition are two points of a continuum where conflict
represents:

A. Reduced competition | B. Aggravated competition | C. Ended

competition | D. Cooperative competition

20. Stagner defines conflict as a situation where parties perceive the other
as:

A. A partner | B. A barrier or threat to that goal | C. A mediator | D. A

supporter

21. Laue noted that what should be feared is not conflict itself, but:
A. Constructive conflicts | B. Destructive conflicts that produce negative
results | C. Non-violent conflicts | D. Intra-personal conflicts

22. Two things from Action Aid definition: conflict emanates from social
relationships and conflicting groups must reside in:

A. Different continents | B. Close proximity physically or psychologically |

C. Separate institutions | D. Different time zones

23. Marxian theory of conflict posits that the greater the unequal
distribution of scarce resources, the greater is the basic conflict between:

A. Students and lecturers | B. Dominant and subordinate segments | C.

Local and international groups | D. Men and women

24. Examples of resources that cause conflict include all EXCEPT:

A. Landed properties and money | B. Vehicles and company shares | C. Air

and sunlight | D. Company ownership

25. Conflicts over psychological needs affect the psyche of individual and
group including:

A. Need for self-actualisation and respect | B. Need for food and water only
| C. Need for vehicles only | D. Need for money only

26. Conflicts involving values are difficult to change because beliefs form
a “belief system” that is:

A. Learnt in life and difficult to change | B. Changed daily | C. Not

important | D. Only for religious people

27. Examples of values-laden conflicts include: Cold War, terrorism, and:

A. Sports competition | B. 2002 Beauty Pageant crisis | C. Business

negotiation | D. Class attendance

28. Communication barriers that distort meaning include all EXCEPT:

A. Physical distance and language | B. Listener’s value judgement | C.
Print and audio-visual media | D. Poor information system

29. Conflict between two nations for territorial claims is classified as:

A. National conflict | B. International conflict | C. Inter-group conflict | D.

Intra-personal conflict

30. Wherp opined that most conflicts in Africa are endemic because
predisposing factors are embedded in:

A. The political system | B. The weather system | C. Educational system

only | D. Religious system only

*SET 3: Questions 31-45*

31. Conflict is often a by-product of social change and may lead to:

A. Only destruction | B. Constructive transformation | C. Permanent war |

D. End of society

32. According to Wright, war in the legal sense is when political groups
are:

A. Banned from armed force | B. Equally entitled to settle conflict by

armed force | C. Forced to negotiate | D. Under UN control

33. In the sociological sense, war refers to conflicts carried on by armed

forces of:

A. Small magnitude | B. Considerable magnitude | C. No magnitude | D.

Single person

34. Ross saw conflict as a critical mechanism by which goals and

aspirations of individual and groups are:

A. Destroyed | B. Articulated | C. Hidden | D. Ignored

35. Conflict can become disorderly, but Laue said there is *_*_ in conflict:
A. Chaos only | B. Orderliness | C. No pattern | D. Total destruction

36. The four categories of causes of conflict in the lesson include:

resources, psychological needs, values, and:

A. Weather | B. Inadequate information | C. Population | D. Technology

37. According to Marxian theory, when subordinate segments become

aware of their collective interests, they are more likely to:

A. Accept their situation | B. Join overt conflict against dominant segment |

C. Leave the society | D. Cooperate with dominant segment

38. “Fulfillment Progression” is a term from Maslow’s theory meaning:

A. Moving from one unsatisfied need to another after satisfaction | B.

Ending all needs | C. Avoiding conflict | D. Creating more conflict

39. Conflicts involving values are difficult to change because beliefs form
a “belief system” that is:

A. Learnt in life and difficult to change | B. Changed daily | C. Not

important | D. Only for religious people

40. The 1980 Maitatsine crisis and 2002 Beauty Pageant crisis are
examples of:

A. Conflicts over resources | B. Conflicts involving values/religion | C.

Conflicts over information | D. Intra-personal conflicts

41. The role of media becomes more crucial and dangerous in conflict
when information system is tampered with by:

A. Giving only good news | B. Feeding people lies or right info at wrong
time | C. Reporting facts only | D. Staying silent

42. Intra-group conflict refers to conflict between:

A. Two different nations | B. Individuals or faction within a group | C. Two

individuals | D. A person and himself
43. National conflict involves different groups within a nation such as
interethnic, inter-religious, or competition for:

A. Food only | B. Resources | C. Entertainment | D. Weather

44. Gurr distinguishes “turmoil” to include both non-violent and:

A. International conflicts | B. Small-scale violent conflict | C. Economic

conflicts only | D. Psychological conflicts only

45. Structural conflicts which tend to be endemic result from “unjust

repressive and oppressive *_*_ structure”:

A. Economic | B. Sociopolitical | C. Religious | D. Educational

*SET 4: Questions 46-60*

46. The world socio-political environs have been on the boil despite
resources expended by nations, states, regional organisations and:

A. Local governments | B. The United Nations | C. Private companies | D.

Schools only

47. Conceptual definitions of conflict have been given by many scholars

from a more *_*_ platform all over the world.

A. Intellectual | B. Physical | C. Religious | D. Political

48. Wright distinguished competition as opposition among social entities

independently striving for something of which resources are:

A. In abundance | B. Inadequate to satisfy all | C. Controlled by

government | D. Unlimited

49. Conflict management has to begin with management of supposedly

simple:

A. War | B. Competition | C. Negotiation | D. Mediation

50. Wright opines that conflicts are themselves processes that tend to
degenerate from non-violent to violent and from crisis to:

A. Peace | B. Full-scale war | C. Negotiation | D. Cooperation

51. Conflicts have been classified based on intensity/scale of violence,

structural character, and:

A. Color of parties | B. Distinct spatial character | C. Age of parties | D.

Gender of parties

52. Non-violent conflict has the potential to become violent if the *_*_
mechanism is ineffective.

A. Military | B. Regulatory | C. Educational | D. Religious

53. “If disadvantaged groups refuse open conflict, they deny themselves
their most effective means for bringing about needed change” – This was
stated by:

A. Laue | B. Ross | C. Stagner | D. Wright

54. Action Aid and Hoivik & Meijer see conflict as incompatible behaviour
between parties whose interests are or appear to be:

A. Compatible | B. Clashing | C. Identical | D. Neutral

55. Conflict keeps occurring in every individual life either at home, work,
social outings or even when we sleep in our bedroom without:

A. Dreaming | B. Interacting with anyone | C. Eating | D. Thinking

56. Conflicts over resources occur when two or more people compete for
resources perceived to be:

A. In abundance | B. Inadequate over a period of time | C. Controlled by

UN | D. Unlimited forever

57. The more subordinate segments question distribution of scarce

resources, the more likely they join overt conflict according to:
A. Maslow | B. Marxian theory of conflict | C. Weber | D. Durkheim

58. With reference to Maslow, an individual becomes dominated by drive

for other unsatisfied needs through a process called:

A. Regression | B. Fulfillment Progression | C. Conflict Resolution | D.

Satisfaction Cycle

59. Weaver says “internal culture” is implicitly learnt and difficult to

change because it is part of culture:

A. Above waterline | B. Below waterline in iceberg analogy | C. Outside the

society | D. Written in books only

60. Central to availability and quality of public information is the *_*_:

print, audio and audio-visual.

A. Government | B. Media | C. School | D. Church

*SET 5: Questions 61-75*

61. Conflict is not necessarily negative in itself because it is often a by-

product of:

A. War | B. Social change | C. Poverty | D. Politics

62. Wright’s definition helps us see that conflicts are processes that tend
to degenerate from non-violent to:

A. Negotiation | B. Violent and from crisis to full-scale war | C. Cooperation

| D. Peace talks

63. Conflicts have been classified based on character of parties such as

class, ethnic group, religious group, and:

A. Age group | B. Racial group | C. Gender group | D. Occupation group

64. Kriesberg simply defines conflict as a relationship between parties who

believe they have:
A. Compatible goals | B. Incompatible goals | C. Similar resources | D.
Same beliefs

65. According to Stagner, each party in conflict is mobilising energy to

obtain a goal and perceives the other as:

A. A friend | B. A barrier or threat to that goal | C. A neutral party | D. A

mediator

66. Ross noted that conflict is a channel for the definition of *_*_ solutions
to human problems.

A. Destructive | B. Creative | C. Temporary | D. Violent

67. Laue noted that conflict is not deviant, pathological, or sick behaviour
per-se. It is not the opposite of:

A. Chaos | B. Order | C. War | D. Peace

68. The first thing taken from Action Aid definition is that conflict
emanates from *_*_ relationships.

A. Economic | B. Social | C. Political | D. Religious

69. In the lesson, causes of conflict can be categorised into four namely:
resources, psychological needs, values, and:

A. Population growth | B. Inadequate information | C. Climate change | D.

Education level

70. Resources that cause conflict include landed properties, money,

vehicles, and:

A. Air | B. Company ownership/shares | C. Water | D. Sunshine

71. Conflicts over psychological needs cannot be seen but affect the
psyche of individual and group self-actualisation and need for:

A. Food only | B. Individual and group respect | C. Money only | D. Power

only
72. Examples of values laden conflicts include 1991 Bonnke crisis in Kano
and the Septem ber 30, 2005 Cartoon crisis over:

A. A Danish newspaper caricaturing Prophet Mohammad | B. A football

match | C. An election | D. A trade agreement

73. In deeply divided societies, media can shape opinion and decisions
related to nature and scope of conflicts, as well as:

A. Weather forecast | B. Potential alternatives to conflict | C. Sports results

| D. Fashion trends

74. Those participating in organised violence often use media to attack

opponents and spread:

A. Only truth | B. Disinformation or misinformation | C. Entertainment

news | D. Weather reports

75. Wright distinguishes between “ordinary” conflict which involves small-

scale violence and war which involves violence of:

A. No magnitude | B. Considerable magnitude | C. Small magnitude only |

D. Zero magnitude

*ANSWER KEY – ALL 75 QUESTIONS*

1-B, 2-C, 3-B, 4-B, 5-C, 6-B, 7-D, 8-B, 9-B, 10-B

11-B, 12-B, 13-B, 14-B, 15-B, 16-B, 17-C, 18-B, 19-B, 20-B

21-B, 22-B, 23-B, 24-C, 25-A, 26-A, 27-B, 28-C, 29-B, 30-A

31-B, 32-B, 33-B, 34-B, 35-B, 36-B, 37-B, 38-A, 39-A, 40-B

41-B, 42-B, 43-B, 44-B, 45-B, 46-B, 47-A, 48-B, 49-B, 50-B

51-B, 52-B, 53-B, 54-B, 55-B, 56-B, 57-B, 58-B, 59-B, 60-B

61-B, 62-B, 63-B, 64-B, 65-B, 66-B, 67-B, 68-B, 69-B, 70-B

71-B, 72-A, 73-B, 74-B, 75-B

GST 312: section 1 lesson 2

1. The title of GST 312 Section 1 Lesson 2 is:

A. Functional Theories B. Conflict Theories C. Role Theories D. Pluralist

Theories
2. The rationale for studying conflict theories is to identify strengths and
weaknesses of previous work on:

A. Economic development B. Protracted contemporary issues of social

conflicts C. Political leadership D. Cultural change

3. According to Karl Marx, what generates inherent conflicts of interest?

A. Population growth B. Degree of inequality in distribution of resources

C. Religious differences D. Technological change

4. Marx explained that contradictions in capitalist production would lead to

conflict processes that usher in:

A. Democracy B. Communism C. Feudalism D. Capitalism

5. Marx’s predicted change to communism would be carried out by:

A. Bourgeoisie B. Proletariats C. Charismatic leaders D. Elites

6. “Proletariats” according to Marx refers to:

A. The rulers B. The ruled C. The middle class D. Political leaders

7. Marx said the greater the inequality in resources, the greater the
conflict between:

A. Urban and rural areas B. Dominant and subordinate segments C. Old

and young D. Men and women

8. Subordinates question legitimacy of resource distribution when they

become aware of:

A. Their true collective interests B. Foreign culture C. New technology D.

Religious teachings

9. Marx called dispositions created by disruption of dominant segments

“*_* dispositions”:
A. Alienative B. Cooperative C. Dominant D. Passive

10. Communication of grievances among subordinates is facilitated by:

A. Ecological concentration + educational opportunities B. Social media

C. Religious meetings D. Military training

*B. Weber & Dahrendorf*

11. Max Weber saw conflict as contingent on emergence of:

A. Traditional leaders B. Charismatic leaders C. Military leaders D.

Religious leaders

12. Weber said conflict is likely when correlation among class, status,
group hierarchies is:

A. Low B. Moderate C. High D. Zero

13. Dahrendorf introduced conflict as productive and constructive in which

year?

A. 1945 B. 1958 C. 1968 D. 1970

14. Dahrendorf called conflict generated within a society:

A. Exogenous B. Endogenous C. Manifest D. Latent

15. Conflict brought from outside a system is called:

A. Endogenous B. Exogenous C. Internal D. Structural

16. Dahrendorf said positive and negative dominant roles form:

A. Political parties B. Quasi-groups C. Ethnic groups D. Classes

17. Interest groups from dominant roles are in constant conflict over:

A. Wealth B. Preservation or change of status quo C. Culture D. Religion

*C. Pluralist & Structural-Functional*

18. Which school views conflict as constructive for healthy industrial

order?

A. Marxist B. Pluralist C. Functionalist D. Weberian

19. Pluralists said overt conflict resolves discontent and clarifies:

A. Wealth B. Power relation C. Culture D. Status

20. Pluralists believed government depends on consent of:

A. Military B. Groups with interests and beliefs C. Foreign nations D.

Elites only

21. To pluralists, social change is achieved through negotiation,

concession and:

A. Violence B. Compromises C. Revolution D. Domination

22. Structural-Functional Theory was championed after WWII by:

A. Karl Marx B. Talcott Parson C. Max Weber D. Dahrendorf

23. Structural functionalists see conflict as:

A. Functional B. Dysfunctional, abnormal, a disease C. Constructive D.

Natural

24. The theory focuses on maintaining state of:

A. Conflict B. Equilibrium and collaboration C. Revolution D. Inequality

*D. Structural Balance & Ethnicity*

25. Theory of Structural Balance was stated by Helder in:

A. 1948 B. 1958 C. 1968 D. 1978

26. Helder: “Ego tends to like whom his friend likes, but dislike whom his
enemy”:

A. Likes B. Dislikes C. Ignores D. Hates

27. For any three persons/groups, there are how many trials?

A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

28. Word “ethnic” derived from Greek “ethnos” meaning:

A. Tribe B. Nation or race C. Family D. Language

29. Instrumentalists view ethnicity as:

A. Natural residue B. Consciously crafted ideological creation C. Divine

gift D. Genetic trait

30. Ethnic conflicts result from manipulations of:

A. Peasants B. Radical elite C. Women D. Foreigners

31. Thomson defines ethnic group by conviction of common identity based

on shared history and possibly shared:

A. Government B. Language C. Wealth D. Territory

32. Toland added “sense of longing” or sense of:

A. Nationhood B. People-hood C. Individualism D. Power

33. Bamass argues ethnicity and nationalism are:

A. Natural givens B. Social and political constructions C. Religious beliefs

D. Economic factors

34. Ethnic conflict can occur if there is conflict between indigenous and:
A. Women B. External elites C. Children D. Farmers

35. Ethnic identity has symbolic dimension making conflict more:

A. Weak B. Intense C. Peaceful D. Irrelevant

*E. Culture & Conflict*

36. Culture means sum-total of human existence including norms, values,

traditions, beliefs, customs, languages and:

A. Buildings B. Mode of dressing C. Vehicles D. Animals

37. Glen Fisher characterised societies as achievement-based and:

A. Power-based B. Ascriptive C. Wealth-based D. Status-based

38. “Achievement” societies value change and action, while “ascriptive”

value stability and:

A. Conflict B. Harmony C. Revolution D. Inequality

39. Weaver likens culture to an:

A. Iceberg B. Tree C. House D. Mountain

40. External culture includes music, food, dress, customs and:

A. Beliefs B. Verbal communications C. Values D. Perceptions

41. Internal culture includes beliefs, values, thought patterns and:

A. Food B. Non-verbal communication C. Dress D. Music

42. Hofstede’s two dimensions relevant to conflict: Power distance and:

A. Individualism B. Capitalism C. Socialism D. Nationalism

43. Power distance defines extent less powerful accepts inequality as:
A. Abnormal B. Normal C. Temporary D. Illegal

44. Individualist cultures look after interest of self and:

A. Community B. Immediate family C. Nation D. Ethnic group

45. Collectivist cultures belong to close:

A. Out-groups B. In-groups C. Political parties D. Classes

46. American and Northern European societies have low power distance
and high:

A. Collectivism B. Individualism C. Power distance D. Ascription

47. Many African and Latin American societies have large power distance
and low:

A. Individualism B. Collectivism C. Power D. Culture

48. John Paul Lederach said conflict emerges based on meaning attached
to:

A. Wealth B. Action and events C. Religion D. Politics

49. Conflict is related to meaning, meaning to knowledge, knowledge

rooted in:

A. Education B. Culture C. Science D. Technology

50. Herbert Blummer was a:

A. Structuralist B. Symbolic interactionist C. Functionalist D. Marxist

51. Lederach summarised social conflict is natural, common experience in

all relationships and:

A. Institutions B. Cultures C. Governments D. Markets

*F. Role Theory & Others*

52. Role is set of activities associated with position including potential:

A. Wealth B. Behaviours C. Status D. Power

53. Turner sought statements highlighting what occurs in normal operation

systems of:

A. Economy B. Interaction C. Politics D. Culture

54. At societal level, values are equivalent of goals for identifying and
legitimating:

A. Classes B. Roles C. Groups D. Parties

55. People tend to assume multiple roles consistent with one another
according to:

A. Marx B. Turner C. Weber D. Dahrendorf

56. Mere differences in values do not as such promote ethnicity according

to:

A. Marx B. Kruger 1993 C. Weber D. Parsons

57. An aggressive ethnic militia man believes injury to group threatens his
very:

A. Wealth B. Existence C. Status D. Power

58. External culture is explicitly learned and more easily:

A. Hidden B. Changed C. Forgotten D. Ignored

59. Pluralist school emerged as criticism to doctrine of:

A. Democracy B. Sovereignty C. Capitalism D. Socialism

60. Pluralists contend there are continuous conflicts, antagonisms and:

A. Revolutions B. Compromises C. Wars D. Protests

61. Dahrendorf’s dichotomy is within imperatively coordinated groups and

division into positive and negative dominance:

A. Classes B. Roles C. Groups D. Parties

62. Marx said subordinates aware of collective interest when dominant

practices create alienative dispositions and when expansion of:

A. Military B. Educational opportunities C. Wealth D. Religion

63. Greater redistribution of scarce resources leads to greater:

A. Stability B. Redistribution of scarce resources C. Conflict D. Structural

change

64. Conflict theories expose how conflicts emerge at individual, institution

and:

A. Family level B. Societal levels C. Community level D. Global level

65. Structural-Functional Theory reflects a system approach where each

part has functions to:

A. Destroy B. Perform C. Ignore D. Change

66. According to instrumentalists, ethnic/nationalist consciousness is

incited by elite to pursue:

A. Peace B. Personal ambitions C. Equality D. Justice

67. For subordinates to join overt conflict, ideological unification and

political leadership must be:

A. Weak B. Developed C. Absent D. Irrelevant

68. Weber said as system of rules is imposed, new subordinates withdraw

legitimacy when *_* forms of domination are imposed:
A. Democratic B. Traditional and ascriptive C. Modern D. Legal

69. Dahrendorf agreed with Marx that internal conflict comes from
present:

A. Economy B. Social structure C. Culture D. Religion

70. Pluralists believe within any political system there are groups with
their own:

A. Military B. Interests and beliefs C. Wealth D. Territory

71. Structural functionalists asserted individuals will adjust to given:

A. Conflict B. Structure C. Culture D. Religion

72. For any triad, relationship of like, support, conformity, positive identity
tend to:

A. Conflict B. Coincide C. Separate D. Reduce

73. Ethnicity has symbolic capability of defining for individual totality of

existence including hopes, fears and sense of:

A. Past B. Future C. Present D. Wealth

74. Hofstede characterised Southern European societies as large power

distance and medium:

A. Collectivism B. Individualism C. Power D. Culture

75. Conflict emerges through interactive process based on search for and
creation of shared:

A. Wealth B. Meaning C. Power D. Status

*Answer Key*

1-B, 2-B, 3-B, 4-B, 5-B, 6-B, 7-B, 8-A, 9-A, 10-A, 11-B, 12-C, 13-B, 14-B, 15-
B, 16-B, 17-B, 18-B, 19-B, 20-B, 21-B, 22-B, 23-B, 24-B, 25-B, 26-A, 27-C,
28-B, 29-B, 30-B, 31-B, 32-B, 33-B, 34-B, 35-B, 36-B, 37-B, 38-B, 39-A, 40-
B, 41-B, 42-A, 43-B, 44-B, 45-B, 46-B, 47-A, 48-B, 49-B, 50-B, 51-B, 52-B,
53-B, 54-B, 55-B, 56-B, 57-B, 58-B, 59-B, 60-B, 61-B, 62-B, 63-D, 64-B, 65-
B, 66-B, 67-B, 68-B, 69-B, 70-B, 71-B, 72-B, 73-B, 74-B, 75B

*GST 312 Lesson 3: Phases in Conflict

*A. General Concepts*

1. GST 312 Section 1 Lesson 3 is titled:

A. Conflict Theories B. Phases in Conflict C. Peace Studies D. Conflict

Resolution

2. Beginners in peace studies usually see conflict as:

A. Positive B. Negative to be avoided C. Natural D. Constructive

3. Conflict is inevitable and recurrent fact of:

A. Society B. Life C. Politics D. Economy

4. In Chinese language, conflict means “an opportunity for change as well

as risk or”:

A. Danger B. Loss C. War D. Peace

5. Whether conflict turns positive or negative is determined by our:

A. Wealth B. Response C. Culture D. Religion

6. Knowing root causes of conflict does not automatically proffer:

A. Problem B. Solution C. Conflict D. Violence

7. Conflict tends to emerge in what pattern?

A. Linear B. Cyclical C. Static D. Random

8. Positive approach to conflict helps one manage it in *_* manner:

A. Destructive B. Constructive C. Violent D. Negative

9. Two key propelling variables in conflict escalation cycle are:

A. Money and power B. Opportunity and willingness C. Land and people

D. Culture and religion

10. “Opportunity” in conflict refers to available resources like money,

people, arms, land, minerals, good organisation and:

A. Culture B. External support C. Religion D. Education

11. “Willingness” is desire or need to act, whereby group is determined to

change situation irrespective of:

A. Benefits B. Likely consequences C. Resources D. Support

12. For conflict to move from one stage to another, opportunity and
willingness must be:

A. Absent B. Present C. Partial D. Irrelevant

*B. Conflict Cycle & Stages*

13. Conflict progresses when stakeholders become aware of conflict of

interest and mobilise to alter situation to each group’s:

A. Disadvantage B. Advantage C. Loss D. Defeat

14. First stage of conflict where problem emerges is:

A. Escalation Stage B. Formation Stage C. Crisis Stage D. Violent Stage

15. Formation Stage is indicated by antagonistic shifts in attitude and:

A. Behaviour patterns B. Economic growth C. Peace D. Religion

16. Escalation Stage is characterised by formation of:

A. Peace treaties B. Enemy images C. Alliances D. Governments

17. At Escalation Stage, people begin to take sides, positions harden, and:

A. Communication improves B. Communication stops C. Dialogue begins

D. Mediation starts

18. At Crisis Stage, parties use physical barricades to demarcate their:

A. Homes B. Territories C. Schools D. Markets

19. Crisis Stage leads to breakdown of law and order and disruption of
essential:

A. Services B. Entertainment C. Sports D. Trade

20. De-escalation Stage occurs due to conflict weariness, hunger,

sanctions or:

A. Victory B. External intervention C. More weapons D. New leaders

21. Improvement Stage is when stakeholders shift ground and recognise

need for:

A. War B. Dialogue C. Violence D. Domination

22. Transformation Stage is when all causes of conflict have been removed
and *_* has occurred:

A. Victory B. Reconciliation C. Defeat D. Partition

23. Transformation Stage is the most difficult stage to attain but is:

A. Impossible B. Desirable and attainable C. Unnecessary D. Dangerous

24. Conflict Cycle phase where conflict is dormant is:

A. Manifest Phase B. Latent Phase C. Violent Phase D. Crisis Phase

25. Latent Phase conflict can be “nipped in the bud” through:

A. War B. Preventive action C. Sanctions D. Dialogue only

26. Indicators of latent conflict include inequality, growing poverty,

frustrated expectation, unemployment and:

A. Wealth B. Pollution C. Peace D. Religion

27. Manifest Phase: conflicting parties express demands openly but only
by:

A. Violence B. Legal means C. War D. Protest

28. Violent Phase is characterised by direct physical attacks and:

A. Negotiations B. Confrontations C. Dialogue D. Mediation

29. Escalation Phase: violence breeds further violence producing

escalatory:

A. Peace B. Momentum C. Dialogue D. Surrender

30. Contained Phase: escalation comes to halt due to exhaustion of:

A. Resources B. Supply of weaponry C. People D. Land

31. Mitigated Phase: basic causes remain but conflict behaviour has
reduced violence and more:

A. War B. Political mobilisation and negotiation C. Attacks D. Sanctions

32. Resolution Phase is most critical because success determines if

conflict will:

A. End permanently B. Flare up again C. Reduce D. Stop

33. Resolution Phase requires addressing underlying causes and

immediate:

A. Benefits C. Consequences C. Leaders D. Culture

34. Resolution Phase includes reordering power relationships and bringing
perpetrators to:

A. Dialogue B. Trial C. Peace D. Negotiation

*C. Conflict Handling Styles*

35. Conflict handling styles depend on two basic dimensions:

Assertiveness and:

A. Power B. Cooperativeness C. Wealth D. Status

36. Assertiveness describes extent individual attempts to satisfy his:

A. Wealth B. Needs and concern C. Status D. Power

37. Cooperativeness explains extent person attempts to satisfy his needs

and other person’s:

A. Wealth B. Needs C. Status D. Power

38. Five conflict handling styles are: dominating, accommodating,

avoiding, collaborating and:

A. Fighting B. Compromising C. Winning D. Losing

39. Dominating/Competing: very assertive and not:

A. Cooperative B. Assertive C. Wealthy D. Powerful

40. Dominating style means “I have to win” and connotes “you win,
other”:

A. Wins B. Loses C. Compromises D. Collaborates

41. Accommodating: unassertive and cooperative, involves element of:

A. Power B. Self-sacrifice C. Domination D. Violence

42. Avoiding: unassertive and uncooperative, you do not address:

A. Wealth B. Conflict C. Status D. Power

43. Avoiding can be diplomatic way of handling conflict or:

A. Fighting B. Withdrawal C. Winning D. Compromising

44. Collaborating: both assertive and cooperative, creates:

A. Win-lose B. Win-win situation C. Lose-lose D. No solution

45. Collaborating involves dialogue, good listening, understanding needs

and creating:

A. Problems B. Solutions C. Conflict D. Violence

46. Compromising: partially assertive and partially cooperative, you:

A. Win all B. Split the difference C. Lose all D. Avoid all

47. Model Two classifies conflict handling into three: Avoidance/Denial,

Confrontation/Fighting and:

A. Domination B. Problem Solving C. Compromising D. Accommodating

48. Avoidance/Denial creates room for win/lose option where one person
gets what he needs and other gets:

A. More B. Nothing C. Same D. Less

49. Confrontation/Fighting often leads to violence and creates:

A. Win-win B. Lose-lose option C. Win-lose D. Compromise

50. Problem Solving style shows respect for differences and looks for ways
to:

A. Win B. Resolve problem C. Fight D. Avoid

*D. Other Key Points*

51. Each conflict situation contains predictable elements and dynamics

amendable to:

A. Ignorance B. Regulation and change C. Violence D. War

52. Negative connotation of conflict leads to handling conflicts in *_* way:

A. Constructive B. Destructive C. Peaceful D. Positive

53. In light of opportunity and willingness, they are *_* in nature:

A. Independent B. Complementary C. Opposed D. Irrelevant

54. Sporadic violence can erupt if parties fail to adopt positive approach of
conflict:

A. Creation B. Management C. Ignorance D. Escalation

55. Leaders at Escalation Stage make inflammatory public statements

regarding their:

A. Wealth B. Positions C. Culture D. Religion

56. At Crisis Stage, stockpiled weapons are used to dominate and have:

A. Peace B. Upper hand C. Dialogue D. Surrender

57. Post-conflict peace-building success depends on addressing underlying

causes and:

A. Wealth B. Immediate consequences C. Culture D. Religion

58. Resolution Phase requires facilitation of reconciliation between

opposing sides as precondition of future:

A. War B. Coexistence C. Conflict D. Division

59. External actors crucial in Resolution Phase for provision of assistance
to emerging:

A. Military B. Civil society C. Government D. Religion

60. Resolution Phase supports programmes for disarmament,

demobilisation and reintegration of former:

A. Leaders B. Combatants C. Civilians D. Politicians

61. At Latent Phase, parties may not even be conscious of conflicting:

A. Wealth B. Interests or values C. Power D. Status

62. Manifest Phase: mediation efforts geared towards compromise still

have chance if violence has not:

A. Started B. Occurred C. Increased D. Stopped

63. Violent Phase: people with private agendas benefit from continuing:

A. Peace B. Crisis C. Dialogue D. Mediation

64. Escalation Phase: longer struggle lasts, more destructive it has been,
less scope for:

A. War B. Peaceful intervention C. Victory D. Power

65. Contained Phase could occur because parties exhausted weaponry

leading to lower:

A. Power B. Intensity C. Wealth D. Status

66. Mitigated Phase: ray of post-conflict recovery can be read in minds of

political leaders of:

A. One side B. Opposing sides C. All sides D. No sides

67. Resolution Phase: importance of external actors very crucial in
provision of assistance after:

A. Conflict starts B. Resolution of conflict C. War begins D. Violence

erupts

68. Collaborating style views conflict as belonging to both parties

requiring mutual:

A. Competition B. Collaboration C. Domination D. Avoidance

69. Compromising style: you win a little and you lose:

A. Nothing B. A little C. All D. More

70. Avoidance method can be stop gap to reflect on next line of:

A. Attack B. Action C. War D. Violence

71. Confrontation might lead to win/lose where stronger party with bigger
power:

A. Loses B. Wins C. Compromises D. Avoids

72. Problem Solving parties are less concerned about who is:

A. Rich B. Right or wrong C. Powerful D. Wealthy

73. Chinese see conflict as “chance for change as well as risk or danger” –
therefore conflict is neither positive nor:

A. Negative B. Neutral C. Constructive D. Destructive

74. Conflict tends to progress when oppressed and oppressor become

aware and mobilise to alter prevailing:

A. Peace B. Situation C. War D. Dialogue

75. At Improvement Stage, stakeholders begin to have rethink and efforts
made towards attaining relative:

A. War B. Peace C. Conflict D. Violence

*Answer Key*

1-B, 2-B, 3-B, 4-A, 5-B, 6-B, 7-B, 8-B, 9-B, 10-B, 11-B, 12-B, 13-B, 14-B, 15-
A, 16-B, 17-B, 18-B, 19-A, 20-B, 21-B, 22-B, 23-B, 24-B, 25-B, 26-B, 27-B,
28-B, 29-B, 30-B, 31-B, 32-B, 33-B, 34-B, 35-B, 36-B, 37-B, 38-B, 39-A, 40-
B, 41-B, 42-B, 43-B, 44-B, 45-B, 46-B, 47-B, 48-B, 49-B, 50-B, 51-B, 52-B,
53-B, 54-B, 55-B, 56-B, 57-B, 58-B, 59-B, 60-B, 61-B, 62-B, 63-B, 64-B, 65-
B, 66-B, 67-B, 68-B, 69-B, 70-B, 71-B, 72-B, 73-A, 74-B, 75-B

GST 312 Lesson 4: Conflict Analysis

*A. General & Definition*

1. GST 312 Section 1 Lesson 4 is titled:

A. Phases in Conflict B. Conflict Analysis C. Conflict Theories D. Peace

Studies

2. Conflict exists at all levels of human interaction including interpersonal,

intra-group, inter group and:

A. Family only B. Communal, national and international C. School only D.

Workplace only

3. It is imperative for conflict management practitioner to acquire

knowledge to gain insight into:

A. Wealth B. Hidden issues in conflict C. Power D. Culture

4. Conflict analysis issues include causes, stages/phases, stakeholders

and:

A. Religion B. Conflict analytical tools and techniques C. Wealth D.

Politics

5. Analysis is usually accompanied by “conflict mapping” and:

A. “Conflict war” B. “Tracking” C. “Dialogue” D. “Violence”

6. Conflict mapping and tracking give practitioner clear picture of what is

happening, what is at stake and what could be:

A. Ignored B. Done to manage the situation C. Avoided D. Escalated

7. Conflict analysis is a critical review, interpretation and explanation of

what is observed and:

A. Ignored B. Recorded about conflict situation C. Hidden D. Forgotten

8. Alternatively, conflict analysis is process by which root causes,

dynamics, issues and fundamentals are examined through:

A. War B. Various mechanisms C. Violence D. Dialogue only

9. Conflict analysis avails peace experts opportunity of gathering

necessary data to facilitate bringing together:

A. Wealth B. Parties in dispute C. Culture D. Religion

10. Conflict analysis reveals dependable direction on choice of strategies

and action for successful intervention and:

A. Escalation B. Termination of conflict C. War D. Division

*B. Categories of Stakeholders*

11. A stakeholder is defined as those directly or indirectly involved in

conflict and have significant stake in:

A. Power B. Outcome C. Wealth D. Status

12. Primary Stakeholders are those whose goals are perceived to be:

A. Compatible B. Incompatible C. Irrelevant D. Equal

13. Primary stakeholders interact directly in pursuit of respective:

A. Wealth B. Goals C. Culture D. Religion

14. Primary stakeholders are direct investors in:

A. Peace B. The conflict C. Dialogue D. Mediation

15. Secondary stakeholders are affected directly by outcome but do not

feel to be:

A. Involved B. Directly involved C. Powerful D. Wealthy

16. As conflict progresses, secondary may become primary and primary

may become:

A. Tertiary B. Secondary C. Interested D. Irrelevant

17. Interested stakeholders have interest in conflict and stand to benefit

from outcomes whether peaceful or:

A. Wealthy B. Conflictual C. Powerful D. Violent

18. Difference between interested and secondary stakeholders: interested

suffer no direct impact in short and:

A. Long term B. Medium term C. Immediate term D. Future term

19. Primary stakeholders include those who directly:

A. Benefit B. Wage the conflict C. Mediate D. Observe

20. Legitimacy of functional stakeholders on negotiating table is their

capacity to:

A. Mediate B. Perpetuate the conflict C. Ignore D. Avoid

21. Observers believe functional stakeholders have power to:

A. Start B. End the conflict C. Escalate D. Ignore

22. Representativity means stakeholders represent large number of
people directly:

A. Benefiting B. Affected by conflict C. Mediating D. Observing

23. Representativity stakeholders also have means to wage conflict or

build:

A. War B. Peace C. Wealth D. Power

24. Moral Authority stakeholders include religious leaders, civil society

organisations including women’s organisations and:

A. Military B. Traditional leaders C. Politicians D. Students

25. Earlier, Moral Authority category was confined to:

A. Primary level B. Secondary level C. Interested level D. Tertiary level

*C. Criteria & Five Elements*

26. Determining where stakeholders should be put is both political and:

A. Static B. Fluid C. Permanent D. Irrelevant

27. Functional criterion suggests those who directly:

A. Mediate B. Wage the conflict C. Benefit D. Observe

28. Functional stakeholders are embodiment of:

A. Peace B. The conflict C. Wealth D. Culture

29. Representativity is political aspect because stakeholders represent

people with means to wage conflict or:

A. War B. Build peace C. Gain wealth D. Avoid

30. Moral Authority carries vision of:

A. Pre-conflict B. Post-conflict society C. War D. Division

31. First element required to structure analysis of stakeholders:

A. Power B. Relationship C. Wealth D. Status

32. Relationship element asks: What is interaction between:

A. Wealth B. The stakeholders C. Culture D. Religion

33. Second element: Agenda/Power asks about agendas of key

stakeholders for conflict and for:

A. War B. Peace C. Wealth D. Power

34. Third element: Needs asks what are needs of different stakeholders
and which needs are opposing and:

A. Equal B. Overlapping C. Irrelevant D. Static

35. Fourth element: Action asks what actions stakeholders undertaking to

promote peace or:

A. Wealth B. Conflict C. Culture D. Religion

36. Fifth element asks: What is cumulative power of actions for peace or:

A. War B. Conflict C. Wealth D. Status

37. “Conflict mapping” is important for giving practitioner clear picture of:

A. Wealth B. What is happening C. Culture D. Religion

38. “Tracking” helps practitioner know what is at:

A. Risk B. Stake C. War D. Peace

39. Conflict analysis enables understanding of conflict from several:

A. Wealth B. Perspectives C. Cultures D. Religions

40. Stakeholders directly involved have significant stake in outcome

whether peaceful or:

A. Wealthy B. Conflictual C. Powerful D. Violent

*D. Other Key Points*

41. Conflict management practitioner must acquire skills to understand

stages/phases of:

A. Wealth B. Conflict C. Culture D. Religion

42. Analysis is necessary for proffering sustainable solution to:

A. Wealth B. The conflict C. Culture D. Religion

43. Primary stakeholders’ goals are or are perceived by them to be:

A. Compatible B. Incompatible C. Equal D. Static

44. Secondary stakeholders do not feel directly involved but are affected
by:

A. Wealth B. Outcome C. Culture D. Religion

45. Interested stakeholders benefit whether outcome is peaceful or:

A. Wealthy B. Conflictual C. Powerful D. Violent

46. Functional stakeholders legitimacy comes from capacity to perpetuate:

A. Peace B. The conflict C. Wealth D. Culture

47. Representativity stakeholders represent people directly affected and

have means to:

A. Avoid B. Wage conflict or build peace C. Mediate D. Observe

48. Moral Authority includes civil society organisations and traditional
leaders with vision of post-conflict:

A. War B. Society C. Wealth D. Power

49. Five elements include Relationship, Agenda/Power, Needs, Action and

cumulative power of:

A. Wealth B. Actions for peace or conflict C. Culture D. Religion

50. Determining stakeholder category is political and fluid because it

determines decisions of:

A. Wealth B. Interveners C. Culture D. Religion

51. Conflict exists at interpersonal level meaning between:

A. Groups B. Individuals C. Nations D. Communities

52. Conflict at intra-group level means within:

A. Nations B. One group C. Communities D. International

53. Conflict at inter-group level means between:

A. Individuals B. Groups C. Families D. Religions

54. Conflict at communal level means within:

A. Family B. Community C. Individual D. International

55. Conflict analysis examines fundamentals through mechanisms for

better understanding from several:

A. Wealth B. Perspectives C. Cultures D. Religions

56. Peace experts use conflict analysis data to reveal direction on choice
of:
A. Wealth B. Strategies and action C. Culture D. Religion

57. Stakeholder definition includes men and women, group or parties who
are directly or indirectly:

A. Wealthy B. Involved C. Powerful D. Violent

58. Primary stakeholders are direct investors meaning they invest directly
in:

A. Peace B. The conflict C. Dialogue D. Mediation

59. Secondary stakeholders may become primary as conflict:

A. Reduces B. Progresses C. Ends D. Ignores

60. Interested stakeholders differ from secondary because they suffer no

direct impact in:

A. Long term B. Short and medium term C. Immediate term D. Future

term

61. Functional criterion focuses on those who embody and can

perpetuate:

A. Peace B. Conflict C. Wealth D. Culture

62. Representativity criterion is political because it involves large number

of:

A. Wealthy B. People C. Leaders D. Soldiers

63. Moral Authority criterion includes religious leaders with moral:

A. Power B. Authority C. Wealth D. Status

64. Relationship element examines interaction between conflicting:

A. Wealth B. Parties/stakeholders C. Cultures D. Religions

65. Agenda/Power element examines agendas for both conflict and:

A. War B. Peace C. Wealth D. Status

66. Needs element identifies opposing and overlapping needs of:

A. Leaders B. Stakeholders C. Soldiers D. Civilians

67. Action element examines what stakeholders do to promote peace or:

A. Wealth B. Conflict C. Culture D. Religion

68. Cumulative power element measures total impact of actions for peace
or:

A. War B. Conflict C. Wealth D. Status

69. Conflict analysis is accompanied by mapping and tracking for clear

picture of situation:

A. Wealth B. Difficult C. Cultural D. Religious

70. Burton 1990 reference is on:

A. Human Needs Theory B. Conflict Theories C. Peace Studies D.

International Conflict

71. Fisher et al 2000 book title is “Working With Conflict: Skills and
Strategies for:

A. War B. Action C. Wealth D. Peace

72. Mitchell 1988 book is “The Structure of International:

A. Wealth B. Conflict C. Peace D. Culture

73. Otite & Albert 1999 book is “Community Conflict in:

A. Ghana B. Nigeria C. Kenya D. South Africa

74. Conflict analysis helps determine effective direction for termination of:

A. Wealth B. Conflict C. Culture D. Religion

75. Understanding hidden issues in conflict requires knowledge of causes,
stages, stakeholders and:

A. Wealth B. Analytical tools C. Culture D. Religion

*Answer Key*

1-B, 2-B, 3-B, 4-B, 5-B, 6-B, 7-B, 8-B, 9-B, 10-B, 11-B, 12-B, 13-B, 14-B, 15-
B, 16-B, 17-B, 18-B, 19-B, 20-B, 21-B, 22-B, 23-B, 24-B, 25-B, 26-B, 27-B,
28-B, 29-B, 30-B, 31-B, 32-B, 33-B, 34-B, 35-B, 36-B, 37-B, 38-B, 39-B, 40-
B, 41-B, 42-B, 43-B, 44-B, 45-B, 46-B, 47-B, 48-B, 49-B, 50-B, 51-B, 52-B,
53-B, 54-B, 55-B, 56-B, 57-B, 58-B, 59-B, 60-B, 61-B, 62-B, 63-B, 64-B, 65-
B, 66-B, 67-B, 68-B, 69-B, 70-A, 71-B, 72-B, 73-B, 74-B,

*GST 312: SECTION 1 LESSON 5 – CONFLICT TRANSFORMATION*

*SET 1: Questions 1-10*

1. According to International Alert 1996, conflict transformation focuses

on:

A. Quick ceasefire only

B. Processes by which conflict develops into violence + structural

inequality

C. Punishing the aggressor

D. Ignoring grievances of parties

2. The fundamental objective of conflict transformation is to:

A. Win the conflict for one side

B. Transform unfair social interactions + create sustainable peace

C. Freeze the conflict permanently

D. Increase violence to end it fast

3. Which scholar distinguishes conflict transformation from conflict

management and conflict resolution?

A. Galtung

B. Gandhi

C. John Lederach

D. Burton
4. “Conflict resolution” views conflict like fire that should be:

A. Nurtured

B. Put out quickly

C. Ignored

D. Spread

5. Gandhi’s theory of non-violence is vehemently intolerant of:

A. Negotiation

B. Both structural violence and direct violence

C. Mediation

D. Dialogue

6. Gandhi said: “There is no way to peace; peace is ___”

A. The goal

B. The way; to be taken, now

C. Impossible

D. For the weak

7. The second approach to conflict transformation tries to freeze/negate

conflict through:

A. Dialogue only

B. Structural and direct violence

C. Forgiveness

D. Education

8. Conflict transformation transcends conflict management by stressing

the ___ nature of conflicts.

A. Static

B. Dialectic/dynamic

C. Simple

D. Economic

9. For conflict transformation to be effective, one requirement is multi-

level participation from:
A. Top leaders only

B. Top decision makers through middle range to grassroots

C. International bodies only

D. Military only

10. Efforts to empower the “underdogs” in conflict transformation aims to

make parties:

A. More unequal

B. More equal than they could otherwise be

C. Dependent on UN

D. Violent

*SET 2: Questions 11-20*

11. According to Galtung, the 4 non-violent approaches to structural

conflict are:

A. Fight, flight, freeze, faint

B. Confrontation, struggle, de-coupling, re-coupling

C. War, peace, trade, diplomacy

D. Negotiation, mediation, arbitration, litigation

12. “Confrontation” based on Gandhi’s Salt March means:

A. Using guns

B. Selecting/addressing central issue + expressing desired outcome

C. Avoiding the issue

D. Blaming government

13. “Decoupling” empirically means getting the exploited to:

A. Depend more on the state

B. Depend less on exploitative structure + build self-reliance

C. Fight the state

D. Migrate

14. “Recoupling” aims to restore citizens’ confidence in the state through:

A. Repression

B. Horizontal structure based on human rights, equity, participation

C. More exploitation

D. Segmentation

15. Actor conflict involves an actor who is conscious of what he wants,

why, and how he feels. Structural conflict is:

A. Always well articulated by individuals

B. Rarely recognised or articulated by individuals

C. Only about money

D. Impossible to exist

16. Two useful effects of transformational mediation are:

A. Punishment and revenge

B. Empowerment and recognition

C. Violence and fear

D. Money and power

17. According to Mitchell, conflict transformation deals with 3 categories:

personal changes, structural changes, and:

A. Economic changes

B. Relationship changes

C. Political changes

D. Military changes

18. Issue transformation by Schmid 2000 means:

A. Increasing the original conflict issues

B. Downplaying original issues + emphasising shared concern for new

issues

C. Adding more violence

D. Ending all dialogue

19. Needs differ from interests because needs are:

A. Material and negotiable

B. Often immaterial + non-negotiable like identity, security, recognition

C. Only about land

D. Easy to trade
20. Structural transformation is central to conflict transformation because
durable peace requires:

A. No change at all

B. Some level of structural change either political or socio-economic

C. More violence

D. Only dialogue

*ANSWER KEY:*

1-B, 2-B, 3-C, 4-B, 5-B, 6-B, 7-B, 8-B, 9-B, 10-B

11-B, 12-B, 13-B, 14-B, 15-B, 16-B, 17-B, 18-B, 19-B

2: Section 2 Lesson 1

*GST 312: SECTION 2 LESSON 1 - RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERCEPTION

AND CONFLICT*

*50 Objective Questions + Answer Key*

*SET 1: Questions 1-15*

1. Conflicts arise when individuals perceive that others represent threats

to:

A. Their past achievements

B. The accomplishment of their goals, real or imagined

C. Government policies

D. International trade

2. The lesson guides discourse with two frameworks: perception

characteristics framework and:

A. Conflict resolution framework

B. Causes of conflict framework

C. Economic framework

D. Political framework
3. Under perception characteristics framework, how many characteristics
of perception are examined?

A. Three

B. Four

C. Five

D. Seven

4. Perception and the Environment: If a person perceives environment as

friendly, he/she is ___ to be aggressive.

A. More likely

B. Less likely

C. Always

D. Never

5. When perceiver concludes environment represents threats, he/she may

resort to:

A. Dialogue

B. Defence mechanisms expressed as aggressive/conflict-oriented

behaviours

C. Cooperation

D. Migration

6. Perceptual process consists of receiving inputs, selecting/interpreting,

then:

A. Sleeping

B. Actions/reactions outputs

C. Forgetting

D. Blaming others

7. Conflict can ensue if perceiver does not receive complete inputs or

cannot process info due to:
A. Lack of money

B. Huge volume of information

C. Government policy

D. Weather

8. Stereotype prevents perceiver from acquiring ___ information about

someone being perceived.

A. Detailed

B. Political

C. Financial

D. Religious

9. Transition from Perception to Action: When perceptions are built on

stereotypes, actions are usually:

A. Slow and well considered

B. Quick and not subject to deep consideration

C. Ignored

D. Delayed for years

10. Quick stereotype-based actions are probably responsible for ___

conflicts in Nigeria.

A. Economic

B. Ethnic

C. International

D. Religious only

11. Perception and Cognition: If acquired knowledge is not thoroughly

processed, perceived group may react with:

A. Love

B. Uncharitable treatment to precipitate crises

C. Cooperation

D. Silence

12. Perception and Needs Satisfaction: Where perceiver situates perceived

as threat to needs satisfaction, he is likely to:

A. Behave aggressively

B. Behave responsibly

C. Cooperate

D. Ignore

13. If perceiver does not envisage threat to needs from perceived, he/she
will behave:

A. Aggressively

B. Responsibly towards perceived

C. Indifferently

D. Violently

14. Perception and Common Resources: Conflicts occur when group

perceives another group is competing to block access to:

A. Air

B. Common resources that are scarce/exhaustible

C. Sunlight

D. Water only

15. Umuleri-Aguleri conflict centred on parcel of land bordering the:

A. Two communities

B. Two states

C. Two countries

D. Two rivers
*SET 2: Questions 16-30*

16. Ekpan-Ubeji conflict occurred around ownership of land where ___

Refinery is sited.

A. Dangote

B. Nigeria National Petroleum Company

C. Shell

D. Total

17. Conflicts in middle-belt Nigeria include Tiv-Jukun conflict in Benue and

indigene-settler conflict in:

A. Lagos

B. Plateau state

C. Abuja

D. Rivers

18. Berom-Fulani conflict was over:

A. Oil

B. Grazing lands

C. Schools

D. Elections

19. Armed youth resistance against Federal Government over exploitation

of oil resources is most complicated conflict in:

A. Ghana

B. Nigeria

C. Kenya

D. South Africa

20. Perception and Values: Conflicts at value level are most difficult to
appreciate and settle because values are:
A. System of beliefs people are not ready to compromise

B. Easy to change

C. Only about money

D. Government policies

21. When groups talk about fairness, transparency, equality, honesty, they
are calling issues of:

A. Resources

B. Values into existence

C. Politics

D. Weather

22. Wrong perception of values of any social group causes ___ by wrongly
perceived group.

A. Cooperation

B. Resistance

C. Love

D. Silence

23. If you perceive someone as abrasive which he is not, relationship will

be met with:

A. Friendship

B. Aggression

C. Cooperation

D. Respect

24. Perception and Psychological Needs: Many Nigerian societies attach

importance to large families from one man with:

A. One wife

B. Several wives and children

C. No children

D. Adopted children only

25. In some parts of Nigeria, a woman dare not open mouth where men
are quarrelling otherwise she will be:

A. Praised

B. Ridiculed

C. Rewarded

D. Ignored

26. Women are celebrated for giving birth to certain number of ___
children in parts of Nigeria.

A. Female

B. Male

C. Twins

D. Adopted

27. Perception is major determinant of conflict as demonstrated by wrong

perception of:

A. Resources only

B. Values and psychological needs

C. Weather

D. Food

28. Barriers to Social Perception include selective perception,

stereotyping, first impression error, implicit personality theories, and:

A. Self-fulfilling prophecies

B. Government policy

C. Money

D. Education
29. Selective Perception: Perceiver filters huge information and leaves out
info that threatens or brings:

A. Joy

B. Discomfort

C. Money

D. Promotion

30. Stereotyping is a generalisation about:

A. One person

B. A group of people

C. Animals only

D. Government

*SET 3: Questions 31-50*

31. Stereotypes help perceivers decrease information to workable level

and are efficient for:

A. Compiling and using information

B. Creating conflict

C. Spending money

D. Wasting time

32. When stereotypes do not portray correct picture, they ___ the
perceived.

A. Help

B. Harm

C. Reward

D. Promote

33. First Impression Error: Forming long-lasting impression based on:

A. Complete observation

B. Initial perception

C. Government data

D. Financial records

34. Fundamental error in first impression arises from observing little part
and generalising as true characterisation of:

A. Government

B. The perceived

C. Weather

D. Economy

35. Implicit Personality Theories are inaccurate “mini-theories” for

determining appearances and behaviours of:

A. Animals

B. The perceived

C. Government

D. Plants

36. Perceivers group traits and appearances into clusters that seem to go
together as shortcuts to:

A. Spending

B. Perceptions

C. Fighting

D. Sleeping

37. Self-fulfilling Prophecies is also known as ___ effect.

A. Pygmalion

B. Gravity

C. Butterfly
D. Domino

38. Managers and Perception: Management is complex because it requires

judgement about actions of:

A. Government only

B. People at work

C. Animals only

D. Students only

39. Managers make decisions about motives, values and actions of people
during:

A. Sleep

B. Performance appraisal, interviews, settling disputes

C. Holidays

D. Elections only

40. Manager ought to distinguish between ideal and:

A. Dream

B. Real world

C. Heaven

D. Past

41. Perception of manager’s actions by employees should interest

manager most because employees react to manager:

A. Physically

B. Perceptively

C. Violently

D. Silently
42. Rao and Narayana 1998: A manager can improve perceptual accuracy
by becoming aware of how perceptions are:

A. Created and destroyed

B. Formed and distorted

C. Bought and sold

D. Hidden and revealed

43. Managers’ assumptions include notion that people are basically lazy
and should be:

A. Rewarded

B. Controlled

C. Ignored

D. Promoted

44. Another assumption: organisations are basically successful because

they are:

A. Small

B. Large

C. Old

D. New

45. Assumption: leaders that have mastered art of speaking are logically:

A. Bad leaders

B. Good leaders

C. Weak leaders

D. Lazy leaders

46. Assumption: organisations insensitive to employees are usually the:

A. Small ones

B. Large ones
C. New ones

D. Government ones

47. Assumption: a productive employee always turns out a ___ worker.

A. Dissatisfied

B. Satisfied

C. Angry

D. Lazy

48. Experiencing environment is active process where people make sense

out of environment and selectively notice different:

A. Foods

B. Aspects of environment

C. Clothes

D. Cars

49. Manager’s knowledge of perceptual process is most profound step

towards achieving:

A. Wealth

B. Effectiveness as head of department/unit

C. Fame

D. Power

50. Godwin O.U. 2010 book on this topic is titled:

A. Conflict and War

B. Perception and Conflict

C. Peace Studies

D. Nigerian Politics

*ANSWER KEY - ALL 50 QUESTIONS*

1-B, 2-B, 3-C, 4-B, 5-B, 6-B, 7-B, 8-A, 9-B, 10-B

11-B, 12-A, 13-B, 14-B, 15-A, 16-B, 17-B, 18-B, 19-B, 20-A

21-B, 22-B, 23-B, 24-B, 25-B, 26-B, 27-B, 28-A, 29-B, 30-B

31-A, 32-B, 33-B, 34-B, 35-B, 36-B, 37-A, 38-B, 39-B, 40-B

41-B, 42-B, 43-B, 44-B, 45-B, 46-B, 47-B, 48-B, 49-B, 50-B

*GST 312: SECTION 2 LESSON 2

*SET 1: Questions 1-15*

1. Although it takes little physical effort to say something, it takes ___

effort to ensure message conveys intended meaning.

A. Financial

B. Mental

C. Physical

D. Political

2. Even with perfect message, receiver may misinterpret it or find it:

A. Boring

B. Ambiguous

C. Short

D. Loud

3. Receiver must also make effort to receive the:

A. Wrong message

B. Intended message

C. Political message

D. Loud message
4. Misunderstanding and barrier occur for physical, mental and ___
reasons.

A. Economic

B. Cultural

C. Military

D. Religious only

5. Ineffective use of language and communication are chief reasons for:

A. Peace

B. Misunderstanding and barrier

C. Wealth

D. Development

6. Nigeria has over ___ different languages in use every day.

A. 250

B. 350

C. 450

D. 550

7. Communication is a symbolic interaction rich in subtlety and always

carries potential for:

A. Wealth

B. Misunderstanding and conflict

C. Peace only

D. Trade

8. Among most common language-based barriers are bypassing,

indiscrimination and:

A. Cooperation

B. Polarisation
C. Negotiation

D. Dialogue

9. Misunderstanding between sender and receiver is called:

A. Polarisation

B. Bypassing

C. Indiscrimination

D. Feedback

10. Bypassing usually results from false belief that each word has:

A. Multiple meanings

B. Only one meaning

C. No meaning

D. Political meaning

11. Words acquire many meanings because they change over time and
are used differently in:

A. Schools only

B. Various cultures and regions

C. Government only

D. Markets only

12. Politicians and advertisers sometimes use euphemisms or double

speak to:

A. Clarify meaning

B. Soften or distort meanings

C. Increase conflict

D. Speak loudly

13. As a listener, you should ___ what is being said.

A. Ignore

B. Critically examine

C. Accept blindly

D. Repeat

14. Issues of conscience - what is right/wrong and beneficial/harmful - are

___ responsibility.

A. Government’s

B. Everyone’s

C. Teacher’s

D. Military’s

15. First way to reduce bypassing is to be approachable and encourage:

A. Closed communication

B. Open and free communication

C. Silence

D. Violence

*SET 2: Questions 16-30*

16. Most frequent barrier to effective communication and conflict is

unwillingness to:

A. Speak

B. Listen to others

C. Write

D. Read

17. To reduce bypassing, allow others to question and ___ your messages.

A. Ignore

B. Paraphrase

C. Destroy
D. Hide

18. Language-based barriers to communication include bypassing,

indiscrimination, and:

A. Cooperation

B. Polarisation

C. Translation

D. Feedback

19. Words have meaning in themselves - this false belief leads to:

A. Clear communication

B. Bypassing

C. Peace

D. Development

20. Words reflect knowledge and situation of the:

A. Government

B. User

C. Teacher

D. Student

21. Peace professionals must stay alert that words can be interpreted
differently by:

A. Animals

B. Different people

C. Government only

D. Children only

22. Some speakers deliberately introduce bypassing using:

A. Clear words
B. Euphemisms or double speak

C. Loud voice

D. Short words

23. Speaking and listening in conflict situation involve ___ considerations.

A. Economic

B. Ethical

C. Political

D. Military

24. Communication will never be strictly concrete or objective because it

is:

A. Symbolic interaction

B. Physical action

C. Written only

D. Mathematical

25. Nigeria’s 450+ languages include dialects spoken in various:

A. Schools

B. Regions of the country

C. Countries

D. Markets

26. Receiver’s effort is needed because what is said and what is

heard/understood often:

A. Match perfectly

B. Differ

C. Are same

D. Are loud
27. How many times have you said “But that is not what I meant?” - this
shows:

A. Clear communication

B. Bypassing

C. Polarisation

D. Indiscrimination

28. Ineffective use of language is one reason for misunderstanding due to

___ reasons.

A. Physical, mental and cultural

B. Economic only

C. Military only

D. Religious only

29. The possibility always exists that receiver will misinterpret message
because communication carries:

A. No risk

B. Potential for misunderstanding

C. Money

D. Power

30. To ensure message conveys intended meaning, sender needs mental

effort and receiver needs:

A. Physical effort

B. Effort to receive intended message

C. Money

D. Weapons

*SET 3: Questions 31-50*

31. Misunderstandings occur for numerous reasons including physical,

mental, cultural and ineffective use of:
A. Money

B. Language

C. Weapons

D. Food

32. Words change over time and are understood differently in various
cultures because language is not:

A. Spoken

B. Strictly concrete or objective

C. Written

D. Loud

33. Bypassing can be reduced by allowing others to show ___ to your

messages.

A. Disrespect

B. Respect

C. Anger

D. Violence

34. Politicians sometimes say one thing to get people to believe or accept:

A. Truth

B. Something else

C. Nothing

D. Peace only

35. Listener’s critical examination is important because speakers may use

double speak to:

A. Clarify

B. Distort meanings

C. Increase peace
D. Reduce conflict

36. Communication as symbolic interaction means it is rich in:

A. Money

B. Subtlety

C. Violence

D. Numbers

37. The false belief that words have meaning in themselves ignores that
meanings are:

A. Fixed

B. Used and understood differently by users

C. Always political

D. Always religious

38. Ethical considerations in conflict communication involve issues of

conscience about what is:

A. Expensive

B. Right or wrong

C. Loud or quiet

D. Big or small

39. Mental effort is required to ensure what is said conveys one’s:

A. Mood

B. Intended meaning

C. Anger

D. Wealth

40. Receiver must make effort because perfect message can still be:

A. Understood clearly
B. Misinterpreted or found ambiguous

C. Ignored

D. Deleted

41. Among 450+ Nigerian languages, misunderstanding potential is high

due to:

A. Few dialects

B. Rich subtlety and symbolic interaction

C. No dialects

D. Only English

42. Bypassing, indiscrimination and polarisation are examples of:

A. Conflict resolution methods

B. Language-based barriers to communication

C. Peacebuilding strategies

D. Military tactics

43. Words acquire many meanings because they are used and understood
differently in various:

A. Schools

B. Cultures and regions

C. Offices

D. Markets

44. The most frequent barrier to effective communication leading to

dispute is unwillingness to:

A. Talk

B. Listen to others

C. Write

D. Read
45. Open and free communication should be encouraged to reduce:

A. Peace

B. Bypassing

C. Wealth

D. Development

46. Paraphrasing messages by others helps reduce:

A. Agreement

B. Bypassing

C. Cooperation

D. Dialogue

47. Double speak by advertisers/politicians is used to soften or:

A. Clarify

B. Distort meanings

C. Increase truth

D. Reduce conflict

48. Communication breakdown is chiefly caused by ineffective use of

language and:

A. Money

B. Communication

C. Weapons

D. Food

49. Words reflect knowledge and situation of user, so peace professionals

must be:

A. Ignorant

B. Alert to different interpretations

C. Silent

D. Angry

50. Responsibility for ethical speaking/listening in conflict belongs to:

A. Government only

B. Everyone

C. Teachers only

D. Military only

*ANSWER KEY - ALL 50 QUESTIONS*

1-B, 2-B, 3-B, 4-B, 5-B, 6-C, 7-B, 8-B, 9-B, 10-B

11-B, 12-B, 13-B, 14-B, 15-B, 16-B, 17-B, 18-B, 19-B, 20-B

21-B, 22-B, 23-B, 24-A, 25-B, 26-B, 27-B, 28-A, 29-B, 30-B

31-B, 32-B, 33-B, 34-B, 35-B, 36-B, 37-B, 38-B, 39-B, 40-B

41-B, 42-B, 43-B, 44-B, 45-B, 46-B, 47-B, 48-B, 49-B, 50-B

*GST 312: SECTION 2 LESSON 3

*SET 1: Questions 1-15*

1. Early warning has multiple definitions which have created ___ around it.

A. Clarity

B. Confusion

C. Peace

D. Wealth
2. Early warning is applicable in fields like peace/conflict studies,
medicine, engineering, education, and:

A. Sports only

B. Natural and man-made disasters

C. Fashion only

D. Music only

3. Early warning tries to get persons, citizens, vulnerable groups prepared

for emergencies, conflict, crisis, and:

A. Festivals

B. Disasters

C. Elections only

D. Trade only

4. It anticipates and designs measures for early identification of threats to

lives, properties and:

A. Money

B. The environment

C. Animals only

D. Buildings only

5. Early response should be seen as the ___, while early warning is a tool
to achieve it.

A. Problem

B. Goal

C. Barrier

D. Delay

6. The value of early warning lies in the ___ capacity.

A. Financial
B. Response

C. Military

D. Political

7. Gounden 1996 defined early warning as “A warning at an early stage of

an event that will have ___ consequence”.

A. Positive

B. Negative

C. Zero

D. Economic only

8. Early Warning can be defined as collection, analysis and communication

of evidence to:

A. Students

B. Policy-makers to enable choices

C. Animals

D. Children

9. Early warning involves systematic collection of info from areas of crisis

for anticipating escalation of:

A. Trade

B. Violent conflict

C. Festivals

D. Sports

10. Early warning is a complex system of ___ to predict probability of

crisis.

A. Money

B. Indicators

C. Weapons
D. Schools

11. One task of early warning is to collect/share info on impending

humanitarian disasters or conflicts in other:

A. Schools

B. States

C. Markets

D. Homes

12. Early warning is also a proactive process where networks of

institutions undertake systematic:

A. Spending

B. Information collection and analysis

C. Fighting

D. Sleeping

13. For early warnings to be effective, there must be new, short and
focused delivery to decision makers, governments, media, NGOs and:

A. Animals

B. General public

C. Children only

D. Foreigners only

14. This delivery cannot be an afterthought but must have sustained

attention by responsible organisations assisted by:

A. Military

B. Communication specialists

C. Farmers

D. Traders
15. Types of early warning include conflict early warning, disaster early
warning, and:

A. Economic warning

B. Hazards assessment

C. Political warning

D. Social warning

*SET 2: Questions 16-30*

16. Conflict early warning aims at preventing an impending conflict that

could take any form if not quickly:

A. Ignored

B. Prevented

C. Celebrated

D. Increased

17. Disaster early warning is geared towards preventing/minimising

impending natural disaster like earthquake, hurricane, tsunami, and:

A. Festivals

B. Climate change

C. Elections

D. Trade

18. Hazards assessment has to do with collection, analysis and

communication of evidence at scene of accident to advise authority on:

A. Celebration steps

B. Rapid and effective steps to alleviate suffering

C. Ignoring victims

D. Increasing damage

19. Dictionary defines indicators as things which are pointers to a given:

A. Wealth

B. Condition

C. Animal

D. School

20. Synonyms of indicator include display, index, gauge, synopsis, and:

A. Money

B. Symbol

C. Food

D. Weapon

21. Indicators of conflict in Africa include armed forces deployment, extent

of tension within/between communities, and absence of framework for:

A. Celebration

B. Resolving conflict

C. Trade only

D. Sports

22. Economic indicators reveal information on potential shortages,

production problems, bastardisation of currency, and:

A. Fashion

B. Fiscal and revenue policies

C. Music

D. Sports

23. Environmental indicators are sensitive due to health hazards, gully

erosion, environmental pollution like oil spillage, and:

A. Music

B. Excavation of solid mineral

C. Festivals
D. Trade

24. Social indicators provide data on alarming state of unemployment and

___ in African countries.

A. Overemployment

B. Underemployment

C. Retirement

D. Education

25. “A hungry man and an idle hand, is a devil’s ___” according to maxim.

A. Friend

B. Workshop

C. Enemy

D. Teacher

26. Political indicator reveals infringement on fundamental human rights

like political exclusion, unlawful arrest, killing of rivals, and:

A. Election rigging

B. Sports

C. Trade

D. Music

27. Security indicators gather info on development within armed forces,

proliferation of arms, politicisation of military, and:

A. Festivals

B. Militarisation of civilian ethnic militias

C. Schools

D. Markets
28. Individual security/safety assessment includes crime, urban/rural
violence, ritual killing, and unnecessary killing by policemen at:

A. Schools

B. Road blocks/checkpoints

C. Markets

D. Churches

29. Rural indicators: Effective information gathering at ___ level helps

douse communal strife.

A. International

B. Grassroot

C. State

D. National

30. Educational indicators: Continuous decline in quality of education

despite increase in ___ poses threat.

A. Students

B. Standard

C. Teachers

D. Money

*SET 3: Questions 31-50*

31. Education is the bedrock of science and technological advancement of

any:

A. School

B. Nation

C. Market

D. Family

32. Demographic indicators involve sudden demographic changes,

displacement of people and increasing ___ of groups.
A. Peace

B. Territoriality

C. Trade

D. Wealth

33. Purpose of early warning is not only access to info but to do ___ about
deteriorating situation.

A. Nothing

B. Something

C. Celebrate

D. Sleep

34. Early warning should not only point to problems but also suggest ___
to tackle effects.

A. Weapons

B. Actions

C. Money

D. Food

35. Importance of early warning: It is a crisis and disaster ___ mechanism.

A. Creation

B. Protection

C. Ignoring

D. Celebration

36. Early warning promotes public-private ___ at local level.

A. Conflict

B. Partnership

C. Separation

D. War
37. It promotes increased development and application of scientific
knowledge including improved ___ dissemination.

A. Money

B. Science and technology information

C. Weapons

D. Food

38. Early warning creates potential for increased utilisation of indigenous

knowledge and:

A. Weapons

B. Values

C. Money

D. Schools

39. Effective early warning promotes improved environmental

management and sustainable livelihood harmonious with:

A. War

B. Environment

C. Money

D. Politics

40. Early warning reveals causes of conflict and enables monitoring of

development process of potentially violent conflict:

A. Once

B. Continuously

C. Never

D. Annually

41. According to UN General Assembly, early response is process of using

info from early warning to design action aimed at preventing:
A. Celebration

B. Violent conflict

C. Trade

D. Sports

42. Early response involves developing strategies to prevent conflict at

different levels using specific:

A. Weapons

B. Entry points

C. Money

D. Schools

43. Early response refers to initiatives in latent stages of perceived

potential armed conflict, man-made or natural disaster with aim of:

A. Increase

B. Reduction, resolution or transformation

C. Celebration

D. Ignoring

44. It refers to process of consultation, policy making, planning, and action

to reduce/avoid armed conflict or mitigate effects of:

A. Festivals

B. Natural/man-made disasters

C. Trade

D. Music

45. Government and citizens must show disposition of being ready to act
___ whenever early warning indicators appear.

A. Slowly

B. Fast
C. Never

D. Annually

46. Early warning system helps provide knowledge to identify impending

risks and determine their levels and potential:

A. Wealth

B. Impacts

C. Music

D. Trade

47. Security of vulnerable populations is purpose of early warning to

create national, regional and international will to do:

A. Nothing

B. Something about deteriorating situation

C. Celebrate

D. Sleep

48. Early warning can be concerned with military conflicts, military coups,
environmental, resources, political, economic, religious, family, and:

A. Sports

B. Impending humanitarian disasters

C. Festivals

D. Music

49. Without response capacity, the value of early warning is:

A. High

B. Limited

C. Zero

D. Negative
50. Early warning + early response are two sides of a:

A. Triangle

B. Coin

C. Square

D. Circle

*ANSWER KEY – ALL 50 QUESTIONS*

1-B, 2-B, 3-B, 4-B, 5-B, 6-B, 7-B, 8-B, 9-B, 10-B

11-B, 12-B, 13-B, 14-B, 15-B, 16-B, 17-B, 18-B, 19-B, 20-B

21-B, 22-B, 23-B, 24-B, 25-B, 26-A, 27-B, 28-B, 29-B, 30-B

31-B, 32-B, 33-B, 34-B, 35-B, 36-B, 37-B, 38-B, 39-B, 40-B

41-B, 42-B, 43-B, 44-B, 45-B, 46-B, 47-B, 48-B, 49-B, 50-B