ME241 Thermodynamics I
Week 10
Sezgi KOÇAK SOYLU, PhD
CHAPTER 5
Mass and Energy Analysis of Control Volumes
Contents
▪ Section 5.4: Some Steady – Flow Engineering Devices
▪ Section 5.5: Energy Analysis of Unsteady Flow Processes
Section 5.4: Some Steady – Flow Engineering Devices
▪ Many engineering devices operate essentially under the same conditions for long
periods of time. Therefore, these devices can be conveniently analyzed as steady-
flow devices.
▪ The components of a steam power plant (turbines, compressors, heat exchangers, and
pumps), operate nonstop for months before the system is shut down for maintenance.
Section 5.4: Some Steady – Flow Engineering Devices
• Solve energy balance problems for common steady-flow devices such as;
✓ Nozzles / Diffusers
✓ Compressors
Steady-state single flow
✓ Turbines
✓ Throttling valves
✓ Mixers
Steady-state not single flow
✓ Heaters
(more than one inlet or exit)
✓ Heat exchangers
• Apply the energy balance to general unsteady-flow processes with particular
emphasis on the uniform-flow process as the model for commonly encountered
charging and discharging processes.
Section 5.4: Some Steady – Flow Engineering Devices
Nozzles and Diffusers
▪ A nozzle is a device that increases the
velocity of a fluid at the expense of
pressure.
▪ A diffuser is a device that increases the
pressure of a fluid by slowing it down.
▪ Nozzles and diffusers are commonly
utilized in jet engines, rockets,
spacecraft, and even garden hoses.
Section 5.4: Some Steady – Flow Engineering Devices
Turbines and Compressors
▪ Turbine drives the electric generator in steam,
gas, or hydroelectric power plants. As the fluid
passes through the turbine, work is done against
the blades, which are attached to the shaft. As a
result, the shaft rotates, and the turbine
produces work.
▪ Compressors, as well as pumps and fans, are
devices used to increase the pressure of a fluid.
Work is supplied to these devices from an
external source through a rotating shaft.
✓ A fan increases the pressure of a gas slightly and is mainly used to mobilize a gas.
✓ A compressor is capable of compressing the gas to very high pressures.
✓ A pump work very much like compressors except that they handle liquids instead of gases.
Section 5.4: Some Steady – Flow Engineering Devices
Throttling Valves
▪ Throttling valves are any kind of flow-
restricting devices that cause a significant
pressure drop in the fluid.
▪ What is the difference between a turbine
and a throttling valve?
➢Unlike turbines, they produce a pressure
drop without involving any work.
▪ The pressure drop in the fluid is often
accompanied by a large drop in h2 h1 (kJ/kg) (isenthalpic)
temperature, and for that reason throttling
devices are commonly used in refrigeration u1 + P1v1 = u2 + P2v 2
and air-conditioning applications.
Internal energy + Flow energy = Constant
Section 5.4: Some Steady – Flow Engineering Devices
The temperature of an ideal gas does not change during
a throttling (h = constant) process since h = h(T).
Section 5.4: Some Steady – Flow Engineering Devices
Mixing Chambers
▪ In engineering applications, the section
where the mixing process takes place is
commonly referred to as a mixing
chamber.
▪ The conservation of mass principle for a
mixing chamber requires that;
𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡
The mixing chamber does not have to be a
▪ The conservation of energy equation is distinct “chamber.” An ordinary T-elbow
or a Y-elbow in a shower, for example,
analogous to the conservation of mass serves as the mixing chamber for the cold-
equation. and hot-water streams.
Section 5.4: Some Steady – Flow Engineering Devices
Heat Exchangers
▪ Heat exchangers are devices where
two moving fluid streams exchange
heat without or without mixing.
▪ Heat exchangers are widely used in
various industries, and they come in
various designs.
A heat exchanger can be as
simple as two concentric pipes.
Section 5.4: Some Steady – Flow Engineering Devices
The heat transfer associated with a heat exchanger may be zero or nonzero depending
on how the control volume is selected.
Section 5.4: Some Steady – Flow Engineering Devices
Pipe and Duct Flow
▪ The transport of liquids or gases in pipes and ducts is of great importance in many
engineering applications.
▪ Flow through a pipe or a duct usually satisfies the steady-flow conditions.
Heat losses from a hot fluid flowing through
Pipe or duct flow may involve more than
an uninsulated pipe or duct to the cooler
one form of work at the same time.
environment may be very significant.
Section 5.4: Some Steady – Flow Engineering Devices
Example : Deceleration of air in a diffuser
Air at 10℃ and 80 kPa enters the diffuser of a
jet engine steadily with a velocity of 200 m/s.
The inlet area of the diffuser is 0.4 m2. The air
leaves the diffuser with a velocity that is very
small compared with the inlet velocity.
Determine
a) the mass flow rate of the air
b) the temperature of the air leaving the
diffuser.
Section 5.4: Some Steady – Flow Engineering Devices
Example : Compressing air with a compressor
Air at 100 kPa and 280 K is compressed steadily to 600
kPa and 400 K. The mass flow rate of the air is 0.02 kg/s
and the heat loss of 16 kJ/kg occurs during the process.
Assuming the changes in kinetic and potential energies
are negligible, determine the necessary power input to
the compressor.
Section 5.4: Some Steady – Flow Engineering Devices
Example : Power generation with a steam turbine
The power output of an adiabatic steam turbine is 5
MW, and the inlet and exit conditions of the steam
are indicated in the figure.
a) Compare the magnitudes of Δh, Δke and Δpe.
b) Determine the work done per unit mass of the
steam flowing through the turbine.
c) Calculate the mass flow rate of the steam.
Section 5.4: Some Steady – Flow Engineering Devices
Example : Cooling of refrigerant-134a by water
Refrigerant-134a is to be cooled by water in a
condenser. The refrigerant enters the condenser with a
mass flow rate of 6 kg/min at 1 MPa and 70℃ and
leaves at 35℃. The cooling water enters at 300 kPa
and 15℃ and leaves at 25℃. Neglecting any pressure
drops, determine
a) the mass flow rate of the cooling water required
b) the heat transfer rate from the refrigerant to
water.
Section 5.4: Some Steady – Flow Engineering Devices
Example : Electric heating of air in a house
The electric heating systems used in many houses
consist of a simple duct with resistance heaters. Air is
heated as it flows over resistance wires. Consider a 15-
kW electric heating system. Air enters the heating
section at 100 kPa and 17℃ with a volume flow rate
of 150 m3/min. If heat is lost from the air in the duct to
the surroundings at a rate of 200 W, determine the exit
temperature of air.
Section 5.5: Energy Analysis of Unsteady Flow Processes
▪ Many processes of interest, involve changes within the control volume with time.
▪ Such processes are called unsteady-flow, or transient-flow, processes.
▪ Most unsteady-flow processes can be represented reasonably well by the uniform-
flow process.
Uniform-flow process:
The fluid flow at any inlet or exit is uniform and steady, and thus the fluid properties
do not change with time or position over the cross section of an inlet or exit. If they do,
they are averaged and treated as constants for the entire process.
Section 5.5: Energy Analysis of Unsteady Flow Processes
Charging of a rigid tank from a supply line The shape and size of a control
is an unsteady-flow process since it involves volume may change during an
changes within the control volume. unsteady-flow process.
Section 5.5: Energy Analysis of Unsteady Flow Processes
Mass balance
m in – m out = Δm system (kg) Δm system = m final – m initial m i – m e = (m2 – m1) cv
Energy balance
E −E
14in 2 43out
= ΔEsystem
14 2 43
( kJ )
Net energy transfer Changein internal, kinetic,
by heat ,work, and mass potential,etc.,energies
θ = h + k e +p e
Qin + Win + m − Qout + Wout + m = ( m2e2 − m1e1 )system
in out e=u+ke+pe
Q − W = mh − mh + ( m2u2 − m1u1 )system Q = Qnet,in = Qin − Qout W = Wnet,out = Wout − Win
out in
Section 5.5: Energy Analysis of Unsteady Flow Processes
Example : Discharge of heated air at constant temperature
An insulated 8-m3 rigid tank contains air at 600 kPa
and 400 K. A valve connected to the tank is now
opened, and air is allowed to escape until the pressure
inside drops to 200 kPa. The air temperature during
the process is maintained constant by an electric
resistance heater placed in the tank. Determine the
electrical energy supplied to air during this process.
End of Week 10
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