S H E RY I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L

Python
Complete Notes
From your very first line of code to advanced OOP — everything
you need, in one place.

🎬 Watch alongside! This book is designed to work hand-in-hand

with the video series on Sheryians AI on YouTube. Every concept
here has a matching video explanation.
 MADE WITH ❤️ · SHERYIANS CODING SCHOOL

00
INTRODUCTION

What is Python?

🐍 Python in Simple Words

Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming language created by Guido van Rossum

and first released in 1991. The name comes not from the snake, but from the British comedy
show Monty Python's Flying Circus — because Guido wanted the language to be fun to use.

Python is designed to be simple to read and write. Its syntax looks almost like plain English,
which is why it's the most beginner-friendly language in the world — and at the same time,
powerful enough to run Instagram, YouTube, and NASA systems.

👶 Easy to Learn

No semicolons, no curly braces, no type declarations. Just clean, readable code that looks like
English.

💪 Incredibly Powerful

Used in AI, web development, data science, automation, game dev, cybersecurity and more.

⚙️ How Does Code Actually Run?

Before Python makes sense, you need to understand how computers run code. There are two
main approaches — Compiled and Interpreted.

🏗️ Compiled Languages — Build First, Run Later

Think of it like translating an entire book from Hindi to English before giving it to
someone. The whole translation happens upfront — this is called compiling. Once
compiled, the program runs extremely fast because the computer already has the

translation ready.

📝 Source Code → 🔨 Compiler → ⚡ Machine Code →

🖥️ Runs!

Examples: C, C++, Rust, Go

🎭 Interpreted Languages — Translate Line by Line

Think of it like a live interpreter at a conference who translates speech sentence by

sentence as the speaker talks. There's no pre-translation — each line is read, translated,
and executed one at a time.

📝 Source Code →
🔄 Interpreter
→ 🖥️ Runs!
(line by line)

Examples: Python, JavaScript, Ruby

 🐍 WHERE DOES PYTHON FIT?

Python is an
INTERPRETED LANGUAGE

. When you run a Python file, the Python interpreter reads your code line by line and
executes it immediately. That's why errors show up one at a time — it stops at the first
problem it hits.

⚖️ Compiled vs Interpreted — Side by Side

Feature Compiled Interpreted (Python)

Translation All at once before running Line by line while running

Speed ⚡ Faster execution 🐢 Slightly slower

All errors found before

Error Detection Stops at the first error
running

Runs anywhere Python is

Portability Platform-specific binary
installed

Development
Speed
Slower to write & test ✅ Fast to write & test

Examples C, C++, Rust, Go Python, JavaScript, Ruby

💡 FUN FACT:

Python actually compiles your code to bytecode (.pyc files) first, then interprets that
bytecode using the Python Virtual Machine (PVM). So technically it's a bit of both —
but we call it interpreted because you never see or manage the compiled step.
🌍 Why Python? Where is it Used?

Python's simplicity and the massive ecosystem of libraries make it useful in almost every field
of technology. Here's where Python truly shines:

🤖 📊
AI & Machine Learning Data Science & Analytics

Libraries like TensorFlow, PyTorch, and scikit- Pandas, NumPy, Matplotlib — companies use
learn make Python the #1 language for AI. Python to analyse millions of rows of data and
ChatGPT, Gemini, and most modern AI tools turn them into insights and charts.
are built with Python.

🌐 ⚙️
Web Development Automation & Scripting

Django and Flask are powerful Python Automate boring tasks — rename 1000 files,
frameworks. Instagram, Pinterest, and scrape websites, send automated emails,
Spotify's backend all run on Python. schedule tasks. Python makes it simple.

🔐 🎮
Cybersecurity Game Development

Python is the go-to language for ethical Pygame lets you build 2D games with Python.
hacking and penetration testing. Tools like It's a great way to practise programming while
Metasploit and many security scripts are building something fun.
Python-based.
✨ Key Features of Python

🧹 Clean Syntax

Reads like English. Indentation is mandatory, making all Python code look consistent.

🆓 Free & Open Source

Python is completely free to download, use, and distribute — even commercially.

📦 Huge Library Ecosystem

PyPI has over 400,000 packages. Whatever you want to build, there's probably already a library for it.

🌍 Cross-Platform

Write once, run anywhere — Windows, macOS, Linux. Same Python code works on all of them.

🔗 Great Community

Millions of developers, endless tutorials, Stack Overflow answers, and active forums.

🧩 Multi-Paradigm

Supports functional, procedural, and object-oriented programming styles.

🐍 Python vs Other Languages — A Quick Taste

Let's print "Hello, World!" in three different languages to see how clean Python really is:

Java

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
[Link]("Hello, World!");
 }
}

5 lines just to print one thing 😅

🐍 Python

print("Hello, World!")

1 line. That's it. ✅

🚀 YOU'RE ALL SET!

Now that you know what Python is, where it came from, how it runs, and where it's used — let's
get it installed and write some actual code. Head to Chapter 01!

01
CHAPTER 01

Installation

Downloading Python

Open any browser → go to [Link] → download Python for your operating system.

Run the installer. This gives you the Python Virtual Machine which converts your code into
byte code that your computer can run.
 ⚠️ IMPORTANT

Check "Add Python to PATH" during installation on Windows — otherwise your terminal
won't find Python!

Downloading an IDE

An IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is where you write and run your code. Popular
choices are VS Code, PyCharm, and Jupyter — but we'll use VS Code throughout this book.

Setting Up VS Code

Open VS Code → go to the Extensions panel (Ctrl+Shift+X)

Search for and install: Python (by Microsoft) and Code Runner

Create a new file ending in .py and you're ready to go!

02
CHAPTER 02

Comments & Variables

Comments

Comments are notes you write in your code for yourself (or other developers). Python

completely ignores them — they don't affect how the program runs.
 # This is a single-line comment

"""
This is a multiline comment
written using a docstring
"""

💡 Python doesn't have a true multiline comment syntax. We "borrow" the triple-quote
string """...""" for this purpose.

Variables

Think of a variable as a labelled box — you put a value inside and refer to it by the label
whenever you need it.

name = "Akarsh"
age = 20
city = "Indore"

🚫 RULES — THESE WILL CAUSE ERRORS:

❌ 1name = "x" → can't start with a number

❌ my name = "x" → no spaces allowed
❌ my-name = "x" → no special characters (except underscore)

Naming Conventions
 camelCase → myVariableName
PascalCase → MyVariableName
snake_case → my_variable_name # ✅ Python prefers this

03
CHAPTER 03

Data Types

What are Data Types?

Every value in Python has a type that tells Python what kind of data it is and what you can do

with it. You don't need to declare types — Python figures it out automatically.

The Main Data Types

int

Whole numbers: 1, 42, -7

float

Decimal numbers: 3.14, -0.5

complex

Real + imaginary: 3+4j

str
 Text in quotes: "hello"

bool

Only two values: True or False

NoneType

Represents nothing: None

Checking the Type

print(type(42)) # <class 'int'>

print(type(3.14)) # <class 'float'>
print(type("hello")) # <class 'str'>
print(type(True)) # <class 'bool'>

04
CHAPTER 04

Strings & Type Conversion

How Strings Work Internally

Each character in a string is stored with its own Unicode number. That's why strings use more
memory than integers.
 ord("A") # → 65 (Unicode of A)
chr(65) # → "A" (Character from Unicode)

String Indexing

Every character in a string has a position number called an index. Positive indexes count from
the left (starting at 0), negative from the right (starting at -1).

a = "Hello"
# H e l l o
# 0 1 2 3 4 ← positive
# -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 ← negative

print(a[0]) # H
print(a[-1]) # o

String Slicing

Slicing cuts out a piece of a string. Syntax: string[start : stop : step] — note that
stop index is excluded.

a = "hello"
print(a[1:4]) # ell (index 1,2,3 — 4 excluded)
print(a[::-1]) # olleh (reversed!)

Type Conversion
You can convert a value from one type to another using these built-in functions:

int()

→ whole number

float()

→ decimal number

str()

→ text

bool()

→ True or False

⚡ Implicit (Automatic)

Python converts automatically when needed.

a = 12
print(a / 2) # 6.0
# int ÷ int → float!

🔧 Explicit (Manual)

You tell Python to convert.

a = 12
a = str(a)
print(a) # "12"

The 7 Falsy Values

Everything converts to True with bool() — except these 7 values which become False:
 0 0.0 False "" [] {} ()

05
CHAPTER 05

Input, Output & Operators

Output — print()

name = "Akarsh"
age = 20

print("Hello!") # basic
print(f"My name is {name}") # f-string
print("Name:", name, "Age:", age) # multiple values

Input — input()

⚠️ REMEMBER:

input() always returns a

STRING

. If you need a number, convert it manually with int() or float().

name = input("What is your name? ")

age = int(input("How old are you? "))
 print(f"Hello {name}, you are {age} years old!")

Arithmetic Operators

Operator Name Example Result

+ Addition 10 + 3 13

- Subtraction 10 - 3 7

* Multiplication 10 * 3 30

/ Division 10 / 3 3.333…

// Floor Division 10 // 3 3

% Modulus (remainder) 10 % 3 1

** Exponentiation 2 ** 8 256

Comparison Operators

Always return True or False.

Operator Meaning Example Result

== Equal to 5 == 5 True

!= Not equal to 5 != 3 True

> Greater than 5>3 True

 < Less than 5<3 False

>= Greater or equal 5 >= 5 True

<= Less or equal 3 <= 5 True

Logical Operators

Operator Returns True when… Example

and Both conditions are True age > 18 and has_id == True

or At least one condition is True is_admin or is_staff

not Reverses the boolean not is_banned

Assignment Operators

Operator Meaning Equivalent to

+= Add and assign x=x+n

-= Subtract and assign x=x-n

*= Multiply and assign x=x*n

/= Divide and assign x=x/n

//= Floor divide and assign x = x // n

%= Modulus and assign x=x%n

 **= Power and assign x = x ** n

06
CHAPTER 06

Conditional Statements

Making Decisions in Code

Real programs don't run the same code every time — they make decisions. Conditional
statements let your program choose what to do based on a condition. That's why they're also

called control flow statements.

if condition:
# runs when condition is True
elif another_condition:
# runs if the above was False, this is True
else:
# runs when nothing above was True

Types at a Glance

Statement When to use it

if You have one condition to check

if-else Two paths — True or False

 if-elif-else Multiple conditions checked one by one

📝 Practice Questions

Q1

Accept two numbers and print the greatest between them.

Input: 14, 7 Output: 14 is greater

Q2

Accept gender from user and print a greeting message.

Input: M Output: Good Morning Sir

Q3

Accept an integer and check if it is even or odd.

Input: 9 Output: 9 is Odd

Q4

Accept name and age — check if the user is a valid voter (18+).

Input: Shery, 20 Output: Hello Shery, you are a valid voter ✅

Q5

Accept a year and check if it is a leap year.

Input: 2024 Output: 2024 is a leap year ✅

Q6 — Temperature Ladder

Accept temperature in °C and print a description.

Input: -5 Freezing Cold 🥶

Input: 25 Pleasant 😊
 Input: 45 Very Hot 🔥

07
CHAPTER 07

Loops

Why Loops?

Imagine printing "Hello" 100 times. Without loops: 100 lines of code. With a loop: just 2 lines.

Loops let you repeat a block of code without rewriting it.

Python has 2 types of loops: for and while.

The Bucket Analogy 🪣

Two buckets, one mug — which loop do you use?

 🔢 FOR loop — known iterations

Transfer exactly 4 mugs. You know the count → use for.

🔁 WHILE loop — known condition

Transfer until bucket is empty. You don't know the count, but you know when to stop → use while.

08
CHAPTER 08

For Loop

The range() Function

range() generates a sequence of numbers. Think of it as saying "count from here to there".

range(stop) # 0 up to stop-1
range(start, stop) # start up to stop-1
range(start, stop, step)# start, jumping by step

list(range(5)) # [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
list(range(1,6)) # [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
list(range(0,10,2)) # [0, 2, 4, 6, 8]

For Loop with Numbers

 for i in range(1, 6):
print(i)

# Output: 1 2 3 4 5

For Loop with Strings

name = "hello"

# Method 1 — via index

for i in range(len(name)):
print(name[i])

# Method 2 — direct (simpler!)

for char in name:
print(char)

break, continue & else — The Traffic Light Analogy 🚦

🚦 Imagine you're driving through 10 traffic signals on your way home

Each signal = one loop iteration. Here's what each keyword does:

🛑
break
You spot an accident ahead — you immediately stop and take a U-turn. Loop ends completely.
 ⏭️
continue
One signal is broken — you skip it and keep driving to the next one. Loop skips this iteration.

🏠
else
You crossed all signals with no problems — you reached home safely. Runs only when loop
finishes without a break.

for i in range(1, 11):

if i == 5:
break # stop at signal 5 (accident!)
if i == 3:
continue # skip signal 3 (broken light)
print(f"Signal {i} — passed ✅")
else:
print("Reached home safely! 🏠") # only if no break

📝 For Loop Questions

Q1

Print "Hello World" n times.

Input: 3 Hello World × 3 lines

Q2

Print natural numbers from 1 to n.

Input: 5 1 2 3 4 5
Q3

Reverse for loop — print n down to 1.

Input: 5 5 4 3 2 1

Q4

Print the multiplication table of a number.

Input: 5 5×1=5, 5×2=10 … 5×10=50

Q5

Sum of first n natural numbers.

Input: 5 Sum = 15

Q6

Factorial of a number.

Input: 5 5! = 120

Q7

Print sum of all even and odd numbers in a range separately.

Input: 1 to 10 Even sum = 30, Odd sum = 25

Q8

Print all factors of a number.

Input: 12 1 2 3 4 6 12

Q9

Check if a number is perfect (sum of factors = the number itself).

Input: 6 6 is a Perfect Number ✅ (1+2+3=6)

Q10
 Check if a number is prime.

Input: 17 17 is Prime ✅ Input: 9 9 is NOT Prime ❌

Q11

Reverse a string without using built-in functions.

Input: "Python" nohtyP

Q12

Check if a string is a palindrome.

Input: "racecar" Palindrome ✅ Input: "hello" Not a palindrome ❌

Q13

Count letters, digits, and special symbols in a string.

Input: "P@#yn26at^&i5ve" Chars=8, Digits=3, Symbols=4

09
CHAPTER 09

While Loop

While Loop

The while loop keeps running as long as a condition is True. You use it when you don't know
how many times you'll need to repeat.

count = 1
while count <= 5:
print(count)
count += 1
 # Output: 1 2 3 4 5

⚠️ INFINITE LOOP DANGER!

Always make sure your condition will eventually become False — otherwise your
program runs forever!

💡 While loops also support

BREAK

,
CONTINUE

, and
ELSE

exactly like for loops.

📝 While Loop Questions

Q1

Separate each digit of a number and print on a new line.

Input: 1234 4 → 3 → 2 → 1

Q2

Accept a number and print its reverse.

Input: 12345 54321

Q3

Check if a number is palindromic (equal to its reverse).

Input: 121 Palindrome ✅ Input: 123 Not Palindrome ❌

Q4
 Build a number guessing game — computer picks a random number, user keeps guessing until

correct.

Guess: 50 → Too low! Guess: 75 → Too high! Guess: 63 → 🎉 Correct!

10
CHAPTER 10

Functions

What are Functions?

A function is a reusable block of code with a name. Instead of writing the same logic 10 times,

you write it once as a function and call it 10 times.

def greet():
print("Hello, welcome to Python!")

greet() # ← this is calling the function

Parameters & Arguments

📋 Parameter

The variable name in the function definition. Like a placeholder.

def greet(name): # ← parameter

...
 📦 Argument

The actual value you pass when calling the function.

greet("Alice") # ← argument

Types of Arguments

# 1. Positional — order matters

def add(a, b):
return a + b
add(5, 3) # → 8

# 2. Default — works even without passing a value

def greet(name="Guest"):
print(f"Hello {name}")
greet() # Hello Guest
greet("Akarsh") # Hello Akarsh

# 3. Keyword — pass in any order

def info(name, age):
print(f"{name} is {age}")
info(age=25, name="Akarsh") # order doesn't matter

CHAPTER 11

Data Structures

11
 The 4 Built-in Data Structures

When you need to store multiple values in one variable, you use a data structure. Python gives
you 4 ready to use:

Structure Ordered? Mutable? Duplicates? Access by

List ✅ Yes ✅ Yes ✅ Yes Index

Tuple ✅ Yes ❌ No ✅ Yes Index

Set ❌ No ✅ Yes ❌ No Methods

Dictionary ✅ Yes ✅ Yes Keys: ❌ Key

12
CHAPTER 12

List

Creating and Accessing Lists

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "mango"]

print(fruits[0]) # apple
print(fruits[-1]) # mango
print(fruits[0:2]) # ['apple', 'banana']
 fruits[1] = "grape" # mutation — lists allow this!

Key List Methods

lst = [3, 1, 4, 1, 5]

[Link](9) # [3,1,4,1,5,9] — add to end

[Link](0, 0) # [0,3,1,4,1,5,9] — insert at index
[Link](1) # removes first 1
[Link]() # removes last element
[Link]() # sort ascending
[Link]() # reverse in place
len(lst) # number of items

📝 List Questions

Q1

Print all positive and negative elements separately.

Input: [3, -1, 4, -5, 9] Positive: [3,4,9] Negative: [-1,-5]

Q2

Find the mean (average) of all list elements.

Input: [10, 20, 30, 40] Mean = 25.0

Q3

Find the greatest element and print its index.

 Input: [4, 8, 2, 9, 1] Greatest = 9 at index 3

Q4

Find the second greatest element.

Input: [4, 8, 2, 9, 1] Second greatest = 8

Q5

Check if the list is already sorted.

Input: [1, 3, 5, 7] List is sorted ✅ Input: [3, 1, 4] Not sorted ❌

13
CHAPTER 13

Tuple

Tuple — The Immutable List

A tuple is exactly like a list, except you cannot change it once created. Use tuples for data that
should stay constant — like days of the week, coordinates, or config values.

days = ("Mon", "Tue", "Wed")

print(days[0]) # Mon
days[0] = "X" # ❌ TypeError — tuples are immutable

Tuple Methods (Only 2!)

 t = (1, 2, 3, 2, 1)
[Link](2) # → 1 (first position of 2)
[Link](2) # → 2 (2 appears twice)

14
CHAPTER 14

Set

Set — Unique Values Only

A set automatically removes duplicates and has no guaranteed order. Great for checking

membership and performing math-style set operations.

s = {1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3}
print(s) # {1, 2, 3} — duplicates removed!

Set Operations

a = {1, 2, 3, 4}
b = {3, 4, 5, 6}

a | b # Union → {1,2,3,4,5,6}
a & b # Intersection → {3,4}
 a - b # Difference → {1,2}
a ^ b # Symmetric diff→ {1,2,5,6}

15
CHAPTER 15

Dictionary

Key-Value Storage

A dictionary stores data as key: value pairs — like a real dictionary where you look up a word
(key) to find its meaning (value).

person = {"name": "Akarsh", "age": 20, "city": "Indore"}

# Read
print(person["name"]) # Akarsh

# Update
person["age"] = 21

# Add new key

person["course"] = "Python"

# Delete
del person["city"]

# Traverse
for key, val in [Link]():
print(key, "→", val)
 📝 Dictionary Questions

Q1

Merge two dictionaries into one.

d1={a:1}, d2={b:2} {a:1, b:2}

Q2

Sum all values in a dictionary.

{"a":10,"b":20,"c":30} Sum = 60

Q3

Count the frequency of each element in a list using a dictionary.

["a","b","a","c","b","a"] {"a":3,"b":2,"c":1}

Q4

Combine two dicts, adding values for common keys.

d1={a:5,b:3}, d2={b:4,c:2} {a:5, b:7, c:2}

16
CHAPTER 16

Exception Handling

Errors vs Exceptions

❌ Errors (unfixable)
 SyntaxError — wrong syntax

IndentationError — bad spacing

TabError — mixing tabs/spaces

✅ Exceptions (handleable!)

ZeroDivisionError

TypeError

ValueError

FileNotFoundError

Handling Exceptions

try:
result = 10 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Can't divide by zero!")
else:
print("Success:", result)
finally:
print("This always runs.")

Keyword Purpose

try Wrap the risky code

except Handle the exception

else Runs only if no exception occurred

 finally Always runs — good for cleanup

raise Manually throw your own exception

17
CHAPTER 17

File Handling

File Modes

Mode Meaning Creates file?

'r' Read only ❌ (must exist)

'w' Write (overwrites!) ✅

'a' Append to end ✅
'x' Create (fails if exists) ✅

Reading & Writing

# Writing
with open("[Link]", "w") as f:
[Link]("Hello from Python!")

# Reading
 with open("[Link]", "r") as f:
content = [Link]()
print(content)

# Appending
with open("[Link]", "a") as f:
[Link]("\nAdded a new line!")

✅ Always use the

WITH

statement — it automatically closes the file for you, even if an error occurs.

18
CHAPTER 18

OOP in Python

Three Ways to Write the Same Program

# Imperative — simple but not reusable

a, b = 5, 3
print(a + b)

# Functional — reusable
def add(a, b): return a + b

# Object Oriented — scalable & organised

class Calculator:
def add(self, a, b): return a + b
 calc = Calculator()
print([Link](5, 3))

🎯 OOP key concepts:

CLASSES · OBJECTS · ENCAPSULATION · INHERITANCE · POLYMORPHISM · ABSTRACTION

19
CHAPTER 19

Classes

Class = Blueprint

A class is a blueprint — like an architect's plan for a house. The plan itself isn't a house, but you

can build many houses from it. Each house is an object.

class Dog:
species = "Canis lupus" # ← Attribute

def bark(self): # ← Method

print("Woof!")

my_dog = Dog() # create object

print(my_dog.species) # Canis lupus
my_dog.bark() # Woof!

CHAPTER 20
Objects 20
Objects = Instances of a Class

🏭 Think of a
BAG FACTORY

. The factory has a blueprint (class) that needs material, zips, and pockets. Reebok
and Campus both use this blueprint but provide their own specifications — they
become two different
OBJECTS

class Bag:
def __init__(self, material, zips):
[Link] = material
[Link] = zips

reebok = Bag("leather", 3) # object 1

campus = Bag("nylon", 2) # object 2

print([Link]) # leather
print([Link]) # nylon

21
CHAPTER 21

Constructor
 __init__ — The Constructor

The constructor is a special method that runs automatically the moment you create an object.
You use it to set up the object's initial data.

self is the object itself — it's how the method knows which object's data to set.

class Student:
def __init__(self, name, grade):
[Link] = name # stored on THIS object
[Link] = grade

s1 = Student("Akarsh", "A")
s2 = Student("Shery", "B")

print([Link]) # Akarsh
print([Link]) # Shery

22
CHAPTER 22

Attributes & Methods

Attributes

Class Attribute

Shared by all objects of the class.

 class Dog:
species = "Canis" # class

Instance Attribute

Unique to each object.

def __init__(self, name):

[Link] = name # instance

Methods

class Example:
count = 0

def instance_method(self): # needs self

return "Works with object"

@classmethod
def class_method(cls): # needs cls
return [Link]

@staticmethod
def static_method(): # needs neither
return "Just a helper function"
 23
CHAPTER 23

Inheritance

Child Inherits from Parent

Just like children inherit traits from parents, a child class automatically gets all attributes and

methods of the parent class.

class Animal:
def breathe(self):
print("Breathing...")

class Dog(Animal): # Dog inherits from Animal

def bark(self):
print("Woof!")

d = Dog()
[Link]() # inherited from Animal ✅
[Link]() # Dog's own method ✅

Types of Inheritance

# Single — one parent

class Child(Parent): ...

# Multiple — two parents

class Child(Parent1, Parent2): ...
# MRO: Parent1's methods take priority

# Multilevel — grandparent → parent → child

 class Child(Parent):
def __init__(self, name, grade):
super().__init__(name) # call Parent's __init__
[Link] = grade

24
CHAPTER 24

Polymorphism

Same Name, Different Behaviour

Polymorphism = "many forms". The same method name behaves differently depending on
which object calls it.

class Dog:
def speak(self): print("Woof! 🐕")
class Cat:
def speak(self): print("Meow! 🐈")
class Duck:
def speak(self): print("Quack! 🦆")
# Same function call — different results!
for animal in [Dog(), Cat(), Duck()]:
[Link]()
 🦆 DUCK TYPING:

"If it walks like a duck and quacks like a duck — it's a duck." Python doesn't care about
the type of object, only whether it has the method you're calling.

25
CHAPTER 25

Encapsulation

Hiding Internal Details

Encapsulation means keeping data safe inside a class and only exposing what's necessary.
Think of it like a medicine capsule — the drug is inside, protected.

class BankAccount:
def __init__(self):
[Link] = "Akarsh" # public
self._balance = 1000 # protected (convention)
self.__pin = 1234 # private (enforced)

def get_balance(self): # safe accessor

return self._balance

acc = BankAccount()
print([Link]) # ✅ Akarsh
print(acc._balance) # ⚠️ works but bad practice
print(acc.__pin) # ❌ AttributeError
 26
CHAPTER 26

Abstraction

Hide Complexity, Show Simplicity

Abstraction means showing only what the user needs to see, and hiding how it actually works.

Like a TV remote — you press a button, you don't need to know the electronics inside.

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Shape(ABC):
@abstractmethod
def area(self): # defined, not implemented
pass

class Circle(Shape):
def __init__(self, r): self.r = r
def area(self): return 3.14 * self.r ** 2

c = Circle(5)
print([Link]()) # 78.5

27
CHAPTER 27

Dunder Methods
 Magic Methods

Dunder (double underscore) methods let your objects behave like built-in Python types. They're
called automatically when you use operators or built-in functions.

class Vector:
def __init__(self, x, y):
self.x, self.y = x, y

def __str__(self): # called by print()

return f"({self.x}, {self.y})"

def __add__(self, other): # called by +

return Vector(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)

def __len__(self): # called by len()

return 2

v1 = Vector(1, 2)
v2 = Vector(3, 4)
print(v1) # (1, 2)
print(v1 + v2) # (4, 6)
print(len(v1)) # 2

28
CHAPTER 28

Advanced Topics

Decorators
A decorator wraps a function to add extra behaviour without modifying its code. Think of it as
gift wrapping — the gift (function) is still the same, but it now has a wrapper around it.

def timer(func):
def wrapper():
print("⏱ Starting...")
func()
print(" ✅ Done!")
return wrapper

@timer
def greet():
print("Hello!")

greet()
# ⏱ Starting...
# Hello!
# ✅ Done!

*args and **kwargs

When you don't know how many arguments a function will receive, use *args (for positional)

and **kwargs (for keyword).

def total(*args): # args is a tuple

return sum(args)

print(total(1, 2, 3, 4)) # 10
print(total(10, 20)) # 30

def profile(**kwargs): # kwargs is a dict

for k, v in [Link]():
print(f"{k}: {v}")
 profile(name="Akarsh", age=20)

Comprehensions — One-liners

# List comprehension
squares = [x**2 for x in range(5)] # [0,1,4,9,16]
evens = [x for x in range(10) if x%2==0] # [0,2,4,6,8]

# Dict comprehension
squared = {x: x**2 for x in range(5)} # {0:0,1:1,2:4...}

# Set comprehension
unique = {x%3 for x in range(10)} # {0,1,2}

Lambda Functions

# Lambda = anonymous one-line function

square = lambda x: x ** 2
add = lambda a, b: a + b
check = lambda x: "even" if x%2==0 else "odd"

print(square(5)) # 25
print(add(3, 7)) # 10
print(check(4)) # even
map(), filter(), zip()

nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

# map — transform every item

doubled = list(map(lambda x: x*2, nums)) # [2,4,6,8,10]

# filter — keep items that pass the test

evens = list(filter(lambda x: x%2==0, nums)) # [2,4]

# zip — combine two lists into pairs

names = ["A", "B", "C"]
scores = [90, 85, 78]
pairs = list(zip(names, scores)) # [('A',90),('B',85),...]

Modules & Packages

# Built-in modules
import math
import random
from datetime import datetime

print([Link](16)) # 4.0
print([Link](1, 100)) # random number
print([Link]()) # current date/time

# Third-party (install with pip)

# pip install numpy pandas matplotlib

🚀 Advanced Challenge Questions

Pattern 1

Print a right-angle triangle with stars.

Input: 4 * / ** / *** / ****

Pattern 2

Print a mirrored right-angle triangle.

Input: 4 **** / *** / ** / *

Pattern 3

Print a centred diamond with stars.

Input: 5 Diamond shape

Q1 — Strong Number

A number is strong if sum of factorials of its digits equals the number.

Input: 145 Strong ✅ (1!+4!+5! = 145)

Q2 — Prime Range

Print all prime numbers between two numbers.

Input: 10, 30 11 13 17 19 23 29

Q3 — Most Frequent

Find which element occurred most in a list.

Input: [1,3,3,2,1,3,4] 3 (appeared 3 times)

A M E S S A G E F R O M T H E C R E AT O R
"We'll be learning all of this and so much more on this channel. I, Akarsh

Vyas, as a creator and representative of Sheryians AI, would like to

sincerely thank each and every one of you who stayed with us till the

end. You are truly precious to us. Much love! 💙 "

SHERYIANS CODING SCHOOL