CAED
ANGLE PROJECTION -
1. First Angle Projection (European standard, ISO)
• Concept: The object is imagined in the first quadrant, meaning the object is between the observer and the
projection plane.
• Positioning:
o Front view: As seen normally.
o Top view: Placed below the front view.
o Right side view: Placed on the left of the front view.
• Symbol: A truncated cone pointing left.
Mnemonic: “Object in front of the plane; views placed opposite.”
2. Third Angle Projection (American standard, ASME)
• Concept: The object is imagined in the third quadrant, meaning the projection plane is between the observer
and the object.
• Positioning:
o Front view: As seen normally.
o Top view: Placed above the front view.
o Right side view: Placed on the right of the front view.
• Symbol: A truncated cone pointing right.
Mnemonic: “Object behind the plane; views placed as seen.”
View First Angle Third Angle
Top Below front Above front
Right Left of front Right of front
WHY WE DON’T USE 2ND ANGLE AND 4TH ANGLE PROJECTION –
1. Second Angle Projection (object in 2nd quadrant)
• The object would be behind and to the left of the projection plane.
• If you tried to place the views, they overlap or become confusing compared to first or third angle.
• The placement of views is less intuitive, so engineers avoided it.
2. Fourth Angle Projection (object in 4th quadrant)
• The object would be below and to the left of the projection plane.
• Again, view placement becomes complicated and non-standard, making it hard to read.
TYPES OF VIEWS –
1. Front View
• Definition: The view of the object as seen directly from the front.
• Purpose: Shows height and width (but not depth).
• Characteristics: Usually the most descriptive face of the object.
• Example: If it’s a cube, the front view shows a square.
2. Top View (Plan View)
• Definition: The view of the object as seen from above.
• Purpose: Shows width and depth (but not height).
• Characteristics: Often aligned directly above the front view in orthographic projections.
• Example: For a cube, top view shows a square similar to the front view.
3. Side View
• Definition: The view of the object as seen from the side (usually right side).
• Purpose: Shows height and depth (but not width).
• Characteristics: Completes the orthographic projection with front and top views.
• Example: For a cube, side view also shows a square, but aligned differently.
4. Isometric View
• Definition: A 3D representation where the object is rotated so all three dimensions (height, width, depth)
are visible.
• Purpose: Provides a pictorial understanding of the object.
• Characteristics: Angles between axes are usually 120°, scale along axes is equal (foreshortening may occur).
• Example: A cube in isometric view appears as a diamond-like 3D shape, showing three faces simultaneously.
ANGLE FROM HORIZONTAL –
Axis Angle from horizontal Notes
Width (X-axis) 30° left from horizontal Receding axis
Depth (Y-axis) 30° right from horizontal Receding axis
Height (Z-axis) 90° vertical Vertical axis
Definition
An isometric view is a type of pictorial projection used to represent three-dimensional objects on a two-dimensional
plane. In isometric projection, the object is rotated such that all three principal axes—height, width, and depth—are
visible simultaneously. This allows the viewer to see a more realistic 3D representation of the object while maintaining
the scale along all axes.
Axes and Angles
In an isometric drawing, the three major axes (X, Y, and Z) are equally spaced, with 120 degrees between each axis.
The vertical lines (height) remain perpendicular to the horizontal (90 degrees), while the lines representing width and
depth are drawn at 30 degrees to the horizontal. This arrangement ensures that all three dimensions are
proportionally foreshortened, giving a balanced 3D appearance.
Line Representation
• Vertical lines: Represent the height of the object and remain vertical on the drawing.
• Horizontal lines: Represent width and depth, drawn at 30-degree angles to the horizontal.
• Edges along the axes: All edges parallel to the three principal axes appear as straight lines in the drawing.
Dimension and Scale
In isometric projection, although the axes are equally foreshortened, the true dimensions along the axes are not
preserved; each axis is scaled to approximately 82% of its true length. Despite this, isometric drawings are widely
used because they provide a clear, comprehensive 3D view without requiring complex perspective techniques.