Transformer
1/26/2024 1
Definition of Transformer
Electrical power transformer is a static device
which transforms electrical energy from one
circuit to another without any direct electrical
connection and with the help of mutual induction
between two windings. It transforms power from
one circuit to another without changing its
frequency but may be in different voltage level.
1/26/2024 2
Working Principle of Transformer
The working principle of transformer depends upon Faraday's law
of electromagnetic induction. Mutual induction between two or
more winding is responsible for transformation action in an
electrical transformer.
Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
"Rate of change of flux linkage with respect to time is directly
proportional to the induced EMF in a conductor or coil".
1/26/2024 3
Basic Theory of Transformer
■ One winding is supplied by an alternating electrical source.
The alternating current through the winding produces a
continually changing flux or alternating flux that surrounds the
winding.
■ If any other winding is brought nearer to the previous one,
obviously some portion of this flux will link with the second. As
this flux is continually changing in its amplitude and direction,
there must be a change in flux linkage in the second winding
or coil. 4
5
■ According to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, there
must be an EMF induced in the second. If the circuit of the
later winding is closed, there must be an current flowing
through it.
■ This is the simplest form of electrical power transformer and
this is the most basic of working principle of transformer.
1/26/2024 6
The winding which takes electrical power from the
source, is generally known as primary winding of
transformer.
The winding which gives the desired output voltage due
to mutual induction in the transformer, is commonly
known as secondary winding of transformer.
1/26/2024 7
Core of transformer
The rate of change of flux linkage depends upon the amount of
linked flux with the second winding. So, it is desired to be linked
to almost all flux of primary winding to the secondary winding.
This is effectively and efficiently done by placing one low
reluctance path common to both of the winding. This low
reluctance path is core of transformer, through which maximum
number of flux produced by the primary is passed through and
linked with the secondary winding.
1/26/2024 8
Transformer Rating
Transformer size or
capacity is most often
expressed in kVA.
KVA Rating
It is the the transformer
voltage and current
specification. KVA is
simply the load voltage
times the load current. A
single phase transformer
rated for 120 volt and 20
Amperes would be rated
for 120 x 20 = 2400 VA, or
2.4 KVA (thousand VA).
1/26/2024 9
Transformer Rating
KVA or KW ?
1/26/2024 10
Main Constructional Parts of Transformer
The three main parts of a transformer are,
■ Primary Winding of Transformer- which produces magnetic flux
when it is connected to electrical source.
■ Magnetic Core of Transformer- the magnetic flux produced by
the primary winding, that will pass through this low reluctance
path linked with secondary winding and create a closed
magnetic circuit.
■ Secondary Winding of Transformer- the flux, produced by
primary winding, passes through the core, will link with the
secondary winding. This winding also wounds on the same
core and gives the desired output of the transformer.
1/26/2024 11
Types of transformer
• Step Up Transformer & Step Down Transformer - Generally used
for stepping up and down the voltage level of power in
transmission and distribution power system network.
• Three Phase Transformer & Single Phase Transformer - Former
is generally used in three phase power system as it is cost
effective than later. But when size matters, it is preferable to
use a bank of three single phase transformer as it is easier to
transport than one single three phase transformer unit.
1/26/2024 12
■ Electrical Power Transformer, Distribution
Transformer & Instrument Transformer - Power
transformers are generally used in transmission
network for stepping up or down the voltage level.
Distribution transformer steps down the voltage for
distribution purpose to domestic or commercial
users.
1/26/2024 13
■ Two Winding Transformer & Auto Transformer -
Former is generally used where ratio between
high voltage and low voltage is greater than 2.
■ Outdoor Transformer & Indoor Transformer -
Transformers that are designed for installing at
outdoor are outdoor transformers and
transformers designed for installing at indoor
are indoor transformers.
■ Oil Cooled & Dry Type Transformer - In oil
cooled transformer the cooling medium is
transformer oil whereas the dry type
transformer is air cooled.
1/26/2024 14
Isolation Transformer. An isolation transformer is a very unique
transformer. It has a 1:1 turn's ratio. Therefore, it does not step
voltage up or down. Instead, it serves as a safety device. It is
used to isolate the grounded conductor of a power line from the
chassis or any portion of a circuit load.
Current Transformer. A current transformer has a primary coil of
one or more turns of heavy wire. It is always connected in series
in the circuit in which current is to be measured. The secondary
coil is made up of many turns of fine wire, which must always be
connected across the ammeter terminals.
Potential Transformer. A potential transformer is a carefully
designed, extremely accurate step-down transformer. It is
normally used with a standard 120-volt voltmeter. By multiplying
the reading on the voltmeter (called the deflections) by the ratio
of transformation, the user can determine the voltage on the high
side.1/26/2024 15
Theory of Transformer On No-load, and Having No Winding
Resistance and No Leakage Reactance of Transformer.
■ Core Loss/Iron Loss. Core loss basically comprises of
Hysteresis and Eddy Current Loss.
– Hysteresis loss. It is due to reversal of magnetization
in the transformer core. This loss depends upon the
volume and grade of the iron, frequency of magnetic
reversals and value of flux density.
– Eddy Current Loss. In a transformer, AC current is
supplied to the primary winding which sets up
alternating magnetizing flux. When this flux links with
secondary winding, it produces induced emf in it. But
some part of this flux also gets linked with other
conducting parts like steel core or iron body or the
transformer, which will result in induced emf in those
parts, causing small circulating current in them. This
current is called as eddy current. Due to these eddy
currents, some energy will be dissipated in the form of
heat.
1/26/2024 16
Eddy Current Loss & Hysteresis Loss
17
■ Copper Loss In Transformer Copper loss is due to
ohmic resistance of the transformer
windings. Copper loss for the primary winding is
I12R1 and for secondary winding is I22R2. Where,
I1 and I2 are current in primary and secondary
winding respectively, R1 and R2 are the resistances of
primary and secondary winding respectively. It is
clear that Cu loss is proportional to square of the
current, and current depends on the load. Hence
copper loss in transformer varies with the load.
Total Loss= Core Loss + Cu Loss
1/26/2024 18