DC Generator
DC motor
Faraday’s Law
First Law :
Whenever the magnetic flux linked with a circuit
changes, an e.m.f. is always induced in it.
Second Law :
The magnitude of the induced e.m.f. is equal to the rate
of change of flux linkages.
Faradays Law of
Electromagnetic Induction
A changing magnetic flux through a loop or
loops of wire induces an electromotive force
(voltage) in each loop.
Fleming's Right Hand Rule
E.M.F
• The Thumb represents the direction of Motion of the conductor.
• The First finger (four finger) represents Field.
• The Second finger (Middle finger) represents Current
Fleming's Right Hand Rule
The following are the basic requirements to be satisfied
for generation of E.M.F
1.A uniform Magnetic field
2.A System of conductors
[Link] motion between the magnetic field and conductors
• Magnetic field :-
Permanent Magnet
(or)
Electro Magnet (practical)
• Conductor :- Copper (or) Aluminum bars placed in
slots cut around the periphery of cylindrical rotor
• Relative motion:-
By Prime Mover
Turbine
I.C Engine (Internal combustion)
Basic Generator
Generators
Simple loop generator
with split ring
(i) In fig.(b), the coil sides AB and CD are under N-pole
and S-pole respectively. Note that the segment C1
connects the coil side AB to point P of load resistance R
and the segment C2 connects the coil side CD to point
Q of the load. Also note the direction of current through
load. It is from Q to P.
(ii) After half revolution of the loop (i.e. 180o rotation),
the coil side AB is under S-pole and the coil side CD is
under N-pole as shown in fig.(c). The current in the coil
sides now flow in the reverse direction but the segments
C1 and C2 have also moved through 180o i.e. segment
C1 is now in contact with positive brush and segment C2
is in contact with negative brush.
Simple loop generator
with split ring
DC Generators, cont
• The output voltage always
has the same polarity
• The current is a pulsating
current
• To produce a steady current,
many loops and commutators
around the axis of rotation
are used
• The multiple outputs are
superimposed and the output is
almost free of fluctuations
Unidirectional current wave shape
Resultant current wave shape when number of
conductors used result current wave shape
Construction of a DC Generator
• Magnetic Circuit.
• Electrical Circuit .
Cross section view of DC machine
shaft
S
Practical Dc Machine
•Losses of DC Generator
• Copper losses.
• Eddy-current losses.
• Hysteresis losses.
• Mechanical losses.
Conditions for maximum efficiency
Efficiency of DC Generator
The efficiency of a DC generator is defined as the ratio of
mechanical input power to the output electrical power.
Explanation
Consider the power flow diagram of a DC generator (see the figure),
here the power is represented in three stages as
By referring the power flow diagram,
Iron and Friction Losses = A−B
Copper Losses = B−C
Therefore, the efficiency of a DC generator can also be defined for the
three stages as follows:
• A shunt generator supplies 95 A at a terminal voltage
of 240 V. The armature and shunt field resistances are
0.2 Ω and 60 Ω respectively. The iron and frictional
losses are 2000 W. Find the efficiency of DC generator.