MODEL ANSWERS
SET -A 4. The wavelength emitted when an
Section A – Multiple Choice Questions electron jumps from n = 3 to n = 2 is:
1. The number of atoms present in 12 Correct Answer: (a) 656 nm
g of helium is: Reason:
Correct Answer: (b) 3 × 6.022 × 10²³ Using Rydberg equation:
Reason:
Atomic mass of He = 4 g mol⁻¹
Number of moles = Mass / Molar
mass
= 12/4 = 3 mol
Number of atoms = Moles ×
Avogadro's number
= 3 × 6.022 × 10²³
= 1.8066 × 10²⁴ atoms = 656 nm
✅ Answer: (b) This is the Hα line of the Balmer series.
✅ Answer: (a)
2. In Rutherford's gold foil
experiment, most alpha particles 5. Assertion–Reason
passed through the foil without Assertion: The mass of an atom is
deflection. This indicates that: concentrated in its nucleus.
Correct Answer: (a) Atoms are mostly Reason: Rutherford's experiment showed
empty space that very few α-particles were deflected
Reason: through large angles.
Since almost all α-particles passed Correct Answer: (a)
straight through the gold foil without any Reason:
deflection, there was very little matter to Assertion is true because almost all
obstruct them. This proved that most of atomic mass lies in the nucleus.
the volume of an atom is empty Reason is also true because only a
space, while the nucleus occupies only a few α-particles experienced strong
tiny region. repulsion, indicating that the
✅ Answer: (a) nucleus is extremely small, dense,
and contains almost all the mass.
3. According to Bohr's model, the Therefore, the reason correctly explains
angular momentum of an electron in the assertion.
the nth orbit is: ✅ Answer: (a)
Correct Answer: (a) nh/2π
Reason: Section C – Short Answer Questions
Bohr's quantization condition states: 6(a) Calculate the mass percent of
mvr = nh/2π. oxygen in Na₂SO₄.
where
n = principal quantum number
h = Planck's constant
Thus, the angular momentum is
quantized.
✅ Answer: (a)
Page 1 of 8
MODEL ANSWERS
Answer: 3.31 × 10⁻¹⁹ J
= 45.07%
8(a) Difference between Cathode
6(b) Postulates of Planck's Quantum Rays and Anode Rays
Theory
1. Energy is emitted or absorbed in the
Cathode Rays Anode Rays
form of discrete packets called
Stream of Stream of positive
quanta.
electrons ions
2. Energy of each quantum is = E=hν
Negatively Positively charged
3. Atoms do not emit energy
charged
continuously.
Travel from Travel from anode
4. Emission or absorption occurs only
cathode
in integral multiples of hν.
Deflected toward Deflected toward
positive plate negative plate
7(a) State the photoelectric effect.
e/m is constant e/m depends on
Explain Einstein's theory.
gas used
Photoelectric Effect
The emission of electrons from a metal
8(b) Drawbacks of Rutherford's
surface when light of suitable frequency
Atomic Model
falls on it is called the photoelectric
1. Could not explain atomic stability.
effect.
2. According to classical theory,
Einstein's Explanation
revolving electrons should
Light consists of tiny particles called
continuously lose energy.
photons.
3. Electrons should spiral into the
Each photon has energy E=hν
nucleus.
One photon transfers all its energy
4. Could not explain line spectra of
to one electron.
hydrogen.
Part of the energy is used to
5. Could not explain quantized energy
overcome the work function (ϕ).
levels.
Remaining energy becomes kinetic
energy.
Section D – Long Answer
Einstein's equation:
9(a) Bohr's Atomic Model
Postulates
1. Electrons revolve in fixed circular
orbits.
2. Electrons do not radiate energy in
7(b) Calculate the energy of a photon stationary orbits.
Given 3. Angular momentum is quantized.
Page 2 of 8
MODEL ANSWERS
Mvr = nh/2π Energy of nth Orbit
4. Radiation is emitted or absorbed
only during transition between
energy levels.
Radius of nth Orbit
Negative sign indicates the electron is
bound to the nucleus.
9(b) Empirical Formula
Empirical formula
CH2O
Section E – Case Study
(i) Why were cathode rays named so?
Because they originate from the cathode (negative electrode) of the discharge tube.
(ii) What property showed that cathode rays are negatively charged?
They were deflected toward the positively charged plate in an electric field, proving
they carry a negative charge.
(iii) How did the e/m ratio help identify these particles?
The charge-to-mass (e/m) ratio remained the same regardless of the gas used or
electrode material, showing that cathode rays are identical particles present in all
atoms. These particles were later identified as electrons.
Page 3 of 8
MODEL ANSWERS
SET -B Q5. Assertion–Reason
Section A – Multiple Choice Questions Assertion: Bohr's model explained
Q1. What will be the molarity of a atomic stability.
solution containing 5.85 g of NaCl in Reason: Electrons in stationary orbits
500 mL of solution? do not radiate energy.
Given: Answer: (a)
Mass of NaCl = 5.85 g Reason: Both statements are true, and
Molar mass = 58.5 g mol⁻¹ the reason correctly explains the
Volume = 500 mL = 0.5 L assertion.
Calculation:
Section B – Short Answer Questions
Q6(a). Explain the blackbody
radiation problem. How did Planck
solve it?
Blackbody Radiation Problem
Answer: (b) 0.2 M A blackbody emits radiation of different
Reason: Molarity is defined as the wavelengths depending on temperature.
number of moles of solute present in one Classical physics predicted that the
litre of solution. emitted energy should increase
indefinitely at shorter wavelengths
Q2. Which statement about (ultraviolet region). This prediction, known
Rutherford's atomic model is as the ultraviolet catastrophe,
incorrect? contradicted experimental observations.
Answer: (c) Electrons revolve in circular Planck's Solution
orbits with fixed energy Planck proposed that energy is emitted or
Reason: Fixed-energy circular orbits were absorbed in discrete packets called
proposed by Bohr, not Rutherford. quanta.
The energy of one quantum is:
Q3. The energy of an electron in the E=hν
nth orbit of hydrogen atom is where:
Answer: (a) h = Planck's constant
v = frequency of radiation
This assumption successfully explained
the observed blackbody spectrum.
Reason: According to Bohr's model, the Q6(b). Calculate the number of moles
energy of an electron decreases with in 22 g of CO₂.
increasing orbit number and is always Given:
negative. Mass = 22 g
Molar mass of CO₂ = 44 g mol⁻¹
Q4. Which hydrogen spectrum lies in
the visible region?
Answer: (b) Balmer Series
Reason: Transitions ending at n = 2
Answer: 0.5 mol
produce the Balmer series, which lies in
the visible region.
Q7(a). Limitations of Bohr's Atomic
Model
Page 4 of 8
MODEL ANSWERS
1. Applicable only to hydrogen-like Section C – Long Answer
atoms. Q9(a). Rutherford's Gold Foil
2. Could not explain spectra of multi- Experiment
electron atoms. Experiment
3. Failed to explain the Zeeman effect. A thin gold foil was bombarded with
4. Failed to explain the Stark effect. α-particles.
5. Inconsistent with Heisenberg's A zinc sulphide screen detected
uncertainty principle. scattered particles.
6. Could not explain electron wave Observations
nature. 1. Most α-particles passed straight
through.
Q7(b). Empirical Formula 2. Some were deflected slightly.
Eleme % Atomi Mole Simple 3. Very few were deflected through
nt c s st Ratio large angles.
Mass 4. A very small number rebounded.
C 40 12 3.33 1 Conclusions
H 6.6 1 6.67 2 Most of the atom is empty space.
7 Positive charge and almost all mass
O 53. 16 3.33 1 are concentrated in a tiny nucleus.
33 Electrons revolve around the
Empirical Formula = CH₂O nucleus.
Q8(a). Distinguish between Q9(b). Calculate the wavelength of
Fundamental Particle and Subatomic the first Balmer line.
Particle For the first Balmer line:
Fundamental Subatomic
Particle Particle
Basic particles that Particles present
Using Rydberg equation:
constitute matter. inside an atom.
Examples: Electron, Examples:
quarks. Electron, proton,
neutron.
Q8(b). Postulates of Bohr's Atomic
Model
1. Electrons revolve in fixed circular
orbits.
2. These orbits are stationary and have = 656 nm
definite energy.
3. Electrons do not radiate energy in Section D – Case Study
stationary orbits. (i) What is threshold frequency?
4. Angular momentum is quantized: The minimum frequency of incident light
mvr=nh/2π required to eject electrons from a metal
5. Radiation is emitted or absorbed surface is called the threshold frequency.
during transitions between energy
levels. (ii) Why does kinetic energy depend
on frequency and not intensity?
Page 5 of 8
MODEL ANSWERS
According to Einstein's theory:
Energy of a photon is:
E=hν
Thus, photon energy depends on The negative sign indicates that the
frequency, not intensity. Increasing electron is bound to the nucleus.
intensity increases the number of
photons, but not the energy of each Q4. The wavelength of Hα line of
photon. Therefore, the maximum kinetic Balmer series is
energy of emitted electrons depends only Answer: (a) 656 nm
on the frequency of light. Using Rydberg equation,
(iii) Write Einstein's Photoelectric
Equation
SET -C
λ=656 nm
Section A – Multiple Choice Questions
Q1. The empirical formula of a
Q5. Assertion–Reason
compound is CH₂O and its molecular
Assertion: Cathode rays are produced
mass is 180 g mol⁻¹. The molecular from all gases.
formula is: Reason: Cathode rays consist of
Given electrons which are present in all
Empirical Formula = CH₂O atoms.
Answer: (a)
Reason: Both statements are true.
Cathode rays are streams of electrons,
and electrons are present in atoms of
every element, irrespective of the gas
used.
Answer: (a) C₆H₁₂O₆ Section B – Short Answer Questions
Q6(a). What is the significance of the
Q2. The discovery of neutron was e/m ratio of cathode rays being
made by independent of the gas used?
Answer: (c) Chadwick The charge-to-mass ratio (e/m) of cathode
Reason: James Chadwick discovered the rays was found to be the same regardless
neutron in 1932 by bombarding beryllium of the gas inside the discharge tube or the
with α-particles. material of the electrodes.
Significance
Q3. According to Bohr's model, the 1. Cathode rays are made of the same
total energy of an electron in the nth particles in all substances.
orbit is 2. These particles are present in every
Answer: (b) Negative and atom.
proportional to 1/n²
Reason:
Page 6 of 8
MODEL ANSWERS
3. These particles were identified as
electrons.
4. This proved that atoms are divisible
and contain subatomic particles.
Q6(b). Calculate the empirical
formula.
Eleme % Atomi Mole Simple
nt c s st Ratio
Mass
C 40 12 3.33 1
Q8(a). Characteristics of Anode Rays
H 6.6 1 6.67 2
1. Positively charged particles.
7
2. Travel in straight lines.
O 53. 16 3.33 1
3. Deflected by electric and magnetic
33
fields toward the negative plate.
Empirical Formula
4. e/m ratio depends on the gas used.
CH2O
5. Consist of positive ions.
6. Can produce fluorescence and
Q7(a). Explain the formation of
mechanical effects.
hydrogen spectrum on the basis of
Bohr's model.
Q8(b). Why was Bohr's model
According to Bohr:
rejected later? What improvements
1. Electrons revolve in fixed energy
were made in the quantum
levels.
mechanical model?
2. No energy is emitted while the
Limitations of Bohr's Model
electron remains in a stationary
1. Applicable only to hydrogen-like
orbit.
atoms.
3. When an electron jumps from a
2. Could not explain spectra of multi-
higher energy level to a lower one, it
electron atoms.
emits radiation.
3. Failed to explain Zeeman and Stark
4. The energy of the emitted photon is:
effects.
4. Ignored the wave nature of
5. Different transitions produce electrons.
different spectral lines: 5. Contradicted Heisenberg's
o Lyman series (UV) uncertainty principle.
o Balmer series (Visible) Improvements in the Quantum
o Paschen series (IR) Mechanical Model
Thus, the hydrogen spectrum consists of 1. Electrons exhibit wave-particle
discrete lines because only specific energy duality.
transitions are allowed. 2. Electrons are described by wave
functions (Schrödinger equation).
Q7(b). Relation between wavelength 3. Electrons occupy orbitals rather
and frequency than fixed circular orbits.
4. The model predicts the probability
of finding an electron in a region of
space.
Page 7 of 8
MODEL ANSWERS
5. It successfully explains the spectra
and electronic structure of multi-
electron atoms.
Section C – Long Answer
Q9(a). Discovery of Fundamental
Particles
(i) Discovery of Electron
Scientist: J. J. Thomson (1897)
Experiment: Cathode ray discharge tube
Observations:
Cathode rays travel in straight lines. Section D – Case Study
They are deflected by electric and (i) What is a blackbody?
magnetic fields. A blackbody is an ideal body that absorbs
The e/m ratio is constant. all the radiation incident on it and emits
Conclusion: Cathode rays are negatively radiation depending only on its
charged particles called electrons. temperature.
(ii) Discovery of Proton (ii) What was the ultraviolet
Scientist: E. Goldstein catastrophe?
Experiment: Perforated cathode (Canal The ultraviolet catastrophe was the
ray experiment) prediction of classical physics that a
Observations: blackbody should emit infinite energy at
Positively charged rays passed very short wavelengths (ultraviolet
through holes in the cathode. region). This prediction disagreed with
Their properties depended on the experimental observations.
gas used.
Conclusion: Positive particles (protons in (iii) Write Planck's equation for the
hydrogen) exist in atoms. energy of a quantum.
(iii) Discovery of Neutron
Scientist: James Chadwick (1932)
Experiment: Bombardment of beryllium
with α-particles.
Observation: Neutral radiation was
produced that could eject protons from
paraffin wax.
Conclusion: The neutral particle was
named the neutron.
Q9(b). Calculate the frequency of
radiation emitted when an electron
jumps from n = 4 to n = 2.
Using Rydberg relation:
Page 8 of 8