C B S E & S TAT E B O A R D C U R R I C U L U M

Class 10 Mathematics
Ultimate Master Formula & Concept Sheet

Document Overview

• Complete Chapter-by-Chapter Formulas (Chapters 1 to 14)

• Standard Theorems, Proof Key Points & Properties
• Quick Revision Tables & Standard Values
• Designed for Board Exam Preparation & Rapid Review

Comprehensive Reference Guide • 11 Pages of Mathematical Essentials

Class 10 Mathematics Comprehensive Formula Sheet Page 1

 CHAPTER 01

Real Numbers

1. Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic

Every composite number can be expressed (factorized) as a product of primes, and this factorization is
unique, apart from the order in which the prime factors occur.

Composite Number = p1 × p2 × p3 × ... × pn

2. Relationship between HCF and LCM

For any two positive integers a and b:

HCF(a, b) × LCM(a, b) = a × b

Also derived as:

• a×b
HCF(a, b) =
LCM(a, b)
• a×b
LCM(a, b) =
HCF(a, b)

3. Rational and Irrational Numbers

Irrationality Proof Property

Let p be a prime number. If p divides a2, then p divides a, where a is a positive integer.

Common results: √2, √3, √5, (3 + 2√5) are irrational.

Exam Tip: Always write prime factorizations clearly in exponential form (e.g., 72 = 23 × 32) when calculating HCF and
LCM in board exams.

Class 10 Mathematics Comprehensive Formula Sheet Page 2

 CHAPTER 02

Polynomials

1. Geometrical Meaning of Zeroes

The zeroes of a polynomial p(x) are precisely the x-coordinates of the points where the graph of y = p(x)
intersects the x-axis.

• Linear polynomial ax + b intersects at exactly 1 point (1 zero).

• Quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c intersects at at most 2 points.

2. Relationship between Zeroes and Coefficients

Quadratic Polynomial: p(x) = ax2 + bx + c (where a ≠ 0)

Let α and β be the zeroes of p(x).

b Coefficient of x
Sum of zeroes (α + β) = − =−
a Coefficient of x2

c Constant term
Product of zeroes (αβ) = =
a Coefficient of x2

Forming a Quadratic Polynomial

When sum (S) and product (P) of zeroes are given:

p(x) = k[x2 − Sx + P] where k is a non-zero real constant.

Cubic Polynomial: p(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d

Let zeroes be α, β, γ.

• α + β + γ = −b / a
• αβ + βγ + γα = c / a
• αβγ = −d / a

Class 10 Mathematics Comprehensive Formula Sheet Page 3

 CHAPTER 03

Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables

1. General Form & Consistency Conditions

Consider the pair of linear equations:

a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0

Ratio Comparison Graphical Representation Algebraic Interpretation Term

a1 b1
≠ Intersecting lines Exactly one solution (Unique) Consistent
a2 b2

a1 b1 c1
= = Coincident lines Infinitely many solutions Consistent (Dependent)
a2 b2 c2

a1 b1 c1
= ≠ Parallel lines No solution Inconsistent
a2 b2 c2

2. Algebraic Methods of Solving

Substitution Method
Express one variable in terms of the other from one equation and substitute it into the second equation.

Elimination Method
Multiply both equations by suitable non-zero constants to make the coefficients of one variable numerically
equal, then add or subtract to eliminate it.

Cross-Multiplication Formula

x y 1
= =
b1c2 − b2c1 c1a2 − c2a1 a1b2 − a2b1

Class 10 Mathematics Comprehensive Formula Sheet Page 4

 CHAPTER 04

Quadratic Equations

1. Standard Form

ax2 + bx + c = 0 (where a ≠ 0)

2. Quadratic Formula (Sridharacharya Formula)

Roots of the quadratic equation are given by:

−b ± √D
x=
2a

3. Discriminant (D) and Nature of Roots

D = b2 − 4ac

• −b ± √D
If D > 0: Two distinct real roots. (x = )
2a
• b b
If D = 0: Two equal real roots (Coincident roots). (x = − , − )
2a 2a
• If D < 0: No real roots.

4. Method of Completing the Squares

To solve ax2 + bx + c = 0:

1. Make coefficient of x2 unity by dividing by a.

2. Shift constant term c/a to RHS.
3. Add square of half of coefficient of x i.e., (b / 2a)2 on both sides.

Class 10 Mathematics Comprehensive Formula Sheet Page 5

 CHAPTER 05

Arithmetic Progressions (AP)

1. General Form of an AP

a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, ...

Where a is the first term and d is the common difference. d = ak+1 − ak.

2. n-th Term of an AP

The n-th term (an) of an AP with first term a and common difference d is:

an = a + (n − 1)d

Note: d = an − an−1. Also, n-th term from the last = l − (n − 1)d, where l is the last term.

3. Sum of First n Terms of an AP

n
Sn = [2a + (n − 1)d]
2

Alternative formulas:

• n
Sn = (a + l) (where l = an is the last term)
2
•a =S −S
n n n−1

Class 10 Mathematics Comprehensive Formula Sheet Page 6

 CHAPTER 06

Triangles

1. Basic Proportionality Theorem (Thales Theorem)

If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect the other two sides in distinct points, the other
two sides are divided in the same ratio.

AD AE
If DE || BC, then =
DB EC

2. Criteria for Similarity of Triangles

• AAA (Angle-Angle) Similarity: If in two triangles, corresponding angles are equal, then their
corresponding sides are in the same ratio and triangles are similar.
• SSS (Side-Side-Side) Similarity: If in two triangles, sides of one triangle are proportional to the sides of
the other triangle, then their corresponding angles are equal.
• SAS (Side-Angle-Side) Similarity: If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of the other triangle
and the sides including these angles are proportional.

3. Areas of Similar Triangles & Pythagoras Theorem

Area Ratio Property

The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the square of the ratio of their corresponding sides.

area(ΔABC) / area(ΔPQR) = (AB / PQ)2 = (BC / QR)2 = (CA / RP)2

Pythagoras Theorem
In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides.

Hypotenuse2 = Base2 + Perpendicular2 (AC2 = AB2 + BC2)

Class 10 Mathematics Comprehensive Formula Sheet Page 7

 CHAPTER 07

Coordinate Geometry

1. Distance Formula

The distance between two points P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) is:

d = √( (x2 − x1)2 + (y2 − y1)2 )

Distance of point P(x, y) from origin (0, 0): d = √(x2 + y2)

2. Section Formula

The coordinates of the point P(x, y) which divides the line segment joining A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) internally in
the ratio m1 : m2:

m1x2 + m2x1 m1y2 + m2y1

(x, y) = ( , )
m1 + m2 m1 + m2

3. Mid-Point Formula

When m1 : m2 = 1 : 1:

x + x2 y1 + y2
(x, y) = ( 1 , )
2 2

4. Area of a Triangle

Area of triangle formed by (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3):

1
Area = | [ x1(y2 − y3) + x2(y3 − y1) + x3(y1 − y2) ] |
2

Class 10 Mathematics Comprehensive Formula Sheet Page 8

 CHAPTER 08

Introduction to Trigonometry

1. Trigonometric Ratios (in Right Triangle)

Ratio Abbreviation Side Ratio Definition

Sine sin θ Perpendicular / Hypotenuse = Opposite / Hypotenuse

Cosine cos θ Base / Hypotenuse = Adjacent / Hypotenuse

Tangent tan θ Perpendicular / Base = Opposite / Adjacent

Cosecant cosec θ Hypotenuse / Perpendicular = 1 / sin θ

Secant sec θ Hypotenuse / Base = 1 / cos θ

Cotangent cot θ Base / Perpendicular = 1 / tan θ

2. Standard Trigonometric Table

Angle (θ) 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

sin θ 0 1/2 1/√2 √3/2 1

cos θ 1 √3/2 1/√2 1/2 0

tan θ 0 1/√3 1 √3 Not Defined

cosec θ Not Defined 2 √2 2/√3 1

sec θ 1 2/√3 √2 2 Not Defined

cot θ Not Defined √3 1 1/√3 0

3. Trigonometric Identities

sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1

1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ

1 + cot2 θ = cosec2 θ

Class 10 Mathematics Comprehensive Formula Sheet Page 9

 CHAPTERS 09 & 10

Heights & Distances & Circles

1. Heights and Distances (Trigonometry Applications)

Key Definitions
• Line of Sight: The line drawn from the eye of an observer to the point in the object viewed.
• Angle of Elevation: Angle formed by the line of sight with the horizontal when the point viewed is above
the horizontal level.
• Angle of Depression: Angle formed by the line of sight with the horizontal when the point viewed is
below the horizontal level. (Equal to angle of elevation by alternate interior angles).

2. Circles: Tangents & Properties

Theorem 10.1
The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact.

Theorem 10.2
The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.

PA = PB

Class 10 Mathematics Comprehensive Formula Sheet Page 10

 CHAPTERS 11, 12 & 13

Areas Related to Circles, Mensuration & Statistics

1. Areas Related to Circles

• Area of circle = πr2 | Circumference = 2πr

• θ
Area of Sector of angle θ = × πr2
360°
• θ
Length of an arc of a sector of angle θ = × 2πr
360°
• Area of segment = Area of corresponding sector − Area of corresponding triangle.

2. Surface Areas and Volumes

Solid Curved/Lateral Surface Area Total Surface Area Volume

Cuboid 2h(l + b) 2(lb + bh + hl) lbh

Cylinder 2πrh 2πr(r + h) πr2h

1
Cone πrl (l = √(r2 + h2)) πr(r + l) πr2h
3

4
Sphere 4πr2 4πr2 πr3
3

3. Statistics (Mean, Median, Mode)

• Σ(fixi)
Mean (Direct Method): x̄ =
Σfi
• n/2 − CF
Median: Median = l + ( )×h
f
• f1 − f0
Mode: Mode = l + ( )×h
2f1 − f0 − f2

Class 10 Mathematics Comprehensive Formula Sheet Page 11