AGROO5

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

1. HOLOMETABOLA
 TYPES OF
METAMORPHOSIS

2. PAUROMETABOLA
 TYPES OF
METAMORPHOSIS
3. HEMIMETABOLA
 TYPES OF
METAMORPHOSIS

3. AMETABOLA
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• The physiological system that is mainly involved in insect
reproduction. It is composed of the male reproductive
system for the production of sperm cell and the female
reproductive system for the production of egg cell.
• Reproduction is the biological process to produce new
individuals (offspring)
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Important parts of the male reproductive organs
and its functions/description:
1. Testis- organ where spermatozoa is
produced
2. Testicular follicles- (sperm tubes) trophic
function; absorbs nutrients from the
hemolymph for the germ cells found within
3. Vas efferens- a seminal duct frum the
sperm tube to the vas deferens
4. Vas deferens- is a seminal duct from the
vas efferens to the seminal vesicle
5. Seminal vesicle- is the spermatozoa
reservoir
 Important parts of the male reproductive organs
and its functions/description:
6. Accessory gland- is for coating and protection of
sperms from acidity; secretes seminal fluid that may
affect an inseminated female such as stimulation of
oviposition; acceleration of oocyte maturation;
stimulation of contractions of genital ducts that aid
in sperm movement; inhibition of subsequent
insemination; aid in sperm movement
7. Ejaculatory duct- is the spermatozoa duct or
releasing duct
8. Phallus- penis of the male insect (usually erect) ;
aedeagus- intromittent organ
9. Gonopore- opening of the phallus
FUNCTIONS
1. Production and storage and delivery of spermatozoa
2. Production of seminal fluid
3. Nourishes and provides an appropriate environment for the
sperms
4. Provides the female with chemical or physical signal (to tell her
that she has been mated)
5. Incidental function, to supply the female with nutrients which can
be incorporated into the developing oocytes
SEMINAL TRANSFER
1. Semen- spermatozoa plus glandular secretions
2. Insemination- transfer of semen from male reproductive to female
organ.
3. Hemocoelic insemination or traumatic insemination -
perforating the integument at aspecialized site in their abdomen
and ejaculating semen directly into the hemocoel.
4. Direct deposition- deposited on-site by males.
5. Indirect deposition- deposited off-site by males which is then
picked up by females. She will deposit it within itself. (ex. Diplura,
collembola and several non-insect arthropods)
SEMINAL TRANSFER
6. Multiple mating- act of mating several males
7. Sperm precedence- in multiple mating, the sperm of the last male
to mate generally succeeds in fertilization.
8. Spermatophore- proteinaceous package or housing for the
sperm.
 Control of Spermatogenesis
1. Ecdysone: may influence the
permeability of the testis walls to the
humoral factor implicated in the
differentiation of spermatocytes
2. Juvenile hormone: has inhibitory
effect on spermatogenesis
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
 Important parts of the female reproductive organs
and its functions/description:
1. Ovarioles- where the eggs are
reproduced.
2. Pedicel- small duct that connects the
ovarioles to the oviduct
3. Spermatheca- the storage of sperms
4. Oviduct- a channel which eggs are
discharged to unite with the sperm
5. Vagina- is the terminal portion of female
reproductive organ; an egg holding
chamber; which opens directly into the
external ovipositor, or egg-laying
mechanism; (bursa copulatrix)
Important parts of the female reproductive organs
and its functions/description:
6. Accessory gland- are colleterial glands that
secrete adhesive material used to cover or glue
eggs together (colleterial gland). For aquatic
insects (stoneflies, mayflies etc., it produces
gelatinous masses that surrounds eggs. For
tsetse fly, it is modified as milk gland)
7. Gonopore- external opening of the reproductive
system
FUNCTIONS
1. Produces and store eggs
2. Provides the eggs with the necessary nutrients for embryonic
development
3. Receives and stores spermatozoa
4. Site of fertilization
5. Deposits eggs or larvae
6. May provide additional protection to the embryos in the form of
covering (ex. Ootheca: cockroaches, abdominal hairs : gypsy
moth)
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
1. Oviparity - a type of sexual reproduction in
which an egg is produced by females,
fertilized, and oviposited.
2. Ovoviviparity - eggs are normally
developed and fertilized, but they are
retained and hatched within the female
body. (e.g. flesh flies)
3. Viviparity - development takes place within
the female body; give birth to individuals
having no chorionic covering (e.g. aphids,
tsetse flies etc.)
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Viviparity
• Larviparous- viviparous larvae
• Nymphiparous- viviparous nymph
• Puparous- viviparous pupa
Glossina sp. (Diptera)– one larvae developed in a highly specialized
uterus that receives nutrients from uterine (accessory gland); when
released the tsetse larvae is ready to pupate. While in the uterus, the
larvae ventilate its posterior spiracles by protruding through the
parent’s genital opening.
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
1. Polyembryony
(a) the dividing cells separate during the
initial mitotic divisions, and eventually
give rise to a separate individual.
(b) cleavage formation of a cell
undergoes many times, after which the
embryonic body subdivides into embryos
arising from either type varies from two to
several thousands.
2. Parthenogenesis- development of
offspring in an unfertilized egg.
3. Paedogenesis- immatures can
produce offspring by
parthenogenesis.
END