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VIDYASAGAR ACADEMY
BARGARH
PHYSICS
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT (2022-23)
PROJECT
TITLE:- AC GENERATOR
PREPARED BY:- ADITYA GAVEL
CLASS :- XII
ROLL NO-___________
GUIDED BY:
Ms. JYOTIRMAYEE PANDA
PGT PHYSICS
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TOPIC
AC GENERATOR
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INDEX
CONTENT PAGE
NO.
Certificate 4
Acknowledgement 5
Introduction 6
Theory and Working 7
Component of AC 8-11
Generator
Efficiency 12
Result 13
Uses 14
Losses in AC Generator 15-16
Precautions 17
Bibliography 18
CERTIFICATE
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This is to certify that ADITYA GAVEL of Class-
XII has successfully complete the project on the
topic AC GENERATOR under the guidance of Ms.
JYOTIRMAYEE PANDA during the year 2022-
2023 in the partial fulfilment of
the physics practical examination conducted by
theCBSE.
Signature of Signature of Signature of
External Internal Principal
SS
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my immense gratitude to my
physics teacher Ms. JYOTIRMAYEE PANDA for the help
and guidance he provided for completing this project.
I also thank my parents who gave their ideas and inputs in
making this project. Most of all I thank our school
management, for providing us the facilities and
opportunity to do this project.
Lastly, I would like to thanks my classmates who have
done this project along with me. Their support made this
project fruitful.
-ADITYA GAVEL
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INTRODUCTION
An electric generator is a device that converts mechanical energy to
electrical energy.
A generator forces electric current to flow through an external circuit. The
source of mechanical energy may be a reciprocating or turbine steam
engine, water falling through a turbine or waterwheel, an internal
combustion engine, a wind turbine, a hand crank, compressed air, or any
other source of mechanical energy.
Generators provide nearly all of the power for electric power grids.
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THEORY AND WORKING
The strong magnetic field is produced by a current flow through the field
coil of the rotor.
The field coil in the rotor receives excitation through the use of slip rings
and brushes.
Two brushes are spring-held in contact with the slip rings to provide the
continuous connection between the field coil and the external excitation
circuit.
The armature is contained within the windings of the stator and is
connected to the output.
Each time the rotor makes one complete revolution, one complete cycle of
AC is developed.
A generator has many turns of wire wound into the slots of the rotor.
The magnitude of AC voltage generated by an AC generator is dependent
on the field strength and speed of the rotor.
Most generators are operated at a constant speed; therefore, the generated
voltage depends on field excitation, or strength.
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FIEL
D
The field in an AC generator consists of coils of conductors within the
generator that receive a voltage from a source (called excitation) and produce
a magnetic flux.
The magnetic flux in the field cuts the armature to produce a voltage. This
voltage is ultimately the output voltage of the AC generator.
ARMATURE
The armature is the part of an AC generator in which voltage is produced.
This component consists of many coils of wire that are large enough.
PRIME MOVER
The prime mover is the component that is used to drive the AC generator.
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The prime mover may be any type of rotating machine, such as a diesel
engine, a steam turbine, or a motor.
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ROTOR
The rotor of an AC generator is the rotating component of the generator, as
shown in Figure 1.
The rotor is driven by the generator’s prime mover, which may be a steam
turbine, gas turbine, or diesel engine. Depending on the type of generator, this
component may be the armature or the field.
The rotor will be the armature if the voltage output is generated there; the
rotor will be the field if the field excitation is applied there.
STATOR
The stator of an AC generator is the part that is stationary.
Like the rotor, this component may be the armature or the field, depending on
the type of generator.
The stator will be the armature if the voltage output is generated there; the
stator will be the field if the field excitation is applied there.
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EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of an AC generator is the ratio of the useful power output to
the total power input.
Because any mechanical process experiences some losses, no AC
generators can be 100 per cent efficient.
Efficiency of an AC generator can be calculated using Equation.
Efficiency = (Output /Input) X 100
OR
Efficiency = (POWER OUT/POWER IN) X 100
EFFICIENCY OF ELECTRIC GENERATOR
POWER= VOLTAGE X CURRENT
EFFICIENCY=
POWER OUTPUTX 100
POWER INPUT
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RESULT
WHEN THE AXLE OF GENERATING MOTOR IS ROTATED, E.M.F. IS
PRODUCED
BY IT.
REASON: CHANGE IN FLUX THROUGH THE WINDING OF MOTOR.
THIS E.M.F. REMAINS IN THE CIRCUIT AS LONG AS AXLE IS
ROTATED.
HENCE, FARADAY’S LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION IS
VERIFIED.
AS THE SPEED OF ROTOR IS INCREASED, THE VOLTAGE AND
CURRENT PRODUCED BY GENERATOR ALSO GET INCREASED.
REASON: RATE OF CHANGE OF FLUX INCREASES.
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USES
Aircraft auxiliary power generation, wind generators, high speed gas turbine
generators.
Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) drive systems, automotive starter generators.
An ac generator, or 'alternator', is used to produce ac voltages for transmission
via the grid system or, locally, as portable generators.
All of our household appliances run on ac current. Ex: Refrigerator, washing
machines, oven, lights, fan etc.
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LOSSES IN AN AC GENERATOR
1.) Internal Voltage Drop
The load current flows through the armature in all AC generators. The
armature has some amount of resistance and inductive reactance.
The combination of these make up what is known as the internal resistance,
which causes a loss in a n AC generator.
When the load current flows, a voltage drop is developed across the internal
resistance.
This voltage drop subtracts from the output voltage and, therefore, represents
generated voltage and power that is lost and not available to the load.
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2.) HYSTERESIS LOSSES
Hysteresis losses occur when iron cores in an AC generator are subject to
effects from a magnetic field.
The magnetic domains of the cores are held in alignment with the field in
varying numbers, dependent upon field strength.
The magnetic domains rotate, with respect to the domains not held in
alignment, one complete turn during each rotation of the rotor. This rotation of
magnetic domains in the iron causes friction and heat.
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The heat produced by this friction is called magnetic hysteresis loss.
After the heat-treated silicon steel is formed to the desired shape, the
laminations are heated to a dull red and then allowed to cool.
This process, known as annealing, reduces hysteresis losses to a very low
value.
To reduce hysteresis losses, most AC armatures are constructed of heat- treated
silicon steel, which has an inherently low hysteresis loss.
3.) MECHANICAL LOSSES
Rotational or mechanical losses can be caused by bearing friction, brush
friction on the commutator, and air friction (called windage), which is caused
by the air turbulence due to armature rotation.
Careful maintenance can be instrumental in keeping bearing friction to a
minimum.
Clean bearings and proper lubrication are essential to the reduction of bearing
friction.
Brush friction is reduced by ensuring: proper brush seating, proper brush use,
and maintenance of proper brush tension.
A smooth and clean commutator also aids in the reduction of brush friction.
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PRECAUTIONS
• Do all the connection carefully
• Fix all the component on cardboard with strong glue
• Do not take a high voltage LED bulb (1.5V preferred)
• Use only DC motor in making the model
• Before doing any experiment please consult to your
subject teacher or lab assistance
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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[Link]
Google search engine
Physics NCERT book
[Link]/c/knowledgecycle
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