Complex Analysis

f:C → conf:D → e
discontinuous around

f (x triy) = u (x, y) + iv (x, y)

Identity function:-
f (z) = 2 u (c, y / = x, Vin, y) = y
f (2) =3 4 (R, y)=x, ✓ (x, g) =-y
f(2) =2² u(x, y)-E- y², ✓(x, y)-2mg
f(2) =e² u(x, y)- e'cosy, vise,y)- e"siny

Limit:-Given any 670, when /z-zole (0,5)

him f(2) = Wo = Wort iway
2720
him U (X, y) = Wore him ✓ (x, y) = way
(x, y) > (no/yo) (x, y) > (ro, yo)

Continuity:-him f(2) = f (20) → In limit diff-12-20k

2-720
S

suppose f (2) = f (x + iy) = u (x, y) + iv (x, y).Them

f (z) is continuous at 20 = No + iy ◦ if f both u (x, y)
and v (x, y) are continuous at (Xo, yo).
e.g. v23-8 , if 2 ≠ Zi
2 -2i
f (z) =

- Ioi , if 2 = 2 i

for 2 ≠2i,
f (2) = 123 - 8 - [323 - 8 = (iz) 3 + 23
2- 2i 2- 2i Z -2i
i
iz + 2) (-22 + 4-221
41
1- -2i)
f (2) = z²i - hi-22 (for Z≠2i)
him ② i)?i - hi-2(zi) = -hi-hi- hi --12;
2-721 ≠ - Ioa'
Differentiability?- him f (Zoth) - f (20) =p'/20)
h-70 h

if y=o x → ◦
e. g. f (z) = Σ him so-if =,
x-70 Ntig
haim→ ◦ f (20th)- f (20) = him tr
h-70 h
h

him
2- > 20 f (2) = him f(20th) = him h (f (20th)-f (20)/n
h-70 4-70

+ his f (20) = 2, him at f/20)

470

Given hey f(20th)- f (20) = 2 70 + f (20)

h
Differentiable ⇒ Continuous
 but if x =o, y → 0, y-70
him N-iy = ,
retiy Not differentiable
(at any 20)

When f is diff- at 20, we say f is holomorphic at 20.

Cauchy Riemann theorem

f: * → ¢ if diff. at Zo = No + iyo
where f (x + iy1 = u (x, y) + iv (x, y)
then Use, Uy, Vx, Ny (partial derivatives)
exist and Url (ro, yo, = V81 (xo, yo,
C-R equations

Uy/ (no, yo) = - Valero, yo)

# CR equations hold doesn't necessarily mean function

is holomorphic/ diff.
f: c → c
f (2) = w
finting) = ✓ (a. g) + iulary)

real part-of f imaginary

part- off

f is differentiable at- the point zo if

le- f(zoth) - f (Zo) exists

H o h

C. R equation

if f- u + iv is differentiable/holomorphic
al- z-no + iyo
Un, [Link]. vy all exists at-(no,go)

Un - ry & vy = - use at- (no, yo)

if this is true the f is differentiable

holomorphic

f:D → C be any function then if is

said to be analytic at ZOED if D

there crists some J-ball centered at

20
2. such that f is differentiable at
each point of-the ball
if fis analytic at- 2. ⇒ f is differentiable at-20
but the converse does not- holds

e.g. consider f(2) = Z Re (Z)

check differentiability & analyticity of f

solve f (2) = flat iy) = ✗ (a + iy) = m² + iny

ulary): a- , vary) = my
Un = 22 Uy = 0 Vn =Y My = x
un -ry uy =-Va
↳ 2n = x 0 =-y
". n - o & y -o
."- C -R. equations does not- hold on any point other
than 2 = 0 i. e. the fac - f is not differentiable
on C - {0}

al- Zo = 0 be- + (h) - f (o) = It h-Rech) - O = et Rech)

a-0 n→ o h
k h
=

• :
f is differentiable on holomorphic at 2 = 0
f. 10): 0

as the free. f is differentiable only at 2. = 0

there is no ball around 20 on which
the fac. f is differentiable
• : the function is no-where analytic.
e.g. f (z) = 1212 • check differentiability &
analyticity of
+

e.g. differentials ility a C. R. equations

converse is not true

implies

e. g. flat = layt
flating): at
- : uny = ay) Vny = 0

Un (o.o) = lt ✓ (4,0) - u(o, o) =

↳0 h

✓ (och) - v /010) =
Uy (0,0) = If
h O
u

Vn (0,0) = Vy (0,0) = 0

un = Vy & uy = - Vn at (0,0)

for differentiability of fat- z ≠ 0 1 we get-

le flu) - f (o) - et hikal

h o
h hi/has 0 hitiha
delih = hitcha

Let us approach by the line y = ma

• : ha = uh,
e­ mhih
h, → 0
hit imh,
= le- 1mF it depends ◦n in
4. → o
I + in
 " lim flu) - f (o) does not exist-
n → 0
h
- ". f is not differentiable at
20 = 0

Harmonic - unctio
U: R2 R

[Link]?0Uu(any)
can ER
✓ is called a harmonic function if
Unn & ugy both exists on R² and
Unn + Ugy = 0 on R²

e-g. U : 12 ²
R ✓ (my) = e" sing
Un = easing Uy= e" cosy
Unn = e" sing uyy= - e "sing
Unn + Ugy = 0 on R²
so this is a harmonic function

Theorem f:c-c
f is given by f=v+iv

if f is cholomorphic on CA u and v both are

harmonic functions on R²

proof Une =
y and Uy = - Vse at- each point
on R ²

Una = 0 (un) = Vyse f: c → C is differentiable

On everywhere, it can be
written in power series
forem
Ugy = d (og) = - ray f (z) = do + a, z + a 2 22....
dy
 r
Nan + Uyy = 0 is proved

suppose u (x,y) is a harmonic function.

Can we have a holomorphic fire f so that
real part of f is given by usury)?

can we have a new harmonic fue v (ay) so

that- f = utir is chutomorphic?

e.g, u(ni y) = e" sing is harmonic

suppose ✓ (aig) is harmonic for which
u + in is holomorphic

• . Un = Vy & uy =-un
& e'sing = ✓y e "cosy = - Va

Vy: e" sing

dv(my) = - e" cosy + g (n) & vn = - e"cosy + g' (n)
and from before we know vn = -e"cosy
• '- g'(x): 0 .: g (n) = c

i. ✓ (n,y) = - e" cosly) + c now 1=0 for harmonic

there ✓ (n,y) is the harmonic conjugate of

ulny)
e.g. show that the free. Uca-g) =y3-3mg + any + 2m²-2y²
is harmonic. Find also the fmc. venig) so
that fluting)- ulary) + inlay) is holomorphic
and ✓ (0, 0) = 5

→ du = - Gny + 2y + here do - 3y²-3m-+2m

On dy - by
d "u by - 4
② ✓
- Gy + 4
0m² Oy'
22 + du 0 for any point (my)
dm² dy-
-: U (rig) is harmonic as all the partial
derivatives enist & d²v + 02 - 0
dm² dy-
suppose v (nay) is harmonic such that
f = utiv is cholomorphic

.: do = Or do Or
on by dy On

☆ - Gay + 2- y + 4m = Ov ⇒ 3y²- 3x² + 2n-by = -dv

dy On
l

2
integrating yn-⊕ [Link] y. we get

v = - say 2 + y² + any + ∅ (a) 3

differentiating eq - 3 [Link] , we get-

Ov - 3y² + ay + 0/(n) 4

on
comparing qn 6
with egr- 2
• we get-
 ∅' (a) = 3m²-2x
-: ∅ (a) = m³ -x + C
substituting this in an 3 we get-
.". ✓ = - 3ny² + y' + any + x³-n + c

now v (0,0) = 5 .: c = 5
- ", ✓= -3ny² + y² + any + 23 -x + 5

Complex Line Interation

g

ada assume x ²=z

x²+ cos m² + sin m² A 2ndn = dz
↳ add = dz
2
If do
2 2 + cos 2 + sin 2

complex line Integration

for

2212
1 ACE B
curne
the A to C
from B A

( -1/0) 110)

indignation along the curve ACB

there [o, t) → C
it
t e
e.g. /Ida where C is the line from 2= 0
to 2 = 2 i and then the line
from 2=21 to 2 = 4 + 2:

: i. J Zdz - - f Edz +1 Edz

CI
C,
2

[O, 1] C
i. e 2ti z (t) = 2ti

/Edz = 'fati. 2idt ☆ dz = 2idt

CI
I
t Lei-side- = "/eat
o
l

[21% -- 2

10,41 e
.
t t + 21 Edz = 0/, + + ai) de
C2

> (t) = f + 2i - flt-aildt

dz = It o
y

t² - sit = 8 - 8i

2 0

i. J Edz = fzdz + fzdz = 10 - 8 i

(I C 2
 e.g. Evaluate along the curve c /Edz, where
c is a path d
c-{alt) - t-+ it, ☐ ≤ + ≤ 2} dz= (atti) alt

4+21

- [ Idz = ↑t²+it) (atti) de-

0
=f (+ 2- it) (at + i) de-
°
=;) (2+3 - 2it² + it? + t) de-

10 - 8 i
3

theorem Let D is a domain and C is a curve

inside D. suppose f (z) is a continuous function
on C, and there enists a differentiable fue.
F (z) so that- F'(z) = f (Z), ∀ ZE [Link],

/ f code = F (Zi) - F (Zo)

i starting point
✓ end point

2: [916] → < 21
offend..-⑦(acts) → it) de-
2 = 8(ᵗ)
20 a
p (a) = 20 =] F '(v (t)) 8'#at
z (b) = 21
 = "/ IF (✓ (t)) • all-

a It
b
= / def (vet) - F (→ (b)) - F (Vca))
= F (21) - F (20)
a

Corollary ifC is a closed curve

Zff (2) dz = 0

e.g. evaluate c/ 2ⁿᵈ 2, where m is any integer

and C is the unit circle oriented counter

clockwise

Case I m ≥ ◦ 2m is a polynomial so it
has a anticliminative i. e. it thas
some func. f so that f' = 2m
..
2m" is the anti-derivative
Mtl
60 2ⁿdz = 0 by previous theorem as C
C)
is a closed curve.

Case 2 m = -1 0,25] C
+ eit: cost + isine-
1: d-
• '. 2 = eit dz = ie it at
 1:
dz
= .
eit
- (ie:tdt)
C

2T (°

Case 3 in ≤-2

2ⁿdz = e int• ie"" de =

c 2
mtl
(cit)
M + I
0

[ e'2 (Mti) - l
I
Mtl

- Conclusion 1 2nd z = I if m ≠-I

2 i • if m = - 1

(z-Zo/"dz o. if -≠-1
Generalization
2 i, if m = -1
C
where C is any circle centreed at- z.

theorem (Cauchy's Integral Theorem)

set, f (2) be an analytic function in a domain
D. Them for any simple closed canned,

(f (z) dz = 0 differentiable
everywhere
 if f (2) → analytic

f (Z) = do + a 1 (z-20)
f (z): a. tailz-20) + as (2-20)?...
+ as (z - Z) 2
+ as (z-Zo) ¾....

f' (z): f (z)

power series
e.g. evaluate 2+4 dz, where expansion
Z²+ 22 + 5 c is the
circle Iztil =
!

solm f (z) = ZtU has a singularity where

2- + 22 + 5 22+22+5 vanishes
the fine. 2²+ 22 + 5 vanishes at- - #21
(Itai)

Domain where the free is never

(-1-ai)
singular

- from Cauchy's Integral theorem

2+4 dz
r

is 0

( 22+22+5
in Cauchy's Integral theorem simple closed curve
means so for any closed curve
⑥ ifthe problematic points
are outside the curve
the answer is zero
simple closed curne not simple closed curve
 b

If (a) dz :- ff (oct)) 8'#at 2 = V

c a dz - 8 ' (t) de

8 (a)

8 (5) =
b

e.g. calculati ! zdz i where C is the upper

unit semicircle oriented
anticlockwise,
T
f Idz = /e- itd (eit)

C
f: treit
. ⇒ e- it. [Link]-
◦ A

fidt = it
◦

Remark if the function is analytic,! the curve

C is a closed carve them Idz = 0

Remark if [ Idz = 2 i , where c is the unit

circle centred at origin

then
1
2ⁿdz = 0 • where n is any integer
other than -1.

d 2nd 2 = 0 ,
 Cauchy's Integral Theorem

If f (a) is analytic in a domain D. them for

any single closed curve c inside ☐ ,

{f- code-o D

Cauchy's integral formula

f (2) is analytic in a domain D and C is any

single closed curve inside [Link] for any
point zo lying inside c.

(z) dz = 2 if(Zo)
It z - Zo
c
• Zu

generalization of
1
C 2
1 dz = 2ñi

take f (z) = 1 (constant function) and z. = 0

Cauchy's Integral formula for higher derivatives.

f (z) dz = 2 i 1%20) n ≥0
(Mti)
2 - Zo
u!
it proves that if f (a) is analytic in ☐ them all its
higher derivatives exist .
this is a generalization of

fz" dz = ° ~ ≤-2
for
C

I do = ° for n≥2
2m
take f(2) = 1 (constant fuc) and Zo = 0 .

(u) (z)
tea
(2-zoo/~dz = 25; f
!
ture as f(2) is constant f" Cas = 0.

e.g. f e²² do where c = {121 = 3}

(2+1)"
C

f (z) =
222 has problem at
(2+1)" 2=-1 , which
lies inside the curve C.
22
f
-(2)=e

( e²² dz 2 i -
f "(i) f'12) = 2222
2- 20) 3! f" (2) = 4222
C
2 i, 8 e- 2 f"" (2) = 8e²²
6
- 8 i
3e²
tour 2 do cohune c = 121 = 3
e-g. / 22-1 2

<
f (2) = tanz has singularity at the points
22 - 1
2=1,-1, IT 12, ± 3512,.....

other - than - I & 1 others are lying

outside C

tan 2 dz = tanz dz
22 - 1
( (2-1) (2+1)
C

dz
-f fan 2 × 2I (21,
2+1

fan 2 dz tanz dz
½!
2- 1 - : I 2+1

-. by cauchy's integral theorem f (z)-tan 2 'is

analytic in the
circle.
= I 2 i [fanz] - I 2 i [tan 2]
2
2=1 2 2 = -

= Titan 1 - Titan-I
= 2Titan/

e.g. evaluate e 2 t
dz , C = {121 =3}
22 + 1

Zt
f (z) = e ith singularity at
22 +1 2 = ±:, both lying
inside the curne.
 ZE
e²ᵗ dz dz = "dz-fe²ᵗdz]
f
22+1 - +Ica-is diff2-- i Zti
c

-
I ani [eat] - I 29 i [e-t)-=,
z = i
2: 2:
it "e- it
= Te - (• it-e- it)

= 2T isin t.

e.g. evaluate Isin" } dz c- {121 =,}

(2 - 5161
C
solve lalin

final any were 2' Ti (basically done-

16 solve)
OF FEET
c. g. 3227 2 dz C = {12-it =, very
22 - 1 important.
!

has singularity at-

2 = ± 1 , where I is inside a
and -1 is outside C

32-+ 2 dz =:/32 -+ 2 do - 21322+2 dz

22 - 1 2 - 2+1
!

I ✗ Hi [3232)-= 1 - 0 the fmc.

f (z) = 322+2
is
4 i
analytic ² it' a domain
slightly greater thanc
but-not containing -1.
 1
322 + 2 dz = ] 322 + 2 dz
22-1 2+1
C
2- 1

- 2 i 32-+ z

2 + 1
2 = 1

2 ix 2 = 4 i

exercise. (keep pending till the last moment,then ignored

l
f cos - dz , where c. = {121 = 312}
2 (22+8)
C Ams = Ii
4

2
dz where c = {12-11 =3}
I (22+412
C Ans =
16

3 I e² dz colure, c = { 121 = 312}

c (2-112/22+4)
sip don't know answer

Evaluate 4 - 32
dz 1 where (= {121 = 3/2}
2 (2 - 1) (2- 2)
4- 32
f. (2) = 212-1) (2-2) has singularity
at points 2 = 0, 112 , where O& I lie
inside C and 2 lies outside C
• : the problematic point are 2: 0,1

:/ 4- 32 dz - 4- 32 dz / 4 -32
dz
2 (2 - 1) (2 -2) 2 (2-2) (2-1) (2-2)

C C C

UTI 2ñi
= 2 i
Result

] 4- 32 dz 4 - 32 4- 32 dz
2 (2-1) (z - 2) - ! z(2 - 1) (2- 2) + ] • (2- 1) (2-2)

C2

4- 32 d2 4- 32 dz
(2-1) (2 -2) "f 2 (2 -2)

!
C 2
Z (2 - 1)
C 2

4-32 2ñi 4 - 32

+
= 2 I
(2- 1) (2- 2) 2 (2 -2)
2 =

2 - 1
-- 2T I ✗ 2 t 2T: (i)
= 2ñi

Cx. evaluate dz 1 where C = [121 = 3]

2 (2-1) (2 -2)

dz
" e-scan 1 C2 (3

+ /
1
dz
2 (2-2) + / 2 (a-1, ᵈ²
(2-2)
(2
2- 1
C}

= 2 i + 2
(2- 1) (2-2) i (z (2-2)

End Sem
2 ='
= 0
Z

+ 2 i I
Syllabus
2 (2-1) 2 = 2
done
2ñix 1 2Ti x I + 2Ti , I = ri
2 2 2