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IGCSE O‐LEVEL
Further Pure
Mathematics
SHORT NOTES
BY
HAWON
HAWON Mathematics B
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1. Logarithmic functions and indices
Logarithms
ln 𝑥 log 𝑥
𝑒 𝑥
Surds
√𝑎𝑏 √𝑎 √𝑏
√ √
√ √
Rationalising the denominator
If (+), multiple with (-).
If (-), multiple with (+).
√
→ 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ
√ √
HAWON Mathematics B
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Indices
𝑥 1
𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
2. The quadratic function
Quadratic equation
𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑥 𝑐 0
√
𝑥
Completing the square
𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑥² 𝑏𝑥 𝑐
𝐴 𝑥 𝐵 𝐶
Note: 𝑓 𝑥 → 𝐶 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚/ 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚
Discriminant/ Nature of roots
HAWON Mathematics B
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3. Identities and inequalities
Factor and remainder theorem
𝑓 𝑥 equals zero
If 𝑥 𝑎 is a factor of 𝑓 𝑥 , then 𝑓 𝑎 0
Remainder: 𝑓 𝑥 5
Simultaneous equations
Substitution method: solve for 1 variable 2𝑥 𝑦 7 →𝑦 7 2𝑥
Elimination method
Use algebra
If 𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 𝑏 𝑝, then 𝑥 𝑎 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 𝑏
If 𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 𝑏 𝑝, then 𝑎 𝑥 𝑏
Roots
𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑥 𝑐 0
∝ 𝛽 | ∝𝛽
Equation: 𝑥 ∝ 𝛽 𝑥 ∝𝛽 0
HAWON Mathematics B
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4. Graph sketching
Asymptotes
HAWON Mathematics B
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5. Series
Arithmetic series
𝑢 𝑎 𝑛 1 𝑑
𝑆 2𝑎 𝑛 1 𝑑 𝑆 𝑎 𝑙
𝑢 𝑆 𝑆
𝑢 𝑆 𝑆
𝑺𝒏 𝒖𝒏 𝒂
Geometric series
𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑎𝑟
|𝑟 | 1 “r” is convergent 1 𝑟 1
𝑟 1→ 𝑆
𝑟 1→ 𝑆
S infinity: only occur if “r” is convergent
𝑆
HAWON Mathematics B
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6. The Binomial Series
Binominal expansion
1 𝑥 1 ⋯
! !
Valid range: 1 𝑥 1
𝑥 3 0
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Approximate value
√𝑥 9 → 𝑥 9 ⋯
7. Vector
Collinear
PQR is a straight line (means: collinear), if any two vectors are parallel
𝑃𝑄⃗ , 𝑄𝑅⃗ , 𝑃𝑅⃗
Vector method
Use 𝜆, 𝜇
Find same two vector equation 𝑂𝑃⃗ 𝑂𝑃⃗
Modulus of vector
𝑥 → |𝑥 | √𝑚 𝑛
HAWON Mathematics B
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Area ratio
Unit vector
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Example: 𝑎 3𝑖 4𝑗
|𝑎 | 3 4 5
Unit vector
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3𝑖 4𝑗
HAWON Mathematics B
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8. Coordinates
Distance between two points
𝑑 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦
Ratio
Given that: 𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑥 , 𝑦 , and 𝑚: 𝑛
Gradient
𝑚
Straight line equation
𝑦 𝑚𝑥 𝑐
𝑦 𝑦 𝑚 𝑥 𝑥 Given gradient and 1 point
𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑦 𝑐 0 General form
Perpendicular/ normal
𝑦 𝑞 𝑚 𝑥 𝑝
Gradient is 1 → replace 𝑚 with
HAWON Mathematics B
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9. Calculus
Differentiation
Powerေ ချ power 1 တ်
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ကိ ိတ်ရင် 𝑐𝑜𝑠 | 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ကိ ိတရ
် င် 𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑒 𝑎𝑒
Chain rule
Product rule
ေ ထားေနာက် ိတ၊် အေပါင်း ေနာက်ထားေ ိတ ်
Quotient rule
ေြခထားေဝ ိတ၊် အ တ် ေဝထားေြခ ိတ၊် ေအာက် power၂ထပ်တင်
Integration
Power 1ေပါင်း powerနဲြပန်
့ စား, 𝐶
𝑥 𝑥 𝐶
𝑒 𝑒 𝐶
Area under a curve
𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Area between two lines
𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Volume of revolution
𝜋𝑦 𝑑𝑥
HAWON Mathematics B
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Rate of change
10. Trigonometry
Arc and Sector
𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝜃
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑟 𝜃
𝜃 measured in radian
Sine Rule
𝑜𝑟
Cosine Rule
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 2𝑎𝑏 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴
Area of triangle
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐
Trigonometric identities
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 1
tan 𝜃
sin 𝑎 𝑏 sin 𝑎 cos 𝑏 cos 𝑎 sin 𝑏
sin 𝑎 𝑏 sin 𝑎 cos 𝑏 cos 𝑎 sin 𝑏
cos 𝑎 𝑏 cos 𝑎 cos 𝑏 sin 𝑎 sin 𝑏
cos 𝑎 𝑏 cos 𝑎 cos 𝑏 sin 𝑎 sin 𝑏
HAWON Mathematics B
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𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 𝐵
HAWON Mathematics B
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HAWON Mathematics B
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Quadrant
Others:
HAWON Mathematics B
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Area between Curves
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 0 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
HAWON Mathematics B
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Kinematics Flowchart
HAWON Mathematics B