Lesson 1: Impact of Physics on Society Physical Quantities

• are measurable properties.

Medicine and Healthcare • They are expressed using a number and a unit.
• Better medical diagnosis • Length, Time, Mass, Temperature, and Electric
• Nuclear medicine current
• Improved healthcare
• Cancer treatment Measuring Instruments
Electricity and Electronics Instrument Quantity Measured
• Electric power systems Ruler / Meterstick Length
• Electronic devices Stopwatch Time
• Solar cells Thermometer Temperature
• Modern communication technologies Weighing Scale / Balance Mass
Communication and Information Technology Ammeter Electric Current
• Faster communication
• Entertainment technology History of Measurement
• Digital devices Before SI Units:
• Information sharing • Different countries used different measurement
Weather and Environmental Science systems.
• Weather forecasting • Measurements were based on local customs (e.g.,
• Disaster preparedness ganta, dangkal, dipa, sako).
• Safer travel • Comparing measurements was difficult.
• Environmental monitoring SI System
Scientific Knowledge and Understanding of Nature • The International System of Units (SI) is the
• Better understanding of natural phenomena standard measurement system used worldwide.
• Foundation for future technologies • Developed from the metric system.
• Advancement of scientific knowledge − Easy and universal, different sizes are
related by powers of 10 ( indicated using
Physics-Based Technologies prefixes x 105 )
1. Laser Why Use SI Units?
• Uses the principle of light amplification. • Ensures consistency.
2. Computers • Allows scientists to communicate accurately.
• Advances in thin films, magnetic materials, and • Makes measurements easier to compare.
semiconductors made computers smaller and
more affordable. Metric Prefixes
• Early computers weighed about 30 US tons
(27,216 kg). Prefix Symbol Value Common Length
• Based on the fundamental principles of tera T 10¹² Conversions
Electricity and Magnetism. giga G 10⁹ • 1 km = 10³ m
mega M 10⁶ • 1 dm = 10⁻¹ m
*use the given notes* kilo k 10³ • 1 cm = 10⁻² m
centi c 10⁻² • 1 mm = 10⁻³ m
milli m 10⁻³ • 1 μm = 10⁻⁶ m
Lesson 2: Fundamental Quantities and SI Units micro μ 10⁻⁶ • 1 nm = 10⁻⁹ m
nano n 10⁻⁹
Measurement pico p 10⁻¹²
• is the process of determining the size, amount, or
quantity of something.
Fundamental Quantities
Importance of Measurement • Basic quantities that cannot be expressed in
• Produces correct and reliable results. terms of other quantities. (alone)
• Allows scientists to communicate results • Measured using base SI units.
accurately and consistently. • Foundation of all measurements.
• Makes measurements easy to compare.
 Fundamental Quantity SI Unit Symbol Projectile Motion
Length meter m • A special type of two-dimensional motion.
Mass kilogram kg • Moves horizontally and vertically simultaneously.
Time second s
Temperature kelvin K
Electric Current ampere A Measuring Tools
Luminous Intensity candela cd Standard Measuring Tools Alternative Measuring Tools
Amount of Substance mole mol • Meterstick • Hand span
• Ruler • Footstep
Derived Quantities • Tape measure • Arm length
• Formed by combining two or more fundamental • Stopwatch • Wristwatch
quantities using mathematical operations.

Derived Quantity SI Unit Advantages of standard

Speed m/s • More accurate
Acceleration m/s² • More consistent
Density kg/m³
Volume m³ Average Speed
Energy joule (J) = kg·m²/s² 𝒅
𝒗= = 𝒎/𝒔
Work joule (J) = kg·m²/s² 𝒕
Key Points
Force newton (N) = kg·m/s²
• A harder push results in a greater average speed.
Electricity Units • Speed increases when an object covers more
Ampere (A) distance in less time.
• Measures electric current (how much electricity
Motion in Two Dimensions Experiment
flows).
Watt (W)
Controlled Variables (constants)
• Measures power (electrical energy used or
• Table height
produced every second).
Kilowatt (kW) • Starting position
• 1 kW = 1,000 W
Why Keep Them Constant?
Kilowatt-hour (kWh)
• To make the experiment fair and reliable.
• Unit of energy consumption.
• Used on Philippine electricity bills.
Important Observations
• kWh = kW x hours
• Different pushing forces produce different
horizontal distances.
Horizontal Distance𝒅
Lesson 3: Translational Motion in One and Two • Average horizontal speed =
Time of Flight
Dimensions • Projectile motion is two-dimensional because the
object moves horizontally and vertically at the
Translational Motion same time.
• Movement of an object from one position to • A higher table allows the marble to stay in the air
another. longer, increasing horizontal distance if pushed
with the same force.
Types of Translational Motion
One-Dimensional (1D)
• Motion along a straight line.
Lesson 4: Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration
Two-Dimensional (2D) (One-Dimensional Motion)
• Motion in both horizontal and vertical directions
at the same time. Motion
Examples • Motion is the change in an object's position.
• Curved path
• Water from a fountain
• Diver jumping
Important Terms Speed
• Reference Point – the original position used for Definition
comparison. • Speed is the distance traveled per unit time.
• Reference Frame – the coordinate system used to • Scalar quantity (no direction).
measure an object's position. • SI unit : m/s
Formula
Distance vs. Displacement 𝒅
Distance 𝑽=
𝒕
• The total path traveled by an object.
• Scalar quantity (magnitude only; no direction).
• Always positive Formula Triangle

Displacement
• The change in an object's position from the
starting point.
• Vector quantity (has magnitude and direction). Therefore:
Characteristics • Speed = Distance ÷ Time
• Shortest straight-line distance from start to finish • Distance = Speed × Time
• Includes direction • Time = Distance ÷ Speed
• Can be zero
Velocity
Definition
Rules for Calculating Displacement • is the displacement per unit time. ( 𝒗𝒂𝒗𝒈 𝒐𝒓 𝒗)
Rule 1: Same Direction • Describes the speed and direction of a moving
• Add the displacements. body
• 5 m East + 3 m East = 8 m East • Vector quantity (has magnitude and direction).
• SI unit : m/s (but if asked it always has a direction
Rule 2: Opposite Directions 5m/s, West)
• Subtract the displacements.
• Direction follows the larger displacement. Formula for average velocity
• 10 m East + 4 m West = 6 m East 𝒅 𝑽𝒇 + 𝑽𝒊
𝒗= 𝒗𝒂𝒗𝒈 =
𝒕 𝟐
Rule 3: Perpendicular Directions
• Use the Pythagorean Theorem.
• Displacement: 10m South + 3m West = 10.44 m, Velocity Changes When
16.699° SW 1. Speed changes.
2. Direction changes.
Formula: 3. Both speed and direction change.
Pythagorean:
𝒄 = √(𝟑𝒎)𝟐 + (𝟏𝟎𝒎)𝟐
Angle: Acceleration
Definition
𝒐𝒑𝒑 𝟑 • Acceleration is the change in velocity per unit
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 = = time. (∆𝒗) or 𝒂
𝒂𝒅𝒅 𝟏𝟎
𝟑 • SI unit : m/s2
𝜽 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( ) = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟔𝟗𝟗°
𝟏𝟎 Formula
∆𝒗 𝒗𝒇 − 𝒗𝒊
𝒂= 𝒂=
∆𝒕 ∆𝒕

Special Cases Where:

Returning to the Starting Point • ∆𝒗 = 𝒗𝒇 − 𝒗𝒊
• Distance ≠ 0
• a = acceleration
• Displacement = 0
• 𝒗𝒇 = final velocity
Example:
• 40 m North then 40 m South • 𝒗𝒊 = initial velocity
• Distance = 80 m • t = time
• Displacement = 0 m
Types of Acceleration
1. Positive Acceleration
• Speed increases.
• When 𝒗𝒇 is greater than 𝒗𝒊 then ∆𝒗 or 𝒂
(acceleration) is positive
2. Negative Acceleration (Deceleration)
• Speed decreases.
• When 𝒗𝒇 is less than 𝒗𝒊 then ∆𝒗 or 𝒂
(acceleration) is negative