ELECTRODYNAMICS
PHYSICAL SCIENCE GRADE 12
BY:MASUTHA-NTHOKE V.D
Electrical Machines
Generator: A machine that
converts mechanical energy
to electrical energy
Motor: A machine that
converts electrical energy to
mechanical energy
Generators
Energy conversion: From mechanical energy to electrical energy
Principle of operation: Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.
Current is induced due to the changing magnetic flux linkage within the coil.
Type of generators
Alternating current (AC) Direct Current(DC)
Functions of the components
1. Bar magnets: to supply the magnetic field
Note: Magnetic field always moves from North to South.
2. Armature (Rectangular coil): Conduct current over the field
Note: It contains number of turns of wires
3. Slip rings: to allow transfer of current between the coil and external components through the
brushes. (AC)
4. Split rings: to ensure that the coil rotates continuously in one direction(DC).
To reverse the direction of current flowing through the coil after every half rotation of the coil.
5. Carbon brushes: To transfer current from the rings to the external circuit.
6. External circuit: Any electrical appliance. Sometimes a voltmeter or galvanometer is placed
at the external.
Direct Current (DC)
It has Split rings.
Cram work
Split rings, think about a broken ring due to divorce.
So, Divorce starts with the letters Di, just like Direct.
Voltage Vs Time graph for DC
Alternating Current
It has Slip rings
Cram work
If we are to compare it with those
of DC, This one is for Married
people. Married people sleep(slip)
next to each other. Ok cut……
Hence the two rings are next to
each other.
Voltage vs Time graph (AC)
How to increase the induced
current/Emf
Increase the number of turns
Use a stronger magnet
Increase the speed of rotation
Brain teaser
For the graph on the previous slide, on the same set of
axes, draw a graph that will be obtained if the speed of
rotation is doubled.
Determining direction of the induced
current
The right hand rule is used to determine
the direction of the induced current.
You will always be given direction of
rotation of the coil. Either Clockwise or
Anti clockwise.
The polarity of the bar magnets will give
you the direction of field lines.
Field lines always moves from North to
South.
You can use any of the hand rule you are
comfortable with.
Brain teaser
Determine direction of the induced current. The coil rotates clockwise
Advantages of AC Over DC
Can be transmitted over long distance with minimum
energy loss (This is why ESKOM prefers it)
Can be converted to DC (By replacing slip rings with
split rings)
Can be stepped up or down
Can be easily generated.
RMS Value
The rms potential difference is the AC potential difference
which produces the same amount of energy as an equivalent
DC potential difference.
The rms current is the alternating current which produces the
same amount of energy as an equivalent direct current (DC)
Calculations
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒, 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝐸𝑚𝑓. 𝐼𝑓 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑎 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ, 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐴 .
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 (𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠)
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡. 𝐼𝑓 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑎 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ, 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑠
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑠)
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑅 = 𝑅𝑒𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑂ℎ𝑚𝑠)
Daily Application
The maximum (or peak) value of the voltage (Vmax) in South African
homes is approximately 325 V with the Vrms=230 V.
Please note that this is not always the case with our exam questions.
Different values can be given.
Vrms is at the plug point
Example
Motors
Energy conversion: From Electrical energy to mechanical energy
Principle of opration: Motor effect
when a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it
experiences a force.
Type of Motors
AC Motor DC Motor
Motors
The function of a motor is to bring about rotation.
The rotation of the coil can be increased by:
1. Increasing the current
2. Using a stronger magnet
3. Increasing number of turns
Determining direction of rotation of
the coil
The left hand rule is used to determine
the direction of the rotation of the coil.
Either as clockwise or anticlockwise.
You will always be given direction of flow
of current
The polarity of the bar magnets will give
you the direction of field lines.
Field lines always moves from North to
South.
You can use any of the hand rule you are
comfortable with.
Brain teaser
1. Differentiate between the following:
1.1 Motor and generator in terms of
1.1.1. Energy conversion
1.1.2 Components of the external circuit
1.2. Differentiate between AC and DC
1.3. How can you convert AC to DC?
1.4. Which principle is used in the operation of:
1.4.1. Generators
1.4.2. Motors
This topic is supposed to be easy
All the best.
Please make up for the trauma you have
caused me in exam.