Ang behaviorism bilang pilosopiya ng edukasyon ay nakatuon sa paghubog ng obserbahang pag-
uugali ng mga mag-aaral sa pamamagitan ng stimulus-response associations, gamit ang
sistema ng mga gantimpala at parusa (rewards and punishments).
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Narito ang mga pangunahing aspeto nito:
Pokus sa Obserbahang Pag-uugali: Ang pagkatuto ay binibigyang kahulugan bilang isang
nakikitang pagbabago sa pag-uugali ng isang mag-aaral, hindi sa panloob na proseso ng
pag-iisip o damdamin.
Papel ng Kapaligiran: Naniniwala ang mga behaviorist na ang mga tao ay hinuhubog nang
buo ng kanilang panlabas na kapaligiran. Kung babaguhin mo ang kapaligiran, babaguhin mo
ang pag-uugali.
Gantimpala at Parusa: Ang pangunahing mekanismo ng pagtuturo ay sa pamamagitan
ng operant conditioning (operant na pag-kondisyon). Ang mga positibong gantimpala
(tulad ng papuri, magandang grado, o token economies) ay nagpapalakas ng nais na pag-
uugali, habang ang mga parusa ay nagpapahina sa mga hindi kanais-nais na pag-uugali.
Papel ng Guro: Ang guro ang tagapamahala ng kapaligiran sa silid-aralan. Sila ang
nagdidisenyo ng mga kondisyon sa pag-aaral, nagbibigay ng mga angkop na stimuli
(pagsasanay o takdang-aralin), at nagpapatupad ng pare-parehong pampalakas
(reinforcement) upang makamit ang tiyak at nasusukat na layunin sa pagkatuto.
Papel ng Mag-aaral: Ang mag-aaral ay itinuturing na isang "blank slate" (tabula rasa) na
tumutugon sa mga stimuli mula sa kapaligiran. Sila ay pasibong tumatanggap at bumubuo ng
mga asosasyon sa pagitan ng stimuli at mga tugon.
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Sa madaling salita, ang behaviorism ay isang sistematikong paraan upang maunawaan at mahubog
ang pag-uugali ng tao sa edukasyon sa pamamagitan ng nakabalangkas na pampalakas, na
madalas ginagamit para sa pagbuo ng mga pangunahing kasanayan o habituasyon
Behaviorism in Education
Behaviorism in education, or behavioral learning theory, is a branch of
psychology that focuses on how people learn through their interactions with
the environment. It’s based on the idea that behaviors are acquired through
conditioning, which is a process of reinforcement and punishment. According
to this theory, learning is a change in observable behavior that results from
experience
Overview of Behavioral Learning Theory
Behavioral learning theory emerged in the early 20th century as a reaction
against introspective psychology, which relied on subjective reports of mental
states and processes. Behaviorists such as John B. Watson and B.F.
Skinner argued that psychology should be a science of observable and
measurable events and behaviors, and that mental states and cognitive
processes were irrelevant or inaccessible.
Behaviorists proposed that environmental stimuli and consequences shape
behavior and that learning occurs through a process of operant conditioning.
Operant conditioning involves reinforcing or punishing behaviors based on
their outcomes
Example:
For example, if a student gets praised for answering a question correctly, they
are more likely to repeat that behavior in the future. On the other hand, if a
student gets scolded for talking out of turn, they are less likely to repeat that
behavior in the future.
Benefits of Working with a Behavioral Learning Model
Implementing a behavioral learning model in education offers several
advantages. Firstly, it provides a systematic and structured approach to
teaching, enabling educators to set clear expectations and establish
consistent routines in the classroom. The use of positive reinforcement
encourages desirable behaviors, fostering a positive learning environment.
Additionally, behaviorism emphasizes measurable outcomes, allowing
educators to assess student progress and tailor instruction accordingly. By
focusing on observable behaviors, behaviorism provides a practical
framework for effective teaching and learning.
Working with a behavioral learning model can have several benefits for
educators and students alike. Some of these benefits are:
It provides a clear and objective way of measuring and evaluating
student performance and progress.
It allows teachers to tailor instruction and feedback according to each
student’s needs and abilities.
It helps teachers manage classroom behavior and discipline using
positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement strategies.
It motivates students to learn by rewarding them for their achievements
and efforts.
It helps students develop self-regulation skills by teaching them how to
monitor and control their own behavior.
Application of Behaviorism in the Classroom
There are many ways that teachers can apply behaviorism in the classroom to
enhance student learning and behavior. Here are some examples of
behaviorist teaching strategies:
Positive Reinforcement
Positive reinforcement entails offering rewards or incentives to strengthen
desired behaviors. This can include verbal praise, stickers, tokens, or other
tangible rewards. By positively reinforcing desired behaviors, educators can
motivate students and increase the likelihood of those behaviors being
repeated. For example, a teacher can praise a student for completing their
homework, give them a sticker for raising their hand, or reward them with
extra recess time for being cooperative.
Positive reinforcement can have several benefits, such as:
It encourages students to repeat desirable behaviors and achieve their
goals.
It boosts students’ self-esteem and confidence.
It fosters a positive and nurturing learning atmosphere.
Negative Reinforcement
Negative reinforcement is the removal of an unpleasant stimulus after a
behavior to increase its frequency. For example, a teacher can reduce the
amount of homework for a student who performs well on a test, allow them to
skip a quiz if they score high on a pre-test, or exempt them from a penalty if
they correct their mistake.
Negative reinforcement can have several benefits, such as:
It helps students avoid or escape from unpleasant or aversive situations.
It increases students’ motivation and persistence.
It reduces students’ anxiety and stress.
Punishment
Punishment involves applying negative consequences to discourage
undesirable behaviors. It can take the form of reprimands, time-outs, or loss
of privileges. For example, a teacher can scold a student for talking out of
turn, take away their privileges for breaking a rule, or give them extra work
for not paying attention. However, it is important to use punishment
judiciously and consider its potential impact on the student’s motivation and
self-esteem.
Punishment can have several drawbacks, such as:
It can cause students to resent or fear the teacher or the subject.
It can damage students’ self-esteem and confidence.
It can lead to aggression, defiance, or avoidance behaviors.
Modeling
Modeling involves demonstrating desired behaviors for students to observe
and imitate. Educators can act as positive role models by displaying
appropriate behavior and providing examples of how to perform certain tasks
or handle specific situations. For example, a teacher can show students how
to solve a math problem, how to write an essay, or how to behave in a group
project.
Modeling can have several benefits, such as:
It provides students with clear and concrete examples of what to do and
how to do it.
It helps students acquire new skills and knowledge faster and easier.
It influences students’ attitudes and values by showing them what is
acceptable and desirable.
Shaping
Shaping is the process of gradually reinforcing successive approximations of a
desired behavior until it is mastered. This technique breaks down complex
behaviors into smaller, manageable steps, allowing students to develop the
desired skills or behaviors gradually. For example, a teacher can reward a
student for writing one sentence, then two sentences, then a paragraph, until
they can write a full essay.
Shaping can have several benefits, such as:
It helps students overcome difficulties and challenges by breaking down
complex tasks into manageable steps.
It allows teachers to monitor and adjust instruction and feedback
according to each student’s progress and performance.
It fosters creativity and innovation by encouraging students to try new
things and explore different possibilities.
Cueing
Cueing is the process of providing hints or prompts to steer a student’s
behavior or performance. For example, to facilitate students’ memory recall,
problem-solving, and task completion, educators have the option to employ
different cues. These cues may include verbal cues—like asking questions or
offering reminders, visual cues—such as gestures or pictures, and physical
cues—like touch or movement.
Cueing can have several benefits, such as:
It helps students focus their attention and memory on relevant aspects
of the learning material or situation.
It supports students’ comprehension and understanding by clarifying
concepts or instructions.
It enhances students’ engagement and participation by stimulating their
curiosity and interest.
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