MATHEMATICS

METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION (LE CTURES NOTES) ( VERSION-2)

Syllabus IIT JEE :

Derivative of a function, derivative of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions, chain rule,
derivatives of polynomial, rational, trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions.
Derivative of implicit functions, derivatives up to order two, L'Hôpital rule of evaluation of limits of functions.

INDEX
1. Derivative by first principle
2. Derivat ive of sta ndard funct ions
3. Sup plementar y t heorems/ re su lt
4. Logarithmic different iat ion
5. Parametric differen t iat ion
6. Derivat ive of ƒ (x) w.r.t. g(x)
7. Derivati ve of imp lic it func tion
8. Derivative of infinite s erie s
9. Deriva tive of hom ogeneous eq uation
10. Derivative of inverse function
11. Derivat ive s of inverse trigonometric funct ion by transforming them i nto simpler funct ions
12. Analysis and graphs of some inverse trigonometric functions
13. Suc ce ss i ve di ffere nt iat ion
14. Deduct ion of new iden t it ie s by different iat ing a g iven ident it y
15. Derivative of funct ions expre ssed i n the determinant form
16. L'Hôpital's Rule of ev aluation of limit s of function

st
1 LECTURE

d
ME ANING OF DE R I VAT I V E OR (y)
dx

Let y = ƒ (x) ; y + y = ƒ (x + x)

y ƒ (x x) ƒ (x)
(average rate of change of function)
x x

dy y ƒ (x x) ƒ (x)
lim lim ...... (i)
dx x 0 x x 0 x
Physical meaning :
It denotes the instantaneous rate of change of function
Geomet ircal mea ni ng :
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Gives slope of tangent at any point on curve y = f(x).

dy
Note : (i) If y = ƒ (x) then the symbols Dy ƒ '(x) y1 or y' have the same meaning.
dx

d d dy d2 y
(ii) f"(x) = f '(x) = y2 = D2y
dx dx dx dx2
(iii) If y = f(x) then f'(a) means value of f'(x) at x = a

dS d
(iv) However a dot, the symbol denotes the time derivative, e.g. S ; etc.
dt dt

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DERIVATIVE BY FIRST PRINCIPLE :
Finding the value of the limit given by (i) in respect of variety of functions is called finding the derivative by first
principle/by delta method/by ab-initio method/by fundamental definition of calculus.
Explain the following standard derivatives using first principle.

Ex . Find differentiation by using 1st principle of f(x) = xn ; n 1

f(x h) f(x) (x h)n (x)n
S o l . f'(x) = lim lim
h 0 h h 0 h
n
xn h xn nh n(n 1)h2
lim 1 1 lim 1 ..... 1
h 0 h x h 0 h x x2 2!
n
lim x n h(.....terms)
h 0 x

= n xn – 1
Ex. Find differentiation by using 1st principle of
f(x) = ax , a > 0, a 1

f(x h) f(x) ax h
ax
Sol. f '(x) lim lim
h 0 h h 0 h

ah 1
lim a x a x na
h 0 h

Ex. Find differentiation by using 1st principle of

f(x) = sinx

h h h h
2 cos x sin cos x sin
f(x h) f(x) sin(x h) sin x 2 2 2 2
Sol. f '(x) lim lim lim lim
h 0 h h 0 h h 0 h h 0 h/2

= cosx.1 = cosx

Ex. Find D(sin–1 x) using first principle :

y = sin–1x y
2 2
x = siny x + x = sin(y + y)
x sin(y y) sin y y 1 y 1
lim lim
y y x sin(y y) sin y x 0 x y 0 sin(y y) sin y
y y
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dy 1
lim
dx y 0 2y y y dy 1
2cos sin lim
2 2 dx y 0 cos y 1
y
dy 1
y
dx cos y 2
dy 1 1
x 1
dx 1 sin y 2
1 x2

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Ex . Find D(cosec–1 x) using first principle :
Note that slope of the tangent drawn to the graph of y = sec–1 x is always +ve and that for y = cosec–1x is always
–ve.
S o l . Let y = cosec –1x cosec(y) = x
x = cosec(y)

dx cosec(y h) cosec(y)
lim
dy h 0 h

1 1
sin(y h) sin(y)
lim
h 0 h

h h
2 cos y sin
sin y sin(y h) 2 2
lim lim
h 0 sin(y h)·sin(y)·h h 0 sin(y h)·sin(y)·h

x2 1
cosec2 y 1 sin2 y x2
x

dy 1
or dx for |x| > 1
x x2 1

DO YOURSELF :
(Different iate usi ng first pri nciple)
1. cos(x2 + 1) [Ans. –sin(x2 + 1)(2x)]
sec2 x
2. tan x [Ans. ]
2 x
cos x
3. sin x [Ans. ]
2 sin x
4. Find D(sec –1
x) using first principle :
y

S o l . Let, y = sec–1x ; |x| 1 ; y 0, ,

2 2

sec y = x ; sec(y + y) = x + x /2
x = sec(y + y) – secy
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x sec(y y) sec y x
–1 O
y y

y 1 1
lim lim (y 0, )
x 0 x y 0 sec(y y) sec y sec y tan y
y

dy
If x > 1 then y 0, (at x = 1, y = 0 and tan y = 0 therefore does not exist)
2 dx

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sign of tan y is +ve

dy 1 1
, if x > 1 .........(i)
dx sec y sec y 12
x x2 1

dy
and if x < –1, then y , (at x = –1, y = and tany = 0 and does not exist)
2 dx

here sign of tan y is –ve

dy 1 1
, if x < –1 ..........(ii)
dx sec y sec y 1 2
x x2 1

from (i) and (ii)

1
D(sec 1 x) , if |x| > 1
|x| x 2 1
Desira ble :
5. sinx 2 [Ans. 2xcosx 2]
sin x
6. cos x [Ans. ]
2 cos x
7. sin(3x + 2). [Ans. 3cos(3x + 2)]
2. DERIVAT IVE OF STANDARD FUNCTIONS :
f(x) f'(x) f(x) f'(x)
(i) xn nx n–1 (vi) sinx cosx

1 1
(vii) cosx – sinx
x x2

1
x (viii) tanx sec 2 x
2 x
(ii) ex ex (ix) secx secx tanx
x x
(iii) a a na, a > 0 (x) cosecx – cosecx . cotx
(iv) nx, log ex 1/x
(v) log a x (1/x) logae, a > 0, a 1 (xi) cotx – cosec 2 x
(xii) constant 0
Note that the derivative value of all co-trigonometric functions begin with a –ve sign.
Derivative of inverse trigonometric function
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f(x) f'(x) f(x) f'(x)

1 1
(i) sin–1 x , –1 < x < 1 (ii) cos –1 x , –1 < x < 1
1 x2 1 x2
1 1
(iii) tan–1 x , x R (iv) cot–1 x , x R
1 x2 1 x2
1 1
, ,
(v) cosec –1 x |x| > 1 (vi) sec –1 x |x| > 1
| x | x2 1 | x | x2 1

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Examples :
Ex If D(y) denotes, differentiation of y w.r.t. x then find
(i) D(e = 0, D(xe) = [Link] – 1

(i i) 1 =D(cosecx) = –cosecx cotx

D
sin x

sin 2x 2 sin x cos x

(ii i) D = D D(tan x) = sec 2x
1 cos2x 1 2cos2 x 1

(i v) D(tan(tan–1x)) = D(x) = 1
x x 2 x x x x
(v) D cos
4
sin 4 = D cos 2 sin2 cos2 sin 2 = D(cosx) = –sinx
2 2 2 2 2

1 1 1
(vi) D = D(log ex) =
log x e x x
1

(vii) D e n cot x
= D(cot–1x) = –1/(1+x 2)
n
( v ii i ) D(cos 1 x sin 1 x)n = D D(cons tan t) 0
2

3
(ix) If D(sin x) = cos x then D sin = D 0
3 2
(x ) D(cos x cosec x) = D(cotx) = –cosec2x
1
(xi) D tan 1 x tan 1
= 0
x

d x x
(xii) ( ) ln
dx

d d loge x 1 1 1
(xiii) log2 x · log2e ·
dx dx loge2 (loge2) x x

a b b c c a
xa xb xc dy
(xiv) y find
xb xc xa dx

y (x a b )a b (x b c ) b c (x c a )c a

2
b2 b2 c2 c2 a2
y = xa
0 dy
y = x 1 0
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dx
Note :
1, x 0
(i) d
(|x|) 1, x 0
dx
not differentiable x 0

y = –x y
y=x
x
0

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d
(ii) ([x]) 0, x I and non differentiable at x I
dx

–2 –1
0 1 2

d
(iii) {x} 1, x I and non differentiable at x I
dx
y

x
–2 –1 0 1 2

d
(iv) (sgn x) 0, x 0 and non differentiable at x = 0
dx
y
1
x
0
–1
d
Ex. [x] [ x]
dx
y

1, x I x
Sol. [x] [ x]
0, x I
–2 –1 1 2
d 0, x I
dx Non differentiate, x I
d
Ex. {x} { x}
dx
1, x I
Sol. x x
0, x I
d 0 x I
dx Non differentiate, x I
Le arn t he derivat ive s a nd re vise graphs a nd funct ion.
Home Work : .....................................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................................................

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nd
2 LECTURE

3. SUPP LEMENTARY THEORE MS /RESULT :

(a) Sum/difference rule : D(ƒ (x) ± g(x)) = ƒ '(x) ± g'(x)
dy dy 34
Ex. If y = ex + 3lnx – 4tan–1x + sin3x + 4sin3x, then is .... [Ans. ex 3cos x ]
dx dx (1 x2 )
x
(b) Product rule : D(ƒ (x) . g(x)) = ƒ (x) . g'(x) + g(x) . ƒ '(x) (prove it using 1st principle (Desirable))
Note : If 3 functions are involved then remember
D(ƒ (x) . g(x) . h(x)) = ƒ (x) . g(x) . h'(x) + g(x) . h(x) . ƒ '(x) + h(x) . ƒ (x) . g'(x)
This result can be generalised to the product of n functions.
Note : Differentiate one function at a time & keep remaining as it is and complete the process for all functions
one by one.

d d
(c) kf(x) k f(x) , (where k is any constant) = kf'(x)
dx dx
E x . 1 Find derivative w.r.t. x :

dy 3
(i) ex 3ln x 4 sin x y ex 4 cos x
dx x

dy 1 x
(ii) xsin–1x = y 1·sin 1 x x· sin 1 x
dx 1 x 2
1 x2

dy 1
(iii) (x2 ex ln x) y 2x·(e x nx) x 2 (e x ) nx x2e x ·
dx x
E x . 2 If ƒ (x) = (1 + x)(3 + x2)1/2(9 + x3)1/3, then ƒ '(–1) is equal to -

(A) 0 (B) 2 2 •(C) 4 (D) 6

Sol. ƒ '(x) x 1
(x 2 3)1 / 2 (9 x 3 )1 / 3 2.2 4
(then value of the other two expression in ƒ '(x) vanishes)
DO YOURSELF :
ex
1. D(ex. tan–1x) [Ans. e x tan 1 x ]
(1 x2 )
2. D(x nx) [Ans. nx 1 ]
x 2
3. D( nx.e .x ) [Ans. e x + 2xex nx + exx2 nx]
x
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Desira ble :
1
4. D sin 1 x.x 3 . tan x [Ans. x3 tan x 3x 2 sin 1 x tan x sin 1 x.x 3 sec 2 x ]
2
1 x
ƒ(x)
(d) Quotient rule : y = (prove by first principle)
g(x)
d d
ƒ(x) g(x).ƒ '(x) ƒ(x).g '(x) Dr (N r ) Nr (D r )
D Nr dx dx
, to be remembered as D r
g(x) g2 (x) D (D r )2

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d f(x) f '(x)g(x) f(x)g '(x)

Proof : dx g(x) 2
g(x)

1 d f(x) 1 d 1 1 ( 1) f '(x) g(x) f(x) g'(x)

f '(x)· f(x) ·g '(x)
L.H.S. = d f(x). · f(x) g(x) g(x)
2
g(x) dx g(x) dx g(x) (g(x))2
= R.H.S.

f(x) h(x)
d
Similarly g(x) f(x) h'(x) f '(x) h(x) g(x) f(x)h(x)·g'(x)
dx (g(x))2
Note : While applying quotient rule, think twice if your function could be simplified prior to
differentiation. Consider the example :

sin x
Ex.1 y
x

dy cos x·x 1·sinx x cos x sin x

Sol.
dx x2 x2

x3 2x
Ex.2
ex

(3x2 2x n2)e x (x 3 2x )e x
Sol.
(e x )2

1 nx
Ex.3 y
1 nx

1 1
0 1 nx 1 nx 0
dy x x 2
Sol. 2
dx 1 nx x(1 nx)2

x sin x
Ex.4
1 tan x

(sin x·1 x cos x) (1 tan x) x sin x(0 sec2 x)

Sol.
(1 tan x)2

4x 5
Ex.5
3 5x

(4 0) (3 5x) (4x 5)(0 5) 4(3 5x) 5(4x 5) 12 20x 20x 25 37

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Sol.
(3 5x)2 (3 5x)2 (3 5x)2 (3 5x)2

x3 x2 1
Ex.6 2
x 1

(3x2 2x 0) (x 2 1) (x 3 x2 1) (2x 0)
S ol . M - 1
(x2 1)2

x3 x2 1 x3
M-2 f(x) 1 (Now apply quoitent rule)
x2 1 x2 1 x2 1

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sin 1 x cos 1 x
Ex.7 f(x)
tan 1 x cot 1 x

sin 1 x cos 1 x 2
Sol. f(x) (sin 1 x cos 1 x)

2 1 1 4
f ' (x)
2 2
1 x 1 x 1 x2

x3 x2 x dy
Ex.8 If y = 2 , find dx .[Ans. 1]
1 x x 0

x(1 x2 ) x 2 1 1 1
Sol. y= =x+1–
2
(1 x ) (1 x2 )

(1 x2 )·0 1·2x 2x
y' = 1 + 0 – =1+ 1 Ans.]
(1 x2 )2 (1 x2 )2 x 0

g(x)
Ex.9 Let g be a differentiable function of x. If f (x) = for x > 0, g (2) = 3 and g ' (2) = – 2, find f ' (2).
x2
[Ans. – 5/4]

x2 g'(x) g(x)2x 4( 2) 3·4 5

Sol. f ' (x) = 4 ;f ' (2) = =– Ans. ]
x 16 4
General Note:
If f ' (x) is not defined on x = c then it is wrong to conclued that f (x) is not derivable at x = c. In such cases we
find, LHD at x = c and RHD at x = c.
e.g. f (x) = x1/3 sin x at x = 0
1 sin x
f ' (x) = x1/3 cos x + sin x · x–2/3 = x1/3 cos x +
3 3x 2 3
f ' (0) seems to be non defined
but f ' (0+) and f ' (0–) is 0.
DO YOURSELF :

x 4 x2 1 dy
1. If y = , then ax b , find a and b. [Ans. a = 2, b = –1]
x2 x 1 dx
Desira ble :

sin 1 x dy
2. y = find [Ans. ]
1
cos x dx
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2 1 x 2 (cos 1 x)2

sec x tan x 1 dy
3. If y = , find [Ans. secx(secx + tanx)]
tan x sec x 1 dx

d
(e) Chain Rule : (Prove it by first principle) f(g(x)) f '(g(x)) g '(x)
dx
Proof :
dy dy du
If y = ƒ (u) and u = g(x) then . = f '(u) g'(x) f '(g(x)) g '(x) . It can be extended to any number
dx du dx
of chain.

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d
Ex.1 tan(log x)
dx
1
Sol. sec2 (log x)
x
d
Ex.2 (sin x 2 )
dx
S o l . cosx 2.2x
d
Ex.3 log sin x 2
dx
1
Sol. .cos x 2 .2x
sin x2
d
Ex.4 tan 1 (log sin x 2 )
dx

1 1
Sol. cos x2 2x
1 (log sin x ) sin x2
2 2

E x . 5 y = sin3x

dy
Sol. 3 sin2 x·cos x
dx

Ex.6 y sin3 x

dy 1
Sol. 3 sin2 x ·cos x ·
dx 2 x
E x . 7 y = sin (e2x)

dy
Sol. cos(e 2x )· e2x ·2
dx

Ex.8 y = n3(tan2(x4))

dy 1
Sol. 3 n2 (tan2 (x 4 )) · · 2 tan(x 4 )·sec 2 (x 4 )·4x 3
dx tan (x 4 )
2

2
Ex.9 y ex sin 5x

dy 2 2
Sol. (e x ·2x·sin 5x e x ·cos5x·5)
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dx

Ex.10 y sin(x 2 2cos x sin x 1)

dy 1·cos x
Sol. cos (x2 2 cos x sin x 1)· 2x 2sin x 0
dx 2 sin x

Ex.11 y ex nx

dy 1
Sol. ex nx
1· nx x·
dx x

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Ex.12 y x x
1/ 2
Sol. y x x

1 1 1
1 1 2
1
1 1 1
x x 1/ 2
1/ 2
(x 2 2
x ) · 1 ·x · 1
2 2 2 x x 2 x

Ex.13 y n x 1 x2

dy 1 1·(0 2x) 1
Sol. · 1
dx (x 1 x ) 2
2 1 x 2
1 x2
Ex . 14 Suppose that f is a differentiable function such that f (2) = 1 and f ' (2) = 3 and let
g (x) = f x f ( x ) . Find g ' (2).
S o l . g (x) = f (x · f (x) )
g ' (x) = f ' x f ( x ) D x f (x)
= f ' x f ( x ) [x f ' (x) + f (x)]
g ' (x) = f ' (2) [2.3 + 1] = 3 · 7 = 21 Ans.
d d 1
Note : (i) (f(x))n n(f(x))n 1 f '(x) (ii) ( nf(x)) .f '(x)
dx dx f(x)

1 1
(iii) D 2
ƒ '(x)
ƒ(x) ƒ (x)

d dy d 2 d 2 dy dy d 1 1 dy
(iv) (y) (y ) (y ) 2y
dx dx dx dx dx dx dx y y2 dx

DO Y OU RS EL F
E x . Find derivat ive s of the follow ing funct ions w.r.t. x :
3 sin2 x cos x
1. y = sin 3 x [Ans. ]
2 x

24( n2 (tan 2 x 4 ))2 (sec 2 x 4 ).x3

2. y n 3 tan2 (x 4 ) [Ans. ]
(tan2 x 4 )

3( n( n sin x))2 .cot x

3. ( n n sin x) 3 [Ans. ]
n sin x
1
4. y n(x 1 x2 ) [Ans. ]
1 x2
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5. y n(sec x) [Ans. tanx]

6. y sec2 (ƒ 3 (x)) [Ans. 6 sec2 (ƒ 3 (x)) tan(ƒ3 (x))ƒ2 (x)ƒ '(x) ]
7. y n(sec x)
dy 1
Sol. ·sec x tan x
dx sec x
8. y n ( nx)
dy 1 1
Sol. ·
dx nx x

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Des irab le :
7. y (ƒog)(x) and y (goƒ)(x) [Ans. ƒ '(g(x)).g'(x), g'(ƒ(x)).ƒ '(x)]

1 ax 1 a
8. y = cos [Ans. ]
b ax
2 b
1
b
sin( n (x2 7))5
sin( n(x 2 7))5 e 5( n(x 2 7))4
9. y =e [Ans. .cos(( n(x 2 7))5 . x]
sin( n(x 2 7))5 (x2 7)

sec3 x
10. y sec x tan x [Ans. sec x(tan x)3 / 2 ]
2 tan x
3 1 3 2 1
11. y = exp(cos (tan x ) ) [Ans. 18 exp(cos3 (tan 1 x 3 )2 ).cos2 (tan 1 x 3 )2 sin(tan 1 x 3 )2 .tan 1 x 3 6
.x2 ]
1 x
sin nx
12. y cos( nx) [Ans. ]
x
1 1
1 1
2 x x 2 x
13. y = x x x [Ans. ]
2 x x x
1
14. y = log7 (log3 x) [Ans. ]
x nx n7
b
15. y eax sin bx [Ans. a2 b2 e ax sin(bx ) sin ]
a b2 2

Note : Discuss derivative of y = eax sin bx and y = eax cos bx expressing the final result in the simplest from.
Home Work : NCERT Ex. 5.2, ..........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................

rd
3 LECTURE
4. LOGARIT HM IC DIF FER EN TIATION :
To find the derivative of :
(i) a function which is the product or quotient of a number of functions
(ii) a function of the form [ƒ (x)]g(x) where ƒ & g are both derivable functions,
it will be found convenient to take the logarithm of the function first & then differentiate
OR
express y = (ƒ (x))g(x) = eg(x) n(ƒ (x)) and then differentiate.
Different iate w.r. to x :
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E x . 1 y = xx
S o l . M - 1 log y = logxx

1 dy 1
log y = x log x . [Link] x x
y dx x

dy dy
y log x 1 x x log x 1
dx dx

dy d 1
M - 2 y = ex nx e x nx x nx xx x nx = xx[1 + nx]
dx dx x

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E x . 2 y = (sin x)cosx
S o l . M - 1 log y = log(sinx) cosx log y = [Link](sinx)

1 dy cos [Link] x
. sin [Link] sin x
y dx sin x

dy cos2 x
y sin [Link] sin x
dx sin x

dy cos x cos x cos 2 x

M - 2 y = ecos nsinx ecos x n sin x ( sin x) n sin x y sin n sin x
dx sin x sin x

Ex.3 y xx

1
1 1 dy 1 1 1 dy In x 1
Sol. log y log x .log x . xx
x y dx x2 x x dx x2 x2

x
Ex.4 y xx

x
S o l . log y = log x x

1 dy 1 dy
log y = xx log x x x ln x 1 log x x x . y x x ln x 1 log x xx 1

y dx x dx

e
Ex.5 y ex

1 dy dy e
S o l . log y = xe log ee log y = xe e xe 1 y.e x e 1 = e x .e x e 1
y dx dx

E x . 6 Find equation of tangent at x = 1 of curve y = xx + xe

dy
Sol. x x ln x 1 e.x e 1

dx

dy
Slope at x = 1
dx

= (1)1 [ln 1 + 1] + e . 1e – 1 = 1 (0 + 1) + e. 1 = 1 + e
P oint :
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x = 1
y = 1+ 1= 2
Equation of tangent :
y - 2 = (1 + e) (x – 1)
y – 2 = x – 1 + ex – e
y = x – 1 + 2 + ex – e
y = x (1 + e) + (1 – e)

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a b
x x dy
Ex.7 y c d , Find
x x dx

a b
x x
Sol. log y log c d
x x

log y = log (x – )a + log(x - )b – log(x– )c – log(x – )d

On differentiating,

1 dy a b c d
y dx x x x x

E x . 8 If f(x) = sinx . sin 2x. sin 3x ........, sin nx

Prove f '(x) = f(x) [ cotx + 2cot 2x + ......... + n cot (nx)]
S o l . taking log on both sides
log y = log sin x + log sin 2x + log sin 3x + .............. + log sin n x

1 dy [Link] x 1.cos2x [Link] 3x [Link] nx

. .2 .3 .......... .n
y dx sin x sin2x sin 3x sin nx

dy
f' x y cot x 2 cot 2x 3 cot 3x ......... n cot nx
dx

dy
f' x y cot x 2cot 2x 3cot 3x ......... n cot nx
dx
E x . 9 If ƒ (x) = (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3) ...... (x + n) then ƒ '(0) is -
n(n 1) 1 1 1 1
(A) n! (B) (C) (n!)( nn!) •(D) n! 1 ...
2 2 3 4 n
S o l . ƒ (x) = (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3).......(x + n)
n(ƒ (x)) = n(x + 1) + n(x + 2) + ........ + n(x + n)
f '(x) 1 1 1
......
f(x) x 1 x 2 x n

1 1 1
f '(0) (n)! 1 .........
2 3 n

tan x cos2 x
D:\TEACHING NOTES-2017-18\MATHS\VERSION-2\09 MOD\MOD.P65

cos x
Ex.10 y = xtanx + (sin x)cos x [Ans. y ' x tan x sec 2 x nx sin x sin x n sin x ]
x sin x
Sol. y=u+v
dy du dv
dx dx dx
u = xtanx
n u = tan x n x
1 du tan x
sec2 x. n x
u dx x

14 E
 MATHEMATICS

du tan x
x tan x sec2 x. n x
dx x

dv cos x cos x
v = ecosx nsinx ecos x n sin x ( sin x) n sin x
dx sin x

cos x cos2 x
sin x sin n sin x
sin x

dy du dv
dx dx dx

Ex.11 If ƒ (x) = y = 2
+ 2x + x2 + x1/x, then find the slope of the line perpendicular to the graph of y = ƒ (x) at
1
x = 1. [Ans. m ]
2 n2 3

dy 1 nx dy
Sol. 0 2x n2 2x x1 / x 2 n2 2 1[1 0]
dx x2 x2 dx x 1

dy 1
2 n2 3 mN ]
dx 2 n2 3
100
ƒ(101)
Ex.12 If ƒ (x) = (x n)n(101 n)
, then find
n 1 ƒ '(101)

100
Sol. nƒ(x) n(101 n) n(x n) changes to
n 1

ƒ '(x) 100
n(101 n)
diff. w.r.t. x, we get,
ƒ(x) n 1 (x n)

ƒ '(101) 100
n(101 n) 100
ƒ(101) 1
n 5050 ]
ƒ (101) n 1 (101 n) n 1 ƒ '(101) 5050
Desira ble :
4
log2 x2 x x x dy
Ex. If y = 2 tan , then is -
4 dx x 1

•(A) 4 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) not defined

D:\TEACHING NOTES-2017-18\MATHS\VERSION-2\09 MOD\MOD.P65

4 4
4 x
x x 2 x x x 2 n tan
= (x ) tan e x nx e x 4
2x
log2 x
Sol. y = 2 tan
4 4

4
dy 2
x x 2 x x 4 1 x x 4
x .2x nx tan . sec2 n tan
dx x2 4 x x 4 4 4 x2
tan
4

dy 4 2
(2 0) . 0 2 2 4]
dx x 1 4

E 15
 MATHEMATICS

dy
Ex . If y = (sinx)lnx cosec(ex(a + bx)) and a + b = , then the value of at x = 1 is -
2e dx
(A) (sin1) nsin(1) (B) 0 •(C) nsin(1) (D) indeterminate
nx
Sol. y (sin x) cosec(e x (a bx)); (a b)
2e
dy
(sin x) nx ( cosec((a bx)e x ).cot((a bx)e x )) e x (b) (a bx)e x
dx

x nx n(sin x) n sin x
+ cosec (e (a bx))e . nx cot x
x

dy
(1)( 1).(0) {be + (a + b)e} + (1) (1)[ nsin(1)] = n (sin1)]
dx x 1

x4
Ex. y = xx
4
xx .( nx )
Sol. y e

x4 4 x4 4 1 x4 nx
x4
y' x x . D x x . nx xx xx [Link] (using x x
4
e
nx
)
x

x4 x4 1 4
y' xx x nx.x x x 3 1 4 nx

DO YOURSELF :
(1 x)(2 x)2 (3 x)3 1 2 3 x 1
1. y [Ans. y ' y ]
(2 x2 )1 / 2 (4 x)1 / 3 1 x 2 x 3 x 2 x 2
3(x 4)

( nx) x 1
2. y [Ans. y ' y n( nx) 3 n2 ]
23x 1 nx

sin x 1 cos x 1 nx cos 1 x

3. y = (sin x) e ( nx)(x x ) xcos x
[Ans. y ' y cot x nx 1 ]
2 sin x x nx 1 x2 x

2 nx
4. y (x nx )(sec x)3x [Ans. y ' y 3 n sec x 3x tan x ]
x

x 2
5. y= x ·ex [y ' (1)]
(A) e/2 (B*) 5e/2 (C) 3e (D) 2e2 + 1/2

dy x 2 2 x ln x x 1
Sol. x e x ·2x ex · x · ·
dx 2 x 2 x
D:\TEACHING NOTES-2017-18\MATHS\VERSION-2\09 MOD\MOD.P65

y ' (1) = 2e + e(0 + (1/2) = 2e + (e/2) = 5e/2 Ans.]

5. PAR A METR IC DIFFERENTIATION :

dy dy 1 g'(t)
If x = ƒ (t) & y = g(t), then .
dx dt dx / dt f '(t)

dx dy
f' t and g' t
dt dt

16 E
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dy
Ex.1 If y = t2 and x = sint find .
dx

dy
dy dt 2t
Sol. dx
dx cos t
dt

dy
E x . 2 Let x = a sec2 t, y = a tan3t. Find
dx

dy
Sol. dy dt ..... (1)
dx dx
dt

dy
= a. 3 tan2t. 1. sec 2 t
dt

dx
= a 2 sec t . sec t . tan t
dt

dy a.3 tan2 t.sec2 t

(Using (1))
dx a.2 sec2 [Link] t

3
= tan t
2
E x . 3 let x = a(cos + sin ) , y = a(sin – cos )

dy
find
dx

dy
Sol. a cos cos sin = a [ sin ]
d

dx
Also, a sin 1 sin cos a cos
d

dy a sin
tan
dx a cos

E x . 4 Let x = |cos t| , y = sin 2t

D:\TEACHING NOTES-2017-18\MATHS\VERSION-2\09 MOD\MOD.P65

dy 2
find at t
dx 3

dy
Sol. cos 2t.2 and x = – cos t
dt

2 1
2cos2. 2
dx dy 2cos 2t 3 = 2 2
sin t
dt dx sin t 2 3 3
sin
3 2

E 17
 MATHEMATICS
E x . 5 y = t3 + t + 1, x = t4 + 3t then find

dy dy
(i) (ii) at t = 0 (iii) tangent at t = 1
dx dx

dy dx
Sol. 3t2 1 and 4t 3 3
dt dt

dy 3t2 1
(i)
dx 4t 3 3

dy 3 0 1 1
(ii) at t = 0 = 4 0 3 = 3
dx
(iii) tangent at t = 1 x = 1 4 + 3(1)
at t = 1 =4

dy 3. 1 1 4
dx 4 1 3 = 7 y = (1)3 + 1 + 1 = 3

Equation & tangent

4
y–3= x 4 7y = 4x – 16 + 21 7y = 4x + 5
7
2
dy
D ( 6 ) If x = sec – cos & y = secn – cosn , then show that x2 4 n2 y 2 4
dx
S o l . x = sec – cos
dx
sec tan sin tan (sec cos )
d
y = (sec ) n (cos ) n
dy
n(sec )n 1 sec tan n(cos ) n 1 sin = n tan [(sec ) n (cos ) n ]
d
2
2
dy
2
[(sec )n (cos ) n ]2 n (sec )n (cos )n 4
2 n2 (y 2 4)
n =
dx (sec cos )2 (sec cos ) 2
4 x2 4
2
dy
(x2 4) n2 (y2 4) ]
dx
DO YOURSELF :
Essential :
1. x = a(cos t + t sin t) and y = a(sin t – t cos t) [Ans. tan t]
3
2. x = asec2 ; y = a tan3 . [A ns . tan ]
D:\TEACHING NOTES-2017-18\MATHS\VERSION-2\09 MOD\MOD.P65

2
dy
3. x a cos 2t cos t and y a cos 2t sin t then, find [Ans. zero]
dx t /6

Desira ble :
4. If x = a(4 cos3 – 3cos ) ; y = a(4 sin3 – 9 sin ) [Ans. cot ]
2
3at 3at 2t t 4
5. x ; y [Ans. ]
1 t3 1 t3 1 2t 3
2t 2t
6. sin x , tan y [Ans. 1]
1 t2 1 t2

18 E
 MATHEMATICS
6. DERIVATIVE OF ƒ (x) w.r.t. g(x) :
dy dy dx ƒ '(x)
If y = ƒ (x) and z = g(x), then derivative of ƒ (x) w.r.t. g(x) is given by .
dz dx dz g'(x)
derivative of ƒ (x) w.r.t. x ƒ '(x)
Differential coefficient of ƒ (x) w.r.t. g(x) =
derivative of g(x) w.r.t. x g '(x)
Examples :
E x . 1 Differentiate sin x w.r.t. x3

d sin x cos x
Sol.
d x 3
3x2

E x . 2 Find differentiation of xx w.r.t. cos x

d xx x x ln x 1
Sol.
d cos x sin x

E x . 3 Differentiate sin–1 x w.r.t. e x

1
d sin 1 x 1 x2
Sol.
d ex ex

1
sin ( x) cos 1 (x)
E x . 4 Differentiation of e w.r.t e .

1 1
d esin
1
x esin x
.
1 x2 e2
Sol. 1 sin–1x + cos –1x =
d e cos x
cos 1
x 1( 1) 2
e .
2
1 x

Al tern ate :

1
cos x 1
cos x
d e2 d e 2 .e
1
d esin x

cos 1
x = = e2 . 1 = e /2
d e d e cos 1
x
d e cos 1
x

E x . 5 Find Differentiate of f(tanx) w.r.t. to g(sec x) at x . Where f ' (1) = 3 and g ' 2 4
4
D:\TEACHING NOTES-2017-18\MATHS\VERSION-2\09 MOD\MOD.P65

f ' tan x .sec2 x f ' tan .sec2

d f tan x 4 4 3.2 3
S ol. = = g ' sec x .sec x tan x = =
d g sec x 4 2 2 2
g ' sec .tan .sec
4 4 4
Desira ble :
1 2x 1 x2 1 1 x 0, x 1
Ex. Derivative of sin w.r.t. cos 1
x R. [Ans.
1 x2 1 x2 1 0 x 1, x 1

2 1 0 x 1 or x 1
dy | x | (1 x )
Sol. = = non exitent if x 0,1, 1
dz x | 1 x2 | 1 1 x 0 or x 1

E 19
 MATHEMATICS
DO YOURSELF :
dy
1. y = sinx, z = cosx, find [Ans. y ' cot x ]
dz
tan x
( nx) tan x sec2 x n( nx)
2. Derivative of nx
tan x
w.r.t xx. [Ans. x nx ]
x x (1 nx)
Desira ble :
1 2 1
3. Derivative of cos (2x 1) w.r.t. 1 x2 , when x = . [Ans. 4]
2
Home Work : NCERT Ex. 5.5 & 5.6 .................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................

th
4 LECTURE
7. DERIVATIVE OF IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS : (x, y) 0
(a) To find dy /dx of implicit functions, we differentiate each term w.r.t. x regarding y as a function of x
then collect terms with dy/dx together on one side.
(b) In the case of implicit functions, generally, both x & y are present in answers of dy/dx.
Corresponding to every curve represented by an implicit equation, there exist one or more explicit
functions representing that equation. It can be shown that dy/dx at any point on the curve remains the
same whether the process of differentiation is done explicitly or implicitly.
Examples :
dy
Ex. • Diff. of y w.r.t . x =
dx

d y d y d y2 1
• Diff. of y w.r.t. y = 2
d y d y =
d y2 2y

d xy dy
• Dff. of xy w.r.t. x = d x 1.y x.
dx

d x y dy
• Diff. of x + y w.r.t. x = 1
dx dx
d ln xy 1 dy
• Diff. of ln (xy) w.r.t. x = = 1.y x.
dx xy dx

d sin y dy
• Diff. of sin y w.r.t. x = cos y.
d x dx

d x log y d log y 1 dy
• Diff. of x log y w.r.t x = [Link] y x. = log y x. .
dx dx y dx
D:\TEACHING NOTES-2017-18\MATHS\VERSION-2\09 MOD\MOD.P65

dy
E x . 1 If xy + y2 = y + tanx then find
dx

dy dy dy dy sec2 x y
S o l . 1.y x. 2y sec2 x
dx dx dx dx x 2y 1
dy
E x . 2 If y5 + xy2 + x3 = 4x + 3, then find at (2, 1)
dx
S o l . 5y4y' + y2 + 2xyy' + 3x2 = 4
dy 4 3x 2 y 2
; put x = 2 at y = 1
dx 5y 4 2xy
5y' + 1 + 4y' + 12 = 4 9y' = –9 y' = –1 An s . ]

20 E
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dy nx
E x . 3 If xy = ex – y
then prove that
dx (1 nx)2

x
Sol. y nx x y y(1 nx) x y now differentiate
1 nx

1
1 n x .1 x
dy x nx
2
dx 1 nx 1 nx
2

dy sin2 (a y) dy
E x . 4 If sin y x sin(a y) then prove that . Also find explicitly.
dx sin a dx

sin y dx sin(a y) cos y sin y cos(a y)

Sol. x =
sin(a y) dy sin2 (a y)

dx sin a
dy sin2 (a y)

1 sin(a y) 1 1 x cos a
Explicitly sin [Link] y cos a sin [Link] y cos a cot y
x sin y x x sin a

dy 1 dy 1
cosec2 y
dx 2
x sin a dx x sin a(1 cot2 y)
2

dy
(substitute the value of cot y to get explicitly)]
dx

E x . 5 A curve is described by the relation n(x y) xe y . Find the tangent to the curve at (0, 1).

1 dy dy
S o l . Differentiating 1 xe y ey ; put x = 0 and y = 1, we get
(x y) dx dx

dy dy
1 e = e – 1; equation of tangent is, y – 1 = (e – 1)x
dx (0,1) dx (0,1)

Tangent (1 – e)x + y = 1 Ans.

D:\TEACHING NOTES-2017-18\MATHS\VERSION-2\09 MOD\MOD.P65

dy 1
E x . 6 If x 1 y y 1 x = 0, then prove that = –
(1 x)2
(explicit form)
m)
dx

2 2
Sol. x 1 y y 1 x xy(x – y) + (x2 – y2) = 0 or (x – y)(xy + x + y)=0

x 1
y=– = – 1 (as y = x does not satisfy)
1 x 1 x

1
hence y' = –
(1 x)2

E 21
 MATHEMATICS

8. DER IVAT IVE OF INFINITE SERIES :

dy
E x . 1 If y = sin x sin x sin x ..... , then (sin x > 0), is equal to -
dx
cos x cos x y cos x y cos x
•(A) •(B) •(C) (D)
2y 1 1 x sin x y2 sin x y2 sin x
S o l . y = sin x y y2 = sinx + y
dy dy dy cos x
2y cos x .........(i)
dx dx dx 2y 1
or y2 y sin x 0
1 1 4 sin x
y (Reject –ve sign)
2
1 1 4 sin x
y 2y – 1 = 1 4 sin x
2
dy cos x
.........(ii)
dx 1 4 sin x
dy cos x y y cos x y cos x
from (i), dx 2y 1 y .........(iii)]
y2 y2 y y2 sin x
xx dy y.x y 1
Ex.2 y xx [Ans. ]
dx 1 x y nx
S o l . y = xy
dy y dy dy y.x y 1
y = ey nx
hence xy nx ; ]
dx x dx dx 1 x y nx
1
E x . 3 ƒ(x) x
1 , find ƒ (100) . ƒ '(100) [Ans . 100]
2x
1
2x
2x 1.......

S ol . M - 1 y–x = 1
2x + 1
2x + 1
2x + 1
......

1 1
y x y x
2x y x x y

(y + x) (y – x) = 1 y2 – x2 = 1
D:\TEACHING NOTES-2017-18\MATHS\VERSION-2\09 MOD\MOD.P65

y2 = 1 + x 2

dy
On Diff. 2y 2x
dx

dy x dy
y x
dx y dx

f(x).f'(x) = x
f(100) f' (100) = 100

22 E
 MATHEMATICS
M-2 y=x+ 1
x + x +1
2x + 1
2x + ......
1 1
y x y–x=
x y x y
y2 – x2 = 1 y2 = 1 + x 2
dy dy
2y. 0 2x y. x
dx dx
f(x). f'(x) = x
x = 100
f(100). f'(100) = 100 Ans.
Desira ble :
x dy
D ( 4 ) If y = 1 + x3 then Find at 0,0
dx
1+x
3
1 + x +......
x
Sol. y =
1 + x3
1+y

x 1 y
y
1 y x3

dy dy dy xdy
2y. 3x 2 .y x3 . = 1+y +
dx dx dx dx
x = 0, y = 0
dy
0 0 0 1 0 0
dx
dy
1 Ans.
dx

a(1 r n ) d
D ( 5 ) If Sn , then prove that (1 – r) (Sn ) nS n 1 (n 1)S n
(1 r) dr
S o l . Given (1 – r)Sn = a – arn
dS n dSn
(1 r) Sn nar n 1
(1 r) Sn n Sn Sn 1 hence proved ]
dr dr

dy x y 1
D ( 6 ) If y y y y...... = x x x x...... . Then prove that =
x y 1
.
dx
1 1 4y 1 1 4x
D:\TEACHING NOTES-2017-18\MATHS\VERSION-2\09 MOD\MOD.P65

S o l . Given = ; 1 4y = 2 + 1 4x ....(1)
2 2
4 dy 1· 4 dy 1 4y dy 2 1 4x
differentiate, ; ; ....(2)
2 1 4 y dx 2 1 4 x dx 1 4x dx 1 4x
from (1), 1 + 4y = 4 + (1 + 4x) + 4 1 4x ; y = 1+x + 1 4x
1 4x = y – x – 1
dy 2 ( y x 1) 1 y x x y 1
from (2), = = = Hence proved.
dx y x 1 y x 1 x y 1

E 23
 MATHEMATICS
9. DERIVATIVE OF HOMOGENEOUS EQUATION :
dy ax hy y
E x . 1 If ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, then prove that
dx hx by x
S o l . 2ax + 2by y' + 2h(xy' + y) = 0 (ax + hy) + (by + hx)y' = 0
ax hy
y' = –
by hx
ax + hxy + hxy + by2 = 0
2
x(ax + hy) + y(by + hx) = 0
ax hy y
]
by hx x

E x . 2 If 1 x2 1 y2 a(x y) then prove that

dy dy 1 y2
(i) is independent of a OR (ii) OR
dx dx 1 x2
(iii) use a suitable substitution to convert the given equation into an equation involving I.T.F. and then
dy
find
dx
Sol. x sin x, y [–1, 1]

and y sin & ,

2 2
cos cos a(sin sin )
1 1 1
tan tan
2 a 2 a

1 dy 1 y2
sin 1 x sin 1 y 2 tan 1
;
a dx 1 x2
dy
E x . 3 If xm. yn = (x + y)m + n
then prove that is independent of m and n.
dx
m n m n
S o l . m nx + n ny = (m + n) n(x + y) .y ' (1 y ')
x y x y
m m n m n n my nx dy my nx
y' or
x x y x y y x dx y
dy y
hence
dx x
Home Work : NCERT Ex. 5.3 (Q.1 to 8) ...........................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
D:\TEACHING NOTES-2017-18\MATHS\VERSION-2\09 MOD\MOD.P65

24 E
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th
5 LECTURE

10. DERIVATIVE OF IN VERSE FUNCTION :

Theorem : If the inverse functions ƒ & g are defined by y = ƒ (x) & x = g(y) & if ƒ '(x) exists & ƒ '(x) 0, then

1 dy dy dy dx
g'(y) = .This result can also be written as, if exists & 0 , then dx 1
or . 1
ƒ '(x) dx dx dy dy dx dy
dx

Proof : g(x) = f–1 (x)

f(g(x)) = x. differentiate w.r.t. x

1
f'(g(x)). g'(x) = 1 f '(g(x)) = g ' x

1
Similarily g'(f(x)) = f ' x

Ex.1 Let g(x) = f–1(x) where f(x) = x3 + 3x, then find f–1(4) or g(4).
Sol. g(4) = f– 1(4) = k
f–1(4) = k
f(k) = 4
k3 + 3k = 4
k3 + 3k – 4 = 0
k= 1 g(4) = 1 Ans.
Ex.2 Let g(x) = f (x) where f(x) = x + e x then find f–1(1).
–1

Sol. g(1) = f –1(1) = k

f(k) = 1
k + ek = 1
k= 0
g(1) = 0 Ans., f–1(1) = 0 Ans.
E x . 3 Let ƒ (x) = exp (x3 + x2 + x) for any real number x and let g be the inverse function for ƒ. The value of g'(e3 )
is -

1 1 1
•(A) (B) (C) (D) 6
6e3 6 34e 39

x 3
x2 x dy 3
x2 x
Sol. y = e ; ex .(3x2 2x 1)
D:\TEACHING NOTES-2017-18\MATHS\VERSION-2\09 MOD\MOD.P65

dx

dx 1
g '(y)
dy e x3 x2 x
.(3x2 2x 1)

y = e3 e3 ex
3
x2 x

x3 + x2 + x – 3 = 0 (x – 1)(x2 + 2x + 3) = 0 x=1

1
g '(e 3 ) (A)]
6e 3

E 25
 MATHEMATICS
ƒ
E x . 4 If y = ƒ (x) = x3 + x5 and g is the inverse of ƒ find g'(2) [Ans. 1/8]

dy dx 1 x y
Sol. 3x 2 5x 4 g'(y) 2 4
ƒ'
dx dy 3x 5x
g
3 5
when y = 2 then 2 = x + x x=1 y=ƒ(x); x=g(y)

dx 1 1
g' (2) =
dy x 1 3 5 8
y 2

Alternatively : (goƒ ) (x) = x

g'[ƒ (x)] ƒ '(x) = 1 ; when ƒ (x) = 2 then x = 1
g'(2) . ƒ '(1) = 1 (but ƒ '(1) = 8)

1
g'(2) = Ans.
8

DO YOURSELF :
1. If ƒ (x) = (x –2 )3 + 2x – sin2x and g(x) be the inverse of ƒ(x), then the value of g'(x) at x = 4 , is-

1 1
(A) 2 (B) 2 •(C) (D)
2 2

1
S o l . g’(f(x) =
f '(x)

By hit and trial

f(2 ) = 4

1
g' (4 ) =
f '(2 )

1 1
g’(4 ) = =
3(2 2 )2 2 sin 4 2

2. Let f(x) = x + ex & g(x) = f–1(x); then find

(i) g' (1) (ii) g'' (1)
1
S o l . (i) g' (f(x)) =
f '(x)
f' (x) = 1 + e x
f(x) = 1
x + ex = 1 x = 0
D:\TEACHING NOTES-2017-18\MATHS\VERSION-2\09 MOD\MOD.P65

1
g' (x + ex) =
1 ex

1 1 1
g' (1) =
1 e0 1 1 2

1
(ii) g ' (f(x)) =
f '(x)

1
g'' (f(x)) = 3
f "(x)
f '(x)
26 E
 MATHEMATICS

1
g'' (1) = 3
f "(0)
f '(0)

1
g'' (1) =
8

11. DERIVAT IVES OF IN V ER SE T RIGONOM ETR IC FUNCT IONS BY TR ANS FORM ING T HEM INTO
SIMPLER FUNCTIONS :

direct
elementary substitution
Sta nda rd Subs t itu t ion :
(a) For terms of the form x2 + a2 or x2 a2 , put x = a tan
n or a cot

(b) For terms of the form x2 – a2 or x2 a2 , put x = a sec or a cosec

(c) For terms of the form a2 – x2 or a2 x2 , put x = a sin

n or a cos

(d) If both a x, a x are present, then put x = a cos2

x a
(e) For the type (x a)(b x) or put x = a cos2 + b sin2
b x

x a
(f) For the type (x a)(x b) or put x = a sec2 – b tan2
x b

2
(g) For the type ( x a2 x)n or (x x2 a 2 )n , put the expression within the bracket = t.

Note that a2 x 2 dx & x2 a 2 dx to be evaluated by parts

dy
Find of following functions :
dx

1 1 x2
E x . 1 Let y cos ,x (0,1)
1 x2

S o l . Let tan–1x = , (0, /4)

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x = tan

1 tan 2
y = cos –1 = cos –1(cos 2 ), 2 (0, /2) = 2
1 tan 2

y = 2tan-1x

dy 2
dx 1 x2

E 27
 MATHEMATICS
n
E x . 2 y = tan–1
x

dy 1 n x2 n n
Sol. . =
dx n2 x2 x 2
n2 x2 x2 n2
1
x2

1
E x . 3 y = tan –1
x + tan–1
x

1 1
,x 0 tan cot 1 x
1 2 x dy
S o l . M-1 tan –1x + tan –1 = =0
x 1 1 dx
,x 0 tan cot 1 x
2 x

/2

– /2

dy 1 1 1 1 x2 1 1 1
M-2 =0
dx 1 x2 1
2
x 2
1 x2 1 x2 x2 1 x2 1 x2
1
x

1 1 x 1 x 1
Ex.4 y tan [Ans. ]
1 x 1 x 2 1 x2

S o l . cos – 1x = 2 , 2 = [0, ]

1 1 cos2 1 cos2
y tan , 0,
1 cos2 1 cos2 2

1 2 cos 2 sin
y tan
2 cos 2 sin

1 cos sin
y tan
cos sin

cos (1 tan )
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1
y tan
cos (1 tan )

1
y tan tan
4 4

1
y cos 1 x
4 2

dy 1 1 1
=
dx 2 1 x 2
2 1 x2

28 E
 MATHEMATICS

1 x 1 x x dy
E x . 5 If y = tan tan ....... up to n times. Find expressing your
1 1 2 x2 1 2 3 x2 1 3 4 x2 dx

1 n 1
answer in two terms. [Ans. ]
1 x2 (n 1)2 x2

1 2x x 1 3x 2x (n 1)x nx
Sol. y tan tan ....... + tan –1
1 (2x)(x) 1 (2x).3x) 1 (n 1)[Link]

y = tan–1(n + 1)x – tan–1nx

dy (n 1) n
2 2
dx 1 (n 1)x 1 nx

Des irab le :

1 1 x2 1 1
Ex.6 y tan
x [Ans. ]
2(1 x2 )

S o l . x = tan

1 1 tan2 1 1 cos 2sin2 / 2

y tan tan 1
tan 1
tan sin 2sin / 2cos / 2

1 tan 1
tan , , tan 1 x
2 2 4 4 2 2

dy 1 1
.
dx 2 1 x2

dy x2 1 y6
Ex.7 1 x6 1 y6 a(x 3 y 3 ) , where x +1 ; y 0, Prove that
dx y2 1 x6

S o l . Put x3 = sin ; ,
2 2

y3 = sin ; , 0
2 2
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cos + cos = a(sin – sin )

( ) ( )
2cos cos
2 2 a
( ) ( )
2cos sin
2 2

1
tan
2 a

E 29
 MATHEMATICS

1 1
tan
2 a

1
sin 1 x 3 sin 1 y 3 2 tan 1

a
Differentiate

1 dy 3y 2
3x2 0
1 x6 dx 1 y6

dy x2 1 y 6
dx y2 1 x6

DO YOURSELF :

1 log e / x2 1 3 2log x
Ex . y tan tan [Ans. 0]
log ex2 1 6 log x

12. ANALYSIS AND GR APHS OF SOME INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS (Desirable) :

1
2 tan x |x| 1
1 2x 1
D(a) y f(x) sin 2 tan x x 1
1 x2 1
( 2 tan x) x 1
HIGHLIGHTS : y
/2
(i) Domain is x R & range is ,
2 2
(ii) f is continuous for all x but not differentiable D
at x = 1, –1
2 x
for |x| 1 –1 1
2
1 x
dy D
(iii) non existent for |x | 1
dx
2
for |x | 1 /2
1 x2
4x
x 1
(1 x2 )2
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4x
(iv) ƒ '' x 1 x 1
(1 x2 )2
4x
x 1
(1 x2 )2

(v) Increasing in ( –1 , 1) & Decreasing in ( , 1) (1, )

OR
1 2x 1 2(1 x2 )
f(x) sin f '(x)
1 x2 |1 x2 | (1 x2 )

30 E
 MATHEMATICS
2
for x 1
1 x2
dy 2
for 1 x 1
dx 1 x2

2
for x 1
1 x2
1
1 1 x2 2 tan x if x 0
D ( b ) Consider y f(x) cos
1 x 2
2 tan 1
x if x 0 y
HIGHLIGHTS :
(i) Domain is x R & range is (0, )
D I
(ii) Continuous for all x but not differentiable
at x = 0
2 x
for x 0 O
1 x2
dy
(iii) not existent for x 0
dx
2
for x 0
1 x2
(iv) Increasing in (0, ) & Decreasing in ( ,0)
1
2 tan x |x| 1
1 2x 1
D(c) y f(x) tan 2 tan x x 1
1 x2
1
( 2 tan x) x 1
HIGHLIGHTS : f(x)

/2
(i) Domain is R – {1, – 1} & range is ,
2 2
I
(ii) It is neither continuous nor differentiable I
x
at x = 1, –1 -1 0 1

2 I I
2
|x| 1
dy 1 x
(iii) – /2
dx
non existent |x| 1

(iv) Increasing x in its domain

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(v) It is bound for all x

1 1
( 3sin x) if 1 x
2
1 1
D(d) y f(x) sin 1 (3x 4x 3 ) 3sin 1
x if x
2 2
1 1
3sin x if x 1
2

E 31
 MATHEMATICS
HIGHLIGHTS : y
2
(i) Domain is x [ 1, 1] & range is ,
2 2
D
1 I
(ii) Not derivable at x 3 1
2
2 2 x
3 1 1 –1 0 1 3 1
if x , 2 2
dy 1 x2 2 2 I
(iii) dx 3 1 1 D
if x 1, ,1
1 x2 2 2
(iv) Continuous everywhere in its domain
2
1 1
3cos x 2 if 1 x
2
1 1 1
y f(x) cos (4x 3 3x) 2 3cos 1
x if x
D(e) 2 2
1 1
3cos x if x 1
2
y
HIGHLIGHTS :
(i) Domain is x [ 1, 1] & range is [0, ]
(ii) Continuous everywhere in its domain
D I D
1 1
but not derivable at x ,
2 2 /2
1 1
(iii) Increasing in , and
2 2
1 1 I
Decreasing in ,1 1,
2 2 –1 1 x
– 3/2 –1/2 1/2 3/2
3 1 1
if x ,
dy 1 x 2 2 2
(iv)
dx 3 1 1
if x 1, ,1
1 x 2 2 2

Home Work : Ex.1 : Q.18,19 ; Ex.4(A) : Q.4,8,9,22 ; NCERT Ex. 5.3 (Q.9 to 15) ;
Race # 02 (Q.1 to 15)

th
6 LECTURE
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13. SU CCES SIVE DIFFER ENTIAT ION :

dy
y = ƒ (x) ; the popular symbols used to denote the derivatives are Dy ƒ '(x) y1 y ' . Higher order
dx
d dy d2 y
derivative are denoted as D2 y ƒ ''(x) y 2 or y'' etc.
dx dx dx 2

dn y
Similarly, nth order derivatives are denoted by or Dny or yn
dx n

32 E
 MATHEMATICS
Examples :
E x . 1 f(x) = be ax + aebx find f"(0)
S o l . f '(x) = be ax. a + aebx. b f "(x) = a2be ax + ab2e bx
f"(0) = a b.1 + ab .1
2 2

= a2b + ab2
= ab (a + b)
dy d2 y
E x . 2 y = log|x| find (i) , (ii)
dx dx2
(i) log |x|

S o l . (i) y=log |x|

x>0 x<0
y = logx y = log (–x)
dy 1 dy = 1 × (–1)
=
dx x dx (–x)
= 1x

d2 y 1
(ii)
dx2 x2
E x . 3 If y = x + sin x , then find

d2 y
(i) (ii) equation of tangent of curve y=f '(x) at x
dx2 3

dy d2 y
S o l . (i) 1 cos x sin x
dx dx2

(ii) y = f '(x) = 1 + cos x at x =

3

,3
3

m = – sin 3 =– 3

3 3
equation :- y x
2 2 3

x
1 d2 y
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E x . 4 If y , then prove at x = 1 is 0.
x dx2

1 dy
Sol. log y x log log y = – x log x y 1 ln x
x dx

d2 y dy 1 1
1 ln x y 0 = y ( 1 + lnx)2 – y.
dx 2 dx x x

at x = 1
y=1

E 33
 MATHEMATICS
d2 y 2 1
1 1 ln1 1.
dx2 x 1
1 = 1(1) – 1 = 1 – 1 = 0

d2 y xdy
E x . 5 y = sin–1x, show that (1 – x2) 0
dx2 dx
S o l . y = sin –1x

dy 1 dy
1 x2 1
dx 1 x 2
dx

d dy d2 y dy d
1 x2 = 0 1 x2 . 1 x2 = 0
dx dx dx2 dx dx

d2 y dy 2x
1 x2 . 0
dx2 dx 2 1 x2

d2 y xdy
(1 – x2) 0
dx2 dx

Hence proved

d2 x d2 y d2 y
E x . 6 Let x = t2 + 2t ; y = t3 + et then find (i) (ii) (iii)
dt2 dt 2 dx2

dx d2 x
S o l . (i) 2t 2 2
dt dt 2

dy d2 y
(ii) 3t2 et 6t e t
dt dt 2

dy 3t 2 e t
d d 6t e t 2t 2 3t2 e t .2
d2 y dx 2t 2 1
(iii) .dt = 2
.
dx2 dx [Link] 2t 2 2t 2

d2 y
E x . 7 If x = 2cost – cos 2t ; y = 2sint – sin2t, find at t .
dx2 2
dy 3t d dy d 3t d 3t dt 3
Sol. tan tan tan . ]
dx 2 dx dx dx 2 dt 2 dx 2
E x . 8 Find 2nd order derivative of f(x) = sinx w.r.t. g(x) = ex.
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d f x
d
2
d f x d g x
i.e. find 2
d g x d g x

d f x cos x
Sol. d g x ex

34 E
 MATHEMATICS
cos x ex sin x cos x.e x
d
ex ex sin x cos x sin x cos x
e2 x = x 2x =
d e x
ex e .e e2x

E x . 9 If y = sin(sinx) then prove that y2 + (tan x)y1 + y cos2x = 0

dy
Sol. y1 cos sin x cos x
dx

d2 y
y2 = sin sin x .cos [Link] x cos sin x . sin x
dx2

= sin sin x cos 2 x sin x cos sin x

y2 (tan x) y1 y cos2 x 0
Ex.10 Use the substitution x = tan to show that the equation,
d2 y 2x dy y d2 y
2 2 = 0 changes to + y = 0.
dx2 1 x2 dx (1 x ) d 2
dy dy d
Sol.
dx d dx
dy dy
cos2 ....(1)
dx d

d2 y d dy d
cos2
dx2 d d dx

d2 y dy d2 y
cos2 ( sin ) cos2
dx2 d d 2

D(11) Let g(x) = f(e x).ef(x) such that f(x) is differentiable function, f(0) = f(1) = 0, f’(1) = 2 then find g’(0).
S o l . g ’ ’(x) = f ’(e x).ex . ef(x) + f(ex).ef(x) . f'(x)
x=0
g’(0) = f’(1).e0.e f(0) + f(1) .e f(0).f'(0)
g’(0) = 2.1.e 0 + 0.e 0.0 = 2
D(12) (a) If y = a cos(ln x) + b sin(ln x) then prove that x2y3 + 3xy2 + 2y1 = 0
1 1

(b) If y m + y m = 2x then prove that (x2 – 1)y3 + 3xy2 + (1 – m2)y1 = 0

S o l . (a) xy1 = – a sin(ln x) + b cos(ln x)
x(xy2 + y1) = – a cos(ln x) – b sin(ln x)
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x2 y2 + xy1 = – y
x2 y2 + xy1 + y = 0
x2 y3 + 2xy2 + xy2 + y1 + y1 = 0 hence proved.]

1 1
1 m
1
1 m
1
(b) y ·y ' y ·y ' 2
m m

1 1 2 2
1 1
2my 2my 4m2 y2
ym y m ; square y m
y m
4x2 – 4 =
y1 y1 y '2

E 35
 MATHEMATICS
2
4(x2 – 1) y1 = 4m2y2
2
(x2 – 1)2y1y2 + y1 · 2x = m2 2y y1
2(x2 – 1)y2 + 2xy1 = 2m 2y
2(x2 – 1)y3 + 4xy2 + 2xy2 + 2y 1 = 2m 2y1
(x2 – 1)y3 + 3xy2 + (1 – m2)y1 = 0
2 nd Method :
1
2
y1 m – 2x y m + 1 = 0

1
y m = 2x 4x 2 4
=x+ x2 1 or x– x2 1
2
m m
y= x x2 1 or x x2 1

32

*
2
dy
1
dx
D(13) (a) If (x – a)2 + (y – b)2 = c2 (c > 0) then d2 y
equals
dx2
(A*) c (B) c 2 (C) c 3 (D) c 4
* Note that this is the expression for radius of curvature.
(b) If x (– , –2) (2, ), then the equation y3 – 3y + x = 0 implicitly defines a unique real valued
differentiable function y = f (x). If f (–10 2 ) = 2 2 then f '' (–10 2 ) equals.

4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2
(A) (B*) (C) (D) [JE E 20 08]
7332 7332 733 733
1
S o l . (b) 3y2y' – 3y' = – 1 y' = 2
3(y 1)

1
y' (–10 2 ) = – {as f (–10 2 ) = 2 2 }
21
3y2y'' + 6y y'2 – 3 y'' = 0
4 2
y '' (–10 2 ) = Ans.
7332

DO YOUR SELF :
Essential :
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d2 y
2
dx 1 d x dx2 and deduce that for the parabola
1. Starting with . Prove that
dy dy dy 2 dy
3

dx dx

d2 y d2 x 2a
y2 4ax, .
dx 2 dy 2 y3

d2 y
2 Let x = sin t ; y = e then find
t
dx2

36 E
 MATHEMATICS
dx dy
Sol. cos t et
dt dt

dy et
dx cos t

dy et
M - 1 x = sin t y = et M-2
dx cos t

dy dx d2 y dt 1 2 dt
= et cos t et et cos t sin t
dt dt dx 2 dx cos t dx

d2 y cos e t e t sin t dt dt e t sin t

= et
dx2 cos2 t dx dx cos t cos 2 t

cos t e t e t sin t 1 1 et cos t e t sin t

= cos t 2
cos t cos t cos 2 t

e t cos t sin t e t cos t sin t

cos 3 t cos3 t
3. Let f(x) = xe x
g(x) = x3
d2 f x
then find 2
d g x

d f x x x
d g x 2
d(f(x)) e x (1 x)
Sol. 1.e x.e = e (1+x) = x 3x =
dx dx d(g(x)) 3x2

d2 (f(x)) d d(f(x)) d e x (1 x) d e x (1 x) dx
= = = ·
d2 (g(x)) d(g(x)) d(g(x)) d(g(x)) 3x2 dx 3x d(g(x))

e x (x 2 2)
=
9x5

d2 y dy
4. If y = 3e2x + 2e3x then find value of 5 6y
dx2 dx
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dy
Sol. 3.e2x .2 + 2.e 3x.3 = 6(e 2x + e 3x)
dx

d2 y
6(e2x .2 3e3x ) 6 2e 2x 3e 3x
dx2
6(2e 2x + 3e 3x) – 30(e 2x + e 3x) + 6(3e 2x + 2e 3x)
12e2x + 18e 3x – 30e 2x – 30e 3x + 18e 2x + 12e 3x
(30 – 30)e 2x + (30 – 30)e 3x = 0 + 0 = 0

E 37
 MATHEMATICS
d2 y
5. If x3 + 3x2y – 6xy2 + 2y3 = 0, then 0
dx 2 (1,1)

Sol . A homogeneous equation of degree n represents 'n' straight lines passing through the origin,
dy y d2 y
hence and 0]
dx x dx2

Des irab le :
8b
2. If x = at3 and y = bt2, then prove that y'''= .
27a 3 t 7
1
3. If y em sin x
, then prove that (1 – x2)y3 – 3xy2 – (1 + m2)y1 = 0
1 1

4. If y m y m
2x , then prove that (x2 – 1)y3 + 3xy2 + (1 – m2)y1 = 0

2 3/ 2
dy
1
dx
5. If x = a sin2 (1 + cos2 ) ; y = a cos2 (1 – cos2 ). Prove that 4a cos 3 .
d2 y
dx2

2y
6. If ex + y
= y2, then prove that y'' = .
(2 y)3
S o l . Take n and differentiate twice]

14. DEDUCTION OF NEW IDENTITIES BY DIFFERENTIATING A GIVEN IDENTIT Y :

x x x x sin x n
1 x 1 x
Ex. If cos .cos 2 .cos 3 .........cos n , then prove that r
tan r cot n cot x
2 2 2 2 2 sin(x / 2n )
n
r 1 2 2 2n 2
S o l . Take log and differentiate
Ex. (1 + x)n = C0 + C1x + C2x2 + ...... + Cnxn, prove that
(i ) C1 + 2C2 + 3C3 + ....... + nCn = n2n – 1

(ii) C0 + 2C1 + 3C2 + ....... + (n + 1)Cn = (n + 2)2n – 1

S o l . d i f fe re n t i a t e
n(1+x)n-1 = C1 + 2C2 x + 3C3 x2 + ......... + nCn . xn–1
(i) Put x = 1
n.2n–1 = C1 + 2C2 + 3C3 + ......... + nCn
(ii) Mulitply both side by x
x(1+x)n = C0 x + C1 x2 + .......... + nCn .x n+1
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Now, differentiate and put x = 1

15. DERIVATIVE OF FUNCTIONS EXPRES SED IN THE DETERMINANT FORM :
ƒ g h
Let F(x) u v w where all functions are differentiable then
m n

ƒ ' g' h' ƒ g h ƒ g h

F '(x) u v w u' v' w ' u v w
m n m n ' m' n'

38 E
 MATHEMATICS
The same operation can also be done column wise.
Proof: Differentiation of Determinant –
f x g x
P x P(x) = f(x) r(x) – g(x) h(x)
h x r x

f' x g' x f x g x
P'(x) = f'(x) r(x) + f(x) r'(x) P' x
h x r x h' x r' x
– g'(x)h(x) –g(x) h'(x)

Examples :

ex x2 x 1 sin x
Ex.1 ƒ x x2 cos x 1 , find ƒ '(0) [Ans. 1]
3 2
x x tan x 3x 1

ex 2x 1 cos x ex x2 x 1 sin x ex x 2 x 1 sin x

Sol. f' x x2 cos x 1 2x sin x 0 x2 cos x 1
x3 2
x tan x 3x 1 x3 x tan x 2
3x 1 3
3x 1 2
sec x 6x

1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
f' 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0

=1+0–1+1=1
E x . 2 fr(x), g r(x), hr(x), r = 1, 2,3 are polynomial functions in x such that fr(a) = g r(a) = hr(a), r = 1,2,3. All functions are
f1 x f2 x f3 x
differentiable functions and P x g1 x g2 x g3 x then find P'(a).
h1 x h2 x h3 x

f1' x f2' x f3' x f1 x f2 x f3 x f1 x f2 x f3 x

Sol. P' x g1 x g2 x g3 x g1' x g2' x g 3' x g1 x g2 x g3 x
h1 x h2 x h3 x h1 x h2 x h3 x h1' x h2' x h 3' x

Let f1(a) = g 1(a) = hl (a)= k

f2(a) = g 2(a) = h2(a) =
f3(a) = g 3(a) = h3(a) = m

K L M K L M
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P a K L M K L M
K L M K L M

Since 2 rows are same

value of each determiment will be zero.
Ans. 0

DO Y OU R S EL F :

Es sent ial :
E 39
 MATHEMATICS

y y1 y2
dn y y3 y4 y5 = 0
1. If y = cos(bx + c) & y n , then prove that
dx n y6 y7 y8

Desira ble :

ƒ g h
2. If ƒ, g & h are differentiable functions of x & D = (xƒ ) ' (xg) ' (xh)'
(x ƒ ) '' (x g) '' (x2h) ''
2 2

ƒ g h
prove that D ' ƒ' g' h'
3 3 3
(x ƒ '') ' (x g '') ' (x h '') '

cos(x x 2 ) sin(x x 2 ) cos(x x 2 )

2 2
3. If ƒ (x) = sin(x x ) cos(x x ) sin(x x 2 ) , then find ƒ '(x). [Ans. 2(1 + 2x) . cos2(x + x2)]
sin2x 0 sin2x 2

GENERAL THINGS TO REMEMBER :

(1) Prove that the derivative of an even differentiable function is an odd function and the derivative of an odd
differentiable function is an even function.
(2) Derivative of a differentiable periodic function is also periodic, having the same period.

(3) f(x) f '(x)

f(x) odd function : f '(x) even function
f(x) even function : f '(x) odd function
f(x) has period T : f '(x) has period T
(i) f(-x) = – f(x)
differ w.r.t. x
f ' (–x) . (– 1) = – 1 f ' (x)
f ' (–x) = f '(x)
(ii) f (x + T) = f(x)
diff. w.r.t. x
f '(x + T) = f ' (x)
(iii) Significance of f ' (x) * f " (x) : -
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(A) • f '(x) > 0 means f(x) function.

• f ' (x) < 0 means f (x) function.
(B) • f"(x) > 0 means concave upward
(or tangent is below the curve)
• f " (x) < 0 means concave down ward.
(or tangent is above the curve)
If polynomial function f(x) has factor (x – ) repeated n times then f'(x) has also factor (x – ) repated 'n – 1'
times, n N

40 E
 MATHEMATICS
eg. f(x) = (x – )n (x – )
f '(x) = n(x– )n–1 (x– ) + (x – )n
= (x – )n – 1 [n(x– (x – )]
Home Work : Ex.1 : Q.20 to 23 ; Ex.4(A) : Q.10 to 15; Ex.3 (T/F); NCERT Ex. 5.7 & Misc.
th
7 LECTURE
16. ˆ
L ' HOPITAL ' S RULE :

0
(a) Indeterminate forms of the type , . If the function f(x) and g(x) are differentiable in certainn
0
neighbourhood of the point a, except, may be, at the point a itself, and g'(x) 0, and if
lim f(x) lim g(x) 0 or lim f(x) lim g(x) ,
x a x a x a x a

f(x) f '(x) f" x

then lim lim = lim
x a g" x till indeterminate form vanish.
x a g(x) x a g '(x)

f '(x)
provided the limit lim exists (L' Hôpital's rule). The point 'a' may be either finite or improper
x a g '(x)

+ or – .
f ( x) f (a )
f ( x) f ( x) 0 x a
P roof : Lim Lim = Lim (put x = a + h)
x a g( x ) x a g ( x ) 0 x a g ( x ) g (a )
x a
f (a h ) f (a )
f ' (a ) f ' (x)
= Lim h = = Lim
h 0 g (a h ) g (a ) g ' ( a ) x a g ' (x)
h
0
(b) Indeterminate forms of the type 0. or – are reduced to forms of the type or by algebraic
0
transformations.
(c) Indeterminate forms of the type 1 , 0 or 00 are reduced to forms of the type 0. by taking logarithms
or by the transformation [f(x)] (x) = e (x). nf(x).
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 MATHEMATICS
Interesting fa ct :
In 1694 John Bernoulli agreed to accept a retainer of 300 pounds per year from his former student L'Hôpital
to solve problems for him and keep him up to date on calculus. One of the problems was the so-called 0/0
problem, which Bernoulli solved as agreed. When L'Hôpital published his notes on calculus in book form in
1696, the 0/0 rule appeared as a theorem. L'Hôpital acknowledged his debt to Bernoulli and, to avoid claiming
authorship of the book's entire contents, had the book published anonymously. Bernoulli nevertheless accused
L'Hôpital of plagiarism, an accusation inadvertently supported after L'Hôpital's death in 1704 by the publisher's
promotion of the book as L'Hôpital's. By 1721, Bernoulli, a man so jealous he once threw his son Daniel out
of the house for accepting a mathematics prize from the French Academy of Sciences, claimed to have been
the author of the entire work. As puzzling and fickle as ever, history accepted Bernoulli's claim (until recently),
but still named the rule after L'Hôpital.
General Note :
(i) ƒ '(x) > 0 increasing & ƒ '(x) < 0 decreasing
(ii) Concavity in each case is decided by the sign of 2nd derivative as :

d2 y
0 Concave upwards or tangent is below the curve
dx2

d2 y
0 Concave downwards or tangent is above the curve
dx2

e x sin x x2 0
E x . 1 lim form
x 0 2x 2x 3 0

ex .sin x ex cos x 2x
S o l . = lim 2
(Applying L.H. rule)
x 0 2 6x

e0 .0 e0 .cos 0 0 0 1 1
= Ans.
2 0 2 2

xx x 0
E x . 2 lim form
x 1 x 1 ln x 0

1
x x ln x 1 1 0 x x 1 ln x . 1 ln x xx
lim form x
Sol. = x 1 1 0 lim 2 (Put x = 1)
1 0 x 1 1
x
x2

x3 form
E x . 3 xlim
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ex

3x2 form
Sol. lim Apply (L.H. Rule)
x ex

6x
lim Form
x ex

6 6 6
lim 0 0
x ex ex

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 MATHEMATICS
E x . 4 lim
x 0
logcos x cos2x

log e cos 2x 0
S o l . = lim
x 0 log form
e cos x 0

1
sin2x .2
cos2x
= lim
x 0 1
sinx
cos x

1
sin2x .2
lim cos 2x
x 0 1
sin x
cos x

2.2sin x cos2 x 4 cos [Link] 0

lim = = 4
x 0 (cos2x) sin x cos 0

1
f x 3 2
E x . 5 f(x) is differentiable function such that f(16) = 8 and lim 2
x 16
x 4

0
then find f'(16) form
0

1
2
.f ' x 0
3f x 3

Sol. lim 2 (Apply L.H. Rule)

x 16 1
0
2 x

f ' 16 f ' 16 f ' 16

lim 2 16 2 .2 4 2 .4 1
x 16 2 3
2
3.4
3 f 16 3 3.2 3

f ' (16) = 3
E x . 6 f(x) is differentiable function such that f(4) = 3, f '(4) = 2
f2 x 2f x 3 0
then find xlim4 xf x 12
from
0

2f x .f ' x 2f ' x 0
S o l . = lim
x 4 1.f x xf ' x 0 (Apply L.H. Rule)
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2f 4 .f ' 4 2f ' 4 2.3.2 2.2 8

f 4 4f ' 4 3 4.2 = 11

Ex.7 lim x x
x 0

It is 0

ln x
= xlim0 log x = xlim x logx = lim
x
S o l . log form
0 x 0 1
x
Apply L-H rule

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 MATHEMATICS
1
log lim x log lim x log 0 = e0 = 1 Ans.
x 0 1 x 0

x2
1
E x . 8 Find lim cos ec x ln x L
x 0

1
Sol. Log L lim log cos ec x
x 0 ln x
log cos ec x
Log L lim form
x 0 log x

1
. cos [Link] x
logL lim cos ecx
x 0 1
x

x 0
log L lim form
x 0 tan x 0
LogL lim 1
x 0

1 1
L e
e

ln ln(1 k 4 )
E x . 9 Lim form [Ans. 2]
k 0 ln ln(1 k 2
S o l . Using L'Hospital rule

4k 3 ln(1 k2 ) (1 k 2 ) 1 k2
Lim · Lim 1
k 0 1 k4
k 0 ln(1 k 4 ) (1 k 4 ) 2k

4 k 2 ln(1 k 2 ) k 2 4 k4 ln(1 k 2 )
= Lim 4 2 = Lim · = 2 Ans.
2k 0 ln(1 k )k 2 k 0 ln(1 k 4 ) k2
1 1

Ex .10 Lim(1 2x )sin x (0 0 ) [Ans. 1]

x 0

S o l . l = 0°
ln(1 2x )
ln l = Lim sin x ln(1 2 x ) = Lim
x 0 x 0 cosec x
Using L'Hospital's rule
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2x ln2 1 ln2 sin x·tan x

ln l = Lim x
· = Lim ·
x 0 (1 2 ) cosec x·cot x x 0 2 x
1 x
x

hence ln l = – Lim tan x = 0 l = e0 = 1 Ans.

x 0

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 MATHEMATICS
2x 1 x 3 4 0 20
Ex.11 Lim 0
[Ans. ]
x 4 (3x 4) 5x 5 9 21

1 1 1 1
S o l . l = Lim
2x 1 2 x 3
= 3 2 = 20 Ans.
x 4 3 5 3 1 21
2 3x 4 2 5x 5 8 2

DO YOURSELF :
Ess entia l :
sin x x 1
1. lim
x 0 x3 6

xn
2. lim =0
x ex

3. lim (sin x)1 / x 0

x 0

(ƒ(x))1 / 3 2
4. If ƒ (x) is differentiable function such that ƒ (16) = 8, then find ƒ ' (16), if lim 2 [Ans. 3]
x 16
( x 4)
Desira ble :

x(1 a cos x) b sin x

5. Find a & b, if lim 1 [Ans. a = –5/2, b = –3/2]
x 0 x3

1 sin x cos x n(1 x) 1

6. lim 2 =
x 0 x tan x 2

e x sin x x x2
7. lim =0
x 0 x2 x n(1 x)
log x cos x
sec
8. lim 2
= 16
x 0 x
log sec x cos
2
log cos x log sec x
Sol. = x x
log cos log sec
2 2
2
log cos x
x
0
= log cos
2 0
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1
( sin x) 2
cos x tan x
= 2 (4)2 16
1 x 1 x
( sin ) tan
x 2 2 2
cos
2

Home Work : Ex.1 : Q.24, 25 ; Ex.4(A) : Q.16 to 21; Ex.3 (complete)

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