INDUSTRIAL SECURITY

CONCEPT
LEA 3
 (30%) (50%) (20%)
Rememberin Understandi Applying Analyzing Evaluating Creating
A. INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL SECURITY Percentage Number of
g ng
CONCEPTS Weight Items Using the Understandin hypothesizing Generating
Recall Explain, information g, , critiquing,
and and Designing,
information Interpret, in another experimentin
Distributio Comparing, constructing,
The registered criminologist can perform the Distributio summarize, familiar g, judging
n Recognizing, organizing, planning,
competencies under the following sub-topics: n examine situation
listing, deconstructin producing,
paraphrase,
describing, Implementing g, inventing.
15% 100 classify.
carrying out, interrogating,
retrieving,
using, finding
naming,
3.0% 20 executing
finding.

1. State and apply the theories, concepts, and

philosophy of security and safety;
.75% 5 1 1 3 - - -
2. Organize and assess the related laws in security
and detective agency operations, management
1.05% 7 1 1 3 1 1 -
and administration;
3. Translate and construct the basic industrial
security concepts of security survey, security plan,
1.20% 8 1 1 4 1 1 -
security test and evaluation, personnel check,
technical surveillance, and security management.
State and apply the theories, concepts, and philosophy of security
and safety;
 Concept of Security
✓Security
✓Asset, Risk, Threat and Vulnerability
✓Categories of Security
✓Private Security Organization
 Security
✓Latin securus which means "safe" or "with care," or
✓from se cura, wherein se means "free from" and cura means "care”
free from danger, risk, injury, fear, trouble, doubt or anxiety.
✓dependable, strong, good, impregnable or inviolable.
✓Or simply, it could mean having peace of mind
✓degree of protection or resistance against harm, danger, loss, and
criminals.
 Asset, Risk, Threat and Vulnerability

ASSET is anything tangible or intangible that is capable RISK is the uncertainty of financial loss, the probability
of being owned or controlled to produce value. that a loss has occurred or will occur, the variations
If it has positive economic value, it is considered an between actual and expected results, or the possible
occurrence of an undesirable event.
If its value can be converted into cash, it is an asset
(Sullivan & Sheffrin, 2003). The end result of risk is loss or a decrease in value
(Sennewald, 2003).

THREAT is anything that could adversely affect assets; VULNERABILITY means weakness, flaw, or virtually
it can be classified into; anything that may conceivably be exploited by a
threat;
natural hazards (such as floods), Examples are holes in a fence, an out-of-date key
accidents (chemical spills), or system or the introduction of a computer virus
(Sennewald, 2003).
intentional acts (domestic or international terrorism).
 Categories of Security

Physical Security - pertains Personnel Security - refers Document and

to all physical barriers to the procedure followed, Information Security -
employed or installed to inquiries conducted, and refers to policies,
secure assets criteria applied to regulations, doctrines, and
determine the work practices enforced to
safeguard the contents
suitability of a particular
and integrity of any
applicant or the retention
classified information or
of a particular employee
document from
compromise or loss
Political security is another category that relate to social relationships
involving governments or entities that hold authority or power.

Public security National security International security

refers to the way governments are is the requirement to maintain the consists of the measures taken by
ensuring the protection of its survival of a state through the use nations and international
citizens, organizations and of economic power, diplomacy, and organizations to ensure mutual
institutions against threats to their political power. survival and safety.
well-being, as well as maintaining Security threats include military Examples of measures are military
the general security and peace in foes from other nations, big drug actions and diplomatic agreements.
public places. cartels, or even national disasters
This includes security against that cause severe environmental
problems that have a direct impact damage.
on people's lives, such as gang
violence, cybercrime, or trafficking
of illegal drugs and firearms.
 CATEGORIES OF SECURITY (PRIVATE)
Industrial security Bank and armor security Hotel security V.I.P. security
is a form of physical security involves the protection involves using various involves the protection of
involving industrial plants resulting from the application measures of protection for top-ranking officials of the
and business enterprises. of various measures which the guests, personnel government, visiting persons
This involves the safeguards cash and assets in properties and functions in of illustrious standing and
safeguarding of personnel, storage, in transit, or during hotels, restaurants, bars and foreign dignitaries.
processes, properties and transaction. clubs.
operations.

Operational security Communication security Mall/ commercial security

is the degree of protection
involves the protection of involves the safeguard resulting from the application of
against danger, loss, and
processes, formula, patents different measures which prevent or delay the enemy or crime inside malls. As a form
and industrial and unauthorized person from gaining information through of protection, it refers to
manufacturing activities from communication including transmission and cryptographic. systems, structures and
espionage, infiltration, loss, processes that provide or
compromise or infringement. improve mall security as a
condition.
 Security Management in Organizations
✓ Security has a private policing function in organizations
✓ Security management has become an essential feature of corporate activity;
✓ Shopping malls, entertainment venues and banks “policed” by security guards to respond to or deter
threats.
✓ Security measures employed by companies against threats posed by opportunistic criminals, its rival
organizations, or even its own saboteur employees.
✓ Other security measures may include the installation of CCTVs, sophisticated alarm systems, policies against
workplace bullying and harassment, employee screening, emergency planning, and other measures that
enable individuals and organizations to carry on with their business free from danger.
✓ It involves high-stakes corporate crimes such as tax evasion and money laundering, fraud, bribery, workplace
harassment, or even those similar to street crimes such as thieves sneaking inside offices.
✓ Corporate crime becoming a growing area of concern, the increasing role of private security in crime
prevention is becoming more evident.
✓ This further highlights the need for increased competence and professionalism among security personnel so
that they can effectively play their important role of risk prevention and management in the organization.
✓ This new breed of uniformed individuals who are armed with education and training, equipped with reliable
and highly technical gadgets, and well-informed with their moral and ethical obligations has now taken over
the business of ensuring the security of the most important assets of organizations.
 Historical Roots of Security
Polis (Greeks) the first police force in city states during ancient period
Praetorian Guards or vigiles (Romans) who were tasked to be fire fighters in
middle Ages during their invasion of England
Shires or sheriff (French) formed a group of carefully selected men called to
look after the peace and order of the different regions.
The greatest influence in the history of security came from England.
Police force that operated to capture and punish criminals. In 1655, Oliver
Cromwell set up in England and Wales
Citizen patrols or watchmen purpose of preventing crime ahead of time with
their patrolling function. In 1748, London magistrate Henry Fielding
Police department. first formal security force under the government by
English Home Secretary Sir Robert Peel.
Private security practices (Fay, 2006). This watchman form of security was to
become the early version during the colonial period in the United States.
 Security in Philippine History
Aliping namamahay servants of datu or lakan, who acted as watchman
or protector during the pre-colonial period in the Philippines.
Guardia Civil police force based on the Civil Guard of Spain the Spanish
colonial government introduced the in the Philippines in 1868
Constable of the American colonial period in the Philippines became
the forebear of the present national police.
Indian national or the Bombay pioneered as the watchman who
protected a specific building or commercial establishment after World
War II.
Private security complements police efforts by providing additional
security during emergency responses and public events as well as
safety precaution and protection of property and assets.
 Security in the Present Time
Public law enforcement vs private security

Public law enforcement Private security

✓ Police served the public’s interest in ✓ Security force served private interests
general ✓ Workspaces law enforcement, arrests,
✓ General law enforcement, arrests, or or the use of force
the use of force ✓ Traffic control around large
✓ Traffic control on main roads commercial properties
✓ Patrol functions in general ✓ Patrol functions around private
✓ Respond on the public premises neighborhoods
✓ Respond on the public premises that
they protect.
1. Physical Security – broadest branch of security which
is concerned with the different barriers installed and
measures implemented to prevent unauthorized entry,
access to facilities, equipment, and information.

2. Personnel Security – branch of security which is

concerned with procedures undertaken by the
company to ensure that the employee to be hired are
Three Major Divisions of Security
best suited to the company’s interest

3. Document and Information Security – concerned

with the procedures for the protection of classified
documents and information from loss, unauthorized
access and theft by unauthorized person which can
affect the operation of the company which owns the
document and information.
Physical Security
Chapter II.
 Chapter II. Physical Security
Topics

Definition of Physical Security

Barrier

Security Lighting

Protective Alarms

Fire Technology

Protective Locks

Personnel identification and movement control

Protective cabinets

Animal barrier

Human barrier
 Objectives
Physical Security
a. To protect the organization’s asset;
✓ system of barriers placed between the
potential intruder and the objects/matter b. To make access so difficult that an
to be protected. intruder will not dare attempt
penetration
✓ It is the broadest branch of security,
which is concerned with physical Concepts
measures adopted to prevent a. Enemy agents will always seek access.
unauthorized access to equipment,
b. Surreptitious entry is the greatest
facilities, materials and documents and to hazard to security.
safeguard them against espionage,
c. There are no impenetrable barriers.
sabotage, damage and theft.
d. Each installation is different.
 Purpose of the Barrier:

a. Outline the area of perimeter to be secured;

b. Crate a physical and psychological deterrent to

Barrier
unauthorized entry;
defined as any structure or physical device capable of
c. Delay intrusion, thus facilitating apprehension of intruders;
restricting, deterring, or delaying illegal access to an
d. Assist in more efficient and economical employment of installation.
guards;

e. Facilitates and impose the control of pedestrian and

vehicular traffic.
 Barrier three lines of defense

1. First line of defense – Perimeter barrier/fences – a

medium or structure which defines the physical limits of an
installation or area to restrict or impede access thereto;

2. Second line of defense – doors, floors, windows, walls,

roofs, and grills

3. Third line of defense – Storage system like steel cabinets,

safes, vaults and interior files.
 General types of physical barrier

1. Natural barrier – includes mountains, rivers, seas, desserts

or terrain difficult to traverse. To be fully effective, these
barriers must be under surveillance of guards;

2. Structural or Man-Made Barrier – structural constructions

made by man like fences, walls, floors, roofs, grills or other
physical means to deter or impede penetration
 Types of Fences

1. Solid Fence – constructed in such a way that visual access

through the fence is denied. Its advantage is that it denies
the intruder to become familiar with the personnel,
activities and the scheduled movements of the security
personnel. On the other hand, it prevents the guards from
observing the area around the installation and it creates
shadow that may be used by the intruder for cover and
concealment. A masonry wall should be the same as the
chain linked and surrounded by the barbed wire as top
guard.

2. Full View Fence - constructed in such a way that visual

access is permitted through the fence. One of its
advantages is that it allows the security personnel to keep
the surrounding of the installation under observation. On
the other hand, it also allows the intruder to become
familiar with the movements of the security personnel.
 Types of Full view Fence
1. Chain Link Fence
Specifications:
a. Should be constructed minimum height of seven feet excluding top guard;
b. Nine gauges or heavier;
c. Mesh openings of not larger two inches per side;
d. Twisted;
e. Securely fastened to rigid material or reinforce concrete;
f. Reach within two inches of hard ground or paving;
g. On soft ground, it must reach below the surface deep enough to compensate
for shifting soil or sand

2. Barbed Wire Fence

Specifications:
b. Standard barbed wire is twisted double strand, 12-gauge wires, with four-
point barb spaced on equal distant part;
c. Barbed wire fencing should not be less than seven feet high, excluding the top
guard;
d. Barbed wire fencing must be firmly affixed to post not more than 6 feet apart;
e. The distance between strands will not exceed six inches and at least one wire
will be interlocked and midway between posts

3. Concertina Wire or Dannert Wire – type of barbed wire or razor wire

that is formed in large coils which can be expanded like a concertina
Specifications:
b. Made of high strength steel clipped together to form a cylinder;
c. Opened concertina wire is 50 feet long and 3 feet diameter
 Additional protective barrier
1. Top Guard – an addition overhang or barbed wire place on vertical
fences facing upward and outward with a 45-degree angle with three to
four strands of barbed wires space six inches apart. This will increase
the protective height and prevent easy access
2. Entry stations – provided at main perimeter entrances to secure areas
located out of doors, and manned by guards on a full-time basis
3. Towers – house-like structures above the perimeter barrier. Height of
tower increases the range of observation during day and night with
artificial illumination
4. Clear zone – unobstructed area maintained on both sides of the
perimeter barrier. It affords better observation and patrol movement. It
should be cleared of anything that may provide concealment or
assistance to a person seeking an authorized entry.
a. 20 feet or more between the perimeter barrier and exterior structure
(Outside);
b. 50 feet or more between the perimeter area and structure within the
protected areas.
5. Protection in Depth – in large open areas or grounds where fencing or
walling is impractical and expensive warning signs should be
conspicuously placed
6. Signs and notices – erected where necessary in the management of
unauthorized ingress and preclude accidental entry
 Security Lighting

The nature of the facility is often different at night than during

the day. Night time environment is very different from the day
time environment by virtue of the diminished natural
illumination and sometimes the changed status of the
surrounding community. Many establishments are unoccupied
at night or being guarded by few security personnel.

Security lighting is important since it provides sufficient

illumination to areas during hours of darkness.

Purposes of security lighting

a. It improves visibility so that intruders can be seen,
identified and apprehended;
b. It gives psychological fear, which serves as a deterrent to
thieves, pilferers, trespassers, and sabotage;
c. It makes the routine of works of guards in identifying
employees, vehicles during night time easier;
d. If placed in certain areas, may even reduce the number
of stationary guards, and instead, may require only
roving patrols at night
Types of security lighting

1. Stationary Luminary – most common type consisting of

fixed series of luminaries. It is commonly used on entry
gates of employees and vehicles
a. Glare Protection Type – the intensity is focused on the
intruder while the observer or the guard remains in
comparative darkness;
b. Controlled lighting – the lighting is focused on certain
objects than the background

2. Standby Lighting – similar to continuous lighting but can be

turned on manually or by special device or other automatic
means, when there is a suspicion of entry;

3. Emergency Lighting – standby lighting which can be utilized

in the event of electrical failure
Types of light lamps

1. Incandescent Lamps – these are common light bulbs that are found in every home. They
have the advantage of providing instant illumination when the switch is turned on and most
commonly used protective lighting system. It is the most expensive in terms of energy
consumed and the quantity needed. As such, incandescent lighting is generally recognized
as the least efficient and economical type of street lighting.

2. Gaseous-Discharge Lamp – the use of these protective lighting is limited since it requires a
period of two to five minutes to light when they are cold and even longer period to light,
when hot, after power interruption. It is very economical to use but for industrial security,
it is not acceptable due to long time of lighting.

3. Quarts Lamp – it is a lamp that emits very bright light and lights on almost as rapidly as the
incandescent lamp. They are frequently used at very high wattage and they are excellent
for use along the perimeter barrier.
a. Mercury Vapor Lamps – it gives a blue green color light due to the presence of mercury
vapor. These lamps have long life but are slow to fully illuminate and are generally dim
lighting fixtures with little spread of illumination beyond the light source. These types
are typically recommended for single structure location such as: garage or access point
to an infrequently used walkway.
b. Sodium Vapor Lamp – this type of lamp emits yellow light. It is an efficient bulb and due
to its color, it is used in areas where insects predominate

4. Metal Halide Lamps – lamps with bright white light, with instant on, and provides great
white color
Types of lighting equipment
1. Floodlights – project light in a concentrated
beam. Best used in boundaries, building or
fences. It is also known as reflectorize or
spotlight
2. Searchlight – highly focused incandescent lamps
3. Fresnel lights – wide beam unit, primarily to
extend the illumination in long horizontal strips.
It projects a narrow horizontal beam which is
approximately 180 degrees in the vertical plane.
4. Street lights – produce diffused light rather than
direction beam. They are widely used in parking
areas.
1. Protective Alarms

It is an aural or visual signal given by the annunciator to the

security when the intruder actuates certain devices in a
protected area.

An annunciator is a visual or audible signaling device,

which initiates conditions of associated circuits.

Basically, alarm system is designed to alert security

personnel of attempted or consummated intrusion into an
area, building or compound. Each type of alarm is activated
in the event that an intruder tampers with the circuitry, a
beam or radiated waves. Alarm is also for fire, smoke, or
other emergencies and presence of hazards.
Three Basic Parts of Alarm System

1. Sensors or triggering device - It is a device that can sense

an abnormal condition within the system and provide a
signal indicating the presence or nature of the abnormality.

2. Circuit or Transmission Line/Control Panel - It is the

communication channel that conveys the information from
all sensors in the system to the signal by means of wire,
radio waves. It is also called Control Panel (brain of the
system). The control panel has a back up battery to be used
for continuous operation in case of power failure and
keypad for arming and disarming. The Control Panel has
also a tamper switch which causes an alarm if an
authorized person opens the control panel.

3. Signal - The actual alarm may be audible or silent, a bell,

buzzer, phone ringing, or flashing of light.
Types of protective alarms
1. Central Station System – Several separate compounds tie their
alarm system to ta central station so that in case of need, the
central station calls for assistance to the police, fire
department, hospital or with other government assisting units
2. Proprietary System – similar to the central station type except
that the proprietary console is located inside the subscriber’s
installation who owns or bases the system
3. Auxiliary System – an installation owned system which is a
direct extension of the local enforcement agency and/or fire
department by special arrangements.
4. Local Alarm System – system in which a siren or bell is sounded
with no predictable response. This system is used in residence
or small establishment which cannot afford a respond system.
It consists of rigging up a visual or audible alarm near the
object to be protected. In case of alarms, response will be
made by local guards or other person within sight or hearing.
5. Dial Alarm System – this system is set to dial a predetermined
telephone number which is connected either to police station
or others. When the alarm is activated, the predetermined
number will ring and when answered, a recording voice will
state that an intrusion is in progress.
 1. Metallic Foil or Wire -it will detect any action that will break or move the
foil or wire

2. Photoelectric or Electric Eye Device – a light beam is transmitted at a

frequency of several thousand vibrations per second. It is connected by a
wire to control station and when an intruder crosses the beam, he breaks
the contact with the photoelectric coil which activates the alarm

3. Audio Detection Device – a supersensitive microphone speaker sensor that

is installed in the walls, ceilings and floors of the protected area

4. Vibration Detection Device – devices mounted on barriers an are used

primarily to detect an attack on the structure itself. When movement or
vibration occurs, the unstable portion of the circuit moves and breaks the
Types of alarm devises current flow, which produces an alarm.

5. Magnetic Door Contact – a protective device usually placed on the door

and window which can send notification when opening and closure occurs

6. Passive Infrared Detector (PIR) or Motion Sensor – PIRs are able to

distinguish if an infrared emitting object is present by first learning the
ambient temperature of the monitored space and then detecting a change
in the temperature caused by the presence of an object

7. Panic button – often located under the counter or table, the button can be
pressed in times of distress (Such as robbery, disruptive or threatening
behavior, or a situation which may warrant assistance), triggering a silent
alarm
Metallic Foil or Wire -it will detect any action that will break or
move the foil or wire
Photoelectric or Electric Eye Device – a light beam is
transmitted at a frequency of several thousand vibrations per
second. It is connected by a wire to control station and when
an intruder crosses the beam, he breaks the contact with the
photoelectric coil which activates the alarm
Audio Detection Device – a supersensitive microphone speaker
sensor that is installed in the walls, ceilings and floors of the
protected area
Vibration Detection Device – devices mounted on barriers an
are used primarily to detect an attack on the structure itself.
When movement or vibration occurs, the unstable portion of
the circuit moves and breaks the current flow, which produces
an alarm.
Magnetic Door Contact – a protective device usually placed on
the door and window which can send notification when
opening and closure occurs
Passive Infrared Detector (PIR) or Motion Sensor – PIRs are
able to distinguish if an infrared emitting object is present by
first learning the ambient temperature of the monitored space
and then detecting a change in the temperature caused by the
presence of an object
Panic button – often located under the counter or table, the
button can be pressed in times of distress (Such as robbery,
disruptive or threatening behavior, or a situation which may
warrant assistance), triggering a silent alarm
 1. Foot Rail Activator – these are placed on the floor in such a
position that tellers may activate the alarm by placing the
front of their foot-to-foot rail to activate the alarm

2. Knee or Thigh Buttons – it is installed inside the teller

station so that they can be activated by knee or thigh
pressure

Types of Bank Alarm 3. Foot Button – like the foot rail, it permits alarm activation
in relative safety, while both hands remain clear in view of
the robbers

4. Double Squeeze Button – it requires pressure on both side

of the device to activate the alarm, hence the probability of
accidental alarm will be lessened
1. Foot Rail Activator – these are placed on the floor in such a
position that tellers may activate the alarm by placing the
front of their foot-to-foot rail to activate the alarm
2. Knee or Thigh Buttons – it is installed inside the teller
station so that they can be activated by knee or thigh
pressure
3. Foot Button – like the foot rail, it permits alarm activation
in relative safety, while both hands remain clear in view of
the robbers
4. Double Squeeze Button – it requires pressure on both side
of the device to activate the alarm, hence the probability of
accidental alarm will be lessened
 1. Smoke Detector – a device placed at the ceilings of the floor
that detects smoke, typically as an indicator of fire
2. Fire Bell – a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing
sound if the smoke detector detects presence of fire
Fire Protection System
3. Automatic Sprinkler – a type of built-in sprinklers which works
Fire Alarm - Any visual or audible signal by the increase of room temperature and which automatically
operates the system to put out the fire Attached and distributed
produced by a device or system to warn the in the ceilings of the rooms. These sprinklers will go into one
occupants of the building or firefighting action once a fire starts, and those that will open are those that
elements of the presence or danger of fire to are directly above the fire and water is delivered where it is
needed.
enable them to undertake immediate action to
save life and property and to suppress the fire. 4. Stand Pipes – G.I. steel or plastic pipes located inside the
building from the lowest to the top floor with water under
Fire Alarm system is commonly integrated with pressure for use in case of fire. Located near the stand pipe is a
the intrusion alarm system. The system feature fire hose usually enclosed in a glass box.
zones that indicate whether the alarm is 5. Fire Hydrant – a mechanical device strategically located in an
installation or in a street where a fire hose will be connected so
burglary or fire that the water will be available to extinguish a fire
6. Fire Extinguisher – a firefighting equipment which can be
portable or in cart that is used to put out fire depending on the
contents to extinguish certain types of fire
 How to operate Fire Extinguisher

If you need to operate a fire extinguisher, remember the word

PASS:

∙ PULL the pin – Fire extinguishers often have a pin, latch, or

puncture lever that you need to release first;
Fire Protection System ∙ AIM low – Aim the nozzle or hose of the extinguisher at the
base of the fire;

∙ SQUEEZE the handle – this releases the extinguishing

agent;

∙ SWEEP from side to side – Move in close, and sweep across

the base of the fire. Watch for re-flash of the fire.
 1. Class A Fire – involving ordinary combustible materials
such as wood, cloth, and paper, requires an extinguishing
agent which cools. A water or multi-purpose dry chemical
can be used.

2. Class B Fire – fire involving flammable and combustible

liquids and gases, such as solvents, greases, gasoline, and
lubricating oil, require an extinguisher which removes
oxygen or cuts the chain reaction. Foam, carbon dioxide,
Classes of Fire and dry chemical are effective

3. Class C Fire – fire involving energized electrical equipment

(live electrical wires, electrical appliances). A non-
conducting extinguishing agent such as carbon dioxide or
multi-purpose dry chemical must be used

4. Class D Fire – the result of combustion of certain materials

in fire-divided forms. These metals can be magnesium,
potassium, powdered aluminum and zinc
Classes of Fire
Protective Locks

Lock is a mechanical, electrical, hydraulic or electronic device

designed to prevent entry to a building or room.

Padlock is a portable and detachable lock having a pivoted or

sliding hasp which passes through a staple ring or the like and
is made fast or secured.
 1. Key-Operated Lock – it uses some sort of arrangement of
Types of Lock internal physical barriers which prevent the lock from operating
unless they are properly aligned. The key is the device used to
align these internal barriers so that the lock may be operated.
Key is also the standard method of accomplishing entry
through a locked door and the normal way of locking it.

2. Combination Lock - a lock that requires manipulation of parts

according to a predetermined combination code of numbers

3. Card Operated Lock/Coded Lock – type of lock that can be

opened by inserting a coded card in a slot in the lock, or by
pushing the correct button on the surface of the lock

4. Electronic Lock - type of lock that can be closed and opened

remotely by electronic means

5. Biometrics – a machine that can be used for identification of

humans by their characteristics or traits which is also used as a
form of identification and access control. It is equipped with
recording device that can identify the person operating the
lock and the time it was operated.
 1. Warded Lock – type of lock that uses a set of obstructions,
or wards, to prevent the lock from opening unless the
correct key is inserted. The correct key has notches or slots
corresponding to the obstructions in the lock, allowing it to
rotate freely inside the lock.

2. Pin Tumbler Lock – a lock mechanism that uses pins of

varying lengths to prevent lock from opening without the
correct key
General groups of locks 3. Lever Tumble Lock – lock used in safe deposit box and is for
all purposes. It is also used in desk, lockers and cabinets
and is generally less secure than pin tumbler lock

4. Disc Tumbler Lock – a lock composed of slotted rotating

detainer discs. A especially cut key rotates these discs like
the tumblers of a safe to align the slots, allowing the
sidebar to drop into the slots, thus opening the lock. Disc
tumbler lock is commonly designed for automobile industry
and is generally used in car doors today.
1. Warded Lock – type of lock that uses a set of obstructions,
or wards, to prevent the lock from opening unless the
correct key is inserted. The correct key has notches or slots
corresponding to the obstructions in the lock, allowing it to
rotate freely inside the lock.
2. Pin Tumbler Lock – a lock mechanism that uses pins of
varying lengths to prevent lock from opening without the
correct key
3. Lever Tumble Lock – lock used in safe deposit box and is for
all purposes. It is also used in desk, lockers and cabinets
and is generally less secure than pin tumbler lock
4. Disc Tumbler Lock – a lock composed of slotted rotating
detainer discs. A especially cut key rotates these discs like
the tumblers of a safe to align the slots, allowing the
sidebar to drop into the slots, thus opening the lock. Disc
tumbler lock is commonly designed for automobile industry
and is generally used in car doors today.
Key control a. Change Key – a key to a single lock. The change key is the
standard type of key that fits a single lock within a master key
Key control is the management of keys in a plant system
or business organization to prevent unauthorized
individual access to the keys b. Sub-Master Key – a key that can open all locks within a
particular area or grouping within a facility. The locks may be
those of one floor of a multi-storied building or a particular
operation.

c. Maison Key – type of sub-master key which is very common in

apartment houses and office buildings. Tenants are given a
single key that operates both their apartments and the main
entrance door lock

d. Master Key – the Master Key can open all locks in the facility
that are incorporated into the master key program. A special
key capable of opening a series of locks.

e. Grand Master Key – a key that can open all locks in a keying
system involving two or more master key program

f. Peterman – a term used in England for lock picker, safecracker,

and penetrators of restricted areas or rooms
 A written record and log should be maintained on all keys and
locks. The issuance of keys should be controlled to provide keys
only to those persons who have shown to need keys that allow
entry into an area of facility. When a key is issued, the record
should indicate the key number, the name of the person to
whom it is assigned, the holder’s position within the company,
the date of issuance and any other relevant data that might be
Lock and Key record beneficial.

A log should be kept regarding maintenance and repairs on

locks, lost keys, and actions taken to remedy problems
detrimental to lock and key security. All keys should be
identified and secured in a high security key cabinet. All
unissued and duplicate keys should be protected in this
manner.
 Statutory prohibitions on keys

1. Article 304 of the Revised Penal Code – Possession of

Lock and Key record
picklocks or similar tools

2. Article 305 of the Revised Penal Code – False Keys

Personnel identification and movement
control

Pass /Badge System is issued by security to personnel to be

admitted in the installation. The purpose is to ensure that the
only persons who have the right and authority will be given
necessary access to the area.

The pass system is for general use and not for the restricted
areas, like exclusive, limited or controlled areas.
 1. Single Pass System – authorization to enter specific areas
issued to an employee who keeps it in possession until his
authorization is changed or until terminated

2. Pass Exchange System - the pass issued to a personnel will

be exchanged to another color-coded pass at the entrance
of the controlled areas. It is issued to an employee who
keeps it in his possession until his authorization expired

3. Multiple Pass System – multiple copies of passes are issued

to an individual. The individual changes the badge to
Types of Pass System another color or markings to enter a restricted area. Once
inside, if he needs to enter another restricted area, he
exchanges it to another color

Restricted Area - This is an area in which personnel or

vehicles are controlled for reasons of security.

It is established to provide security for installation or

facilities and to promote efficiency of security operations
and economy in the use of the security personnel
Types of Restricted Areas 1. Limited Area – it a restricted area in which lesser degree of
control is required than in an exclusion area, but which the
security interest would be compromised by uncontrolled
movement.

2. Exclusion Area – refers to a restricted area which contains

security interest to Top Secret importance and requires the
highest degree of protection. The area should be under
surveillance at all times.

3. Security Clearance - It is a certification by a responsible

authority that the person described is cleared to access to
classified matters at appropriate levels.

Access List - An authenticated list of personnel given to the

security allowing entry to a compound or installation

Duress Code - A type of code used by employees and even

security personnel in case they are forced by arms to enter the
installation. This code consists of certain words which can be
said by the employee or security personnel in casual
conversation and can give an alarm to the security personnel
on duty.
 1. Safe – metallic container used for the safekeeping of documents or
small items in an office or installation. It can be classified as both
robbery and burglary resistance depending upon the use and need.

Specifications:
a. At least 750lbs. Below 750 must be anchored to building structure
b. 1 inch thick steel
c. Door should be 1 ½ thick steel

2. Vault – heavily constructed fire and burglar resistance container usually

part of the building structure used to keep and protect cash, documents
and negotiable instruments. Vault is usually bigger than safe but
smaller than File Room.
Protective cabinets Specifications:
b. Doors should be 6 inches thick made of steel;
c. Walls, ceilings, and floors should be 12 inches thick;
d. Floors should be elevated by 4 inches;
e. Not more than 4,000 cubic meter in size;
f. Vault door must be fire resistance up to 4 to 6 hours.

3. File Room – a cubicle in a building constructed a little lighter than a

vault but bigger in size. It can accommodate limited people to work on
the records inside.

Specifications:
b. Should be 12 feet high;
c. Interior cubage should be not more than 10,000 cubic meters;
d. Water tight door, fire proof for 1 hour
 1. Fire Endurance Test – a test by which the safe is subjected to
temperatures in a real office fire. The temperature is around 1000
°C and the safe is placed inside for one or two hours depending on
the test

2. Explain Hazard Test – a test to determine if the sudden rise in

Some Tests for Fire Resistance temperature will not cause the safe to rupture. If the safe can
withstand 2000 F for 30 minutes without cracking or opening then
it has passed the test

3. Fire and Impact Test – its objective is to determine the strength of

a safe to resist the collapse of a building during fire
Animal barrier

The common animal barrier used is K-9 (which is a homophone of

canine). It is a dog that is trained specially to assist the police, other law
enforcement agencies and security personnel in their work. The animal
barrier is also used for search and rescue operations, and detection of
explosives and drugs.

The most commonly used breed is the German Shepherd, although

Belgian Malinois are also popular dogs to use
Security guard

Security guard is any natural person who offers or renders personal

service to watch or guard residential or business premises or both,
government and/or their premises for hire and compensation.
Personnel Security
Chapter III.
Chapter III. Personnel Security
Topics
1. Personnel Security
2. Background Investigation (BI)
3. Investigative Coverage
4. Security Education Program
Topic I. Personnel Security
⮚ It is the procedure followed, inquiries conducted, and criteria applied to
determine the work suitability of a particular application or the retention
of a particular employee.

⮚ This is an aspect of security which ensures that members of the

organization and those accepted to be members are capable, reliable,
trustworthy, and loyal to the organization.
Purposes of Personnel Security
⮚ To ensure that the company shall hire only employees who are best
suited to assist the organization in achieving its mission and vision;

⮚ Once hired, they can assist the company in providing necessary

security to the employees while they are performing their functions.
Key Functions of Personnel Security
⮚ It serves as a screening mechanism in selecting suitable employees for
the job;

⮚ It provides background investigation services of both potential and

present employees, for possible assignments to sensitive position;

⮚ It handles investigation of employees suspected of wrongdoing;

⮚ It develops security awareness among employees; and

⮚ It attempts to ensure the protection of employees from discriminatory

hiring or termination procedures as well as unfounded allegations of
illegal or unethical activities and conduct.
Personnel Security Investigation (PSI)
⮚ It is a process which includes inquiry into the character, reputation,
discretion, integrity, morals, and loyalty of an individual or applicant in
order to determine a person’s suitability for appointment or access to
classified matters.
Types of Personnel Security Investigation
1. National Agency Check (NAC) – It is a background investigation
conducted to an individual which consists of Local Agency Check and
supplemented by investigation of the records and files of the following
agencies: PNP, ISAFP, NBI, CSC, Bureau of Immigration and other
agencies;

2. Local Agency Check (LAC) – It is also a background conducted to an

individual based on the records and file of agency in the area of
principal residence of the individual being investigated like clearances
from the barangay, mayor, police, prosecutor and courts.
Topic II. Background Investigation (BI)
⮚ It is an inquiry which aims to verify an applicant’s information written at
the application form, to ascertain his/her past employment and to obtain
other necessary information which will help the company’s decision to
employ;

⮚ A check made on an individual usually seeking employment through

subjects records in the police, educational institutions, place of
residence, and former employers.
Kinds of Background Investigation
[Link] Background Investigation (CBI) – a type of
background investigation which is more comprehensive, which
includes all circumstances of his personal life.

[Link] Background Investigation (PBI) – Investigation of the

background of an individual but limited only to some
circumstances of his personal life
Factors to be considered in the conduct of
Background Investigation
1. Loyalty – faithful allegiance to the Philippine government and its duly constitutional authorities;

2. Integrity – uprightness in character, soundness of moral principle, freedom from moral

delinquencies;

3. Discretion – the ability or tendency to act or to decide with prudence, the habit of wise
judgment;

4. Morals – distinctive identifying qualities which serve as an index to the essential of intrinsic
nature of a person;

5. Character – the sum of traits that have been impresses by nature, education and habit upon
the individual

6. Reputation – opinion or estimation in which one is generally held. It is what a person is

reported to be whereas character is what a person is
Topic III. Investigative Coverage
⮚ Prior Employment;

⮚ Claimed education;

⮚ Claimed residence for the period covered in the employment and

educational institutes; and

⮚ If the candidate indicates a criminal record, then the details should be

checked
Investigative Standards
⮚ Information sought should be relevant;

⮚ Information sought should be reliable; and

⮚ If unfavorable, the information should be confirmed by at least two

resources
Things to Look for during Screening
⮚ Signs of instability in personal relation;
⮚ Indication of lack of job stability

⮚ Indication of being clearly overqualified;

⮚ Declining salary history;

⮚ Unexplained gaps in employment history;

⮚ Inability to remember names of former supervisor;
⮚ Gaps in residence; and
Motives that cause People to be Disloyal
⮚ Material gain
⮚ Heavy investment in the country of foreign land

⮚ Serious indebtedness
⮚ Ideological inclination

⮚ Jealousy
⮚ Gullibility
⮚ Weakness in character
Common omission and falsification
committed by an applicant
⮚ Applicant’s signature

⮚ Applicant’s date

⮚ Applicant’s name

⮚ Residence address

⮚ Date of birth

⮚ Criminal records

⮚ Education

⮚ Employment
Topic IV. Security Education Program
⮚ It is a method to develop security awareness among the employee of
the organization regardless of rank and position, by means of
orientation and seminar to old and new employees, to protect the
interest of the company from any possible loss, damage and other
criminal acts.
Purpose of Security Education
⮚ Employee to understand the importance of security to the successful
operation of the company;

⮚ Employees to understand their role, duties and responsibilities in the

security of the company;

⮚ To familiarize with the various aspect of the security measures being

implemented in the company; and

⮚ Employees to comply with the rules and regulations

Phases of Security Education Program
⮚ Initial Interview – At this stage, the prospective employee will be given
and idea on the security policies being implemented by the company,
and the corresponding penalties if violated;

⮚ Orientation and Training – In this stage, new employees are oriented

on every detail of security policies. Usually, they are given security
manual and handout for their reference.

⮚ Refresher Conference – It has been done to remind employees about

their role, duties and responsibilities on the security program,
introduction of new policies, if any, and review of the existing guidelines;
Phases of Security Education Program
⮚ Security Reminders – It is an approach to remind the employees of
the policies of the company on the security measures by means of
posting security posters and giving of leaflets; and

⮚ Security Promotion – It is an act to inculcate to the minds of the

employees the importance and role of the security in the success of the
organization. It is done to get the support and cooperation of the
employees.
Document and Information Security
Chapter IV.
Chapter IV. Document and Information
Security
Topics
1. Definition of Document and Information Security
2. Responsibility for protection
3. Competitive intelligence
4. Information security
5. Computer vulnerability
6. Cryptography in Information Security
Topic I. Definition of Document and Information Security

1. It is a security involving the protection of documents and information

from loss or access by unauthorized persons.

2. It prescribes the policies and establishes the standard basic

procedures governing the classification and security of official
matters.
Topic II. The Information Cycle

1. Creation – In this stage, information is discovered and developed

in any method. This stage is also called research and
development.
2. Use – This information can be a basis in making decisions, to
solicit support or inform others. When information is used by the
organization, it requires duplication and distribution whether in the
form of printed manner or thru electronic means.

3. Storage and Retrieval – The method in the storage should be

designed to protect the integrity of the information, and free from
natural and man-made hazards. In case of retrieval, only
authorized personnel should be allowed to have access to the
information stored.
4. Transfer – This is the stage where the information is transferred
from active to inactive. Inactive records are usually placed in a
remote area which is less accessible to users.

5. Disposition – It is the final stage of the information cycle. The

method of disposal can be done thru burning or shredding, but
always depend on the amount of information and media used.
Topic III. Classification of Documents (Memorandum Circular No. 196, dated 07/19/1968
Security of Classified Matter in government offices):

1. Top Secret – any information and material, the unauthorized disclosure of which would
cause exceptionally grave damage to the nation, politically, economically or militarily;

⮚ Classification Authority – The one who has authority to classify Top Secret documents rests
exclusively with the head of the department. This can also be delegated to other authorized
officers when need arises.
⮚ Reproduction – A Top Secret matter may be copied or reproduced only when the classifying
authority granted such action.
⮚ Inventory – The inventory of Top Secret documents is conducted semi-annually (twice a year).
⮚ Transmission – Top Secret documents should be transmitted in the following manner:
a. By direct contact of officers concerned; or
b. By official courier
⮚ Storage – It should be stored in a safe, steel filing cabinet or other legal steel containers with
built-in dial type combination lock of such weight, size and construction as to minimize the
possibility of physical theft or damaged by fire
⮚ Destruction – Destruction should be by burning in the presence of witness cleared for Top
Secret documents. Also, a Certification of Destruction shall be prepared and forwarded to the
originating office.
 2. Secret – any information and material, the unauthorized disclosure of which would
endanger national security, cause serious injury to the interest or prestige of the nation or
any governmental activity;

⮚ Classification of Authority – The one who has authority to classify Secret Documents is just
the same in the Top Secret documents.

⮚ Reproduction – Same as Top Secret

a. Transmission – Secret Documents should be transmitted in the following manner;
b. Direct contact of officers concerned;
c. Official courier;
d. Electrical means in cryptographic form;
e. Registered mail

⮚ Storage – same as Top Secret

 3. Confidential – any information and materials, the unauthorized disclosure of which would be
prejudicial to the interest or prestige of the nation or governmental activity or would cause
administrative embarrassment or unwarranted injury;

⮚ Classification Authority – Any officer is authorized to classify Confidential Documents in the performance
of his duties

⮚ Reproduction – The copying or reproduction of Confidential Documents is authorized unless the originating
office or higher authority has specifically designated such authority

⮚ Transmission – Same as Secret

⮚ Destruction – Same procedure as Secret Documents except that there is no need to prepare record of
destruction nor require any witness
 4. Restricted – any information and material which requires special protection other than those
determined to be Confidential, Secret, and Top Secret matters.

⮚ Classification Authority – Any officer is authorized to classify Restricted Documents in the

performance of his duties

⮚ Reproduction – The copying or reproduction of Restricted Documents is authorized unless the

originating office or higher authority has specifically designated such authority

⮚ Transmission – Same as Confidential

⮚ Destruction – Same procedure as Confidential Documents except that there is no need to

prepare record of destruction nor require any witness
Topic IV. Types of Records/Documents

1. Class I – Vital Records/Documents – These are records/documents which are

irreplaceable, although can be reproduced, but reproduction of the same does not have the
same value of the original;

2. Class II – Important Records/Documents – These are the records/documents which

reproduction of the same will cause considerable cost, labor, and delay;

3. Class III – Useful Records/Documents – These are records/documents which if lost, might
cause inconvenience to the owner or company, but could be replaced and may not give
insurmountable difficulty to the timely restoration of the company’s operation;

4. Non-Essential Records/Documents – These are records/documents which comprise of

daily files and which are routine in nature, which if lost or destroyed, will not affect the
operation of the company
Topic V. Responsibility for Protection
➢Security is command responsibility. It is the duty of the head of the department or agencies to
have assurance of the loyalty and integrity of every personnel assigned in their department.
➢The security of the classified documents should be the paramount concern of all personnel in the
department or agencies
Topic VI. Standard Rules in Document Security
➢The authority and responsibility for the preparation and classification of classified matter rest
exclusively with the originating office.
➢Classified matter should be classified according to content and not in the classification of the file
in which they are held or of another document to which they refer.
➢Classification should be made as soon as possible by placing the appropriate marks on the
matter to be classified.
➢Each individual whose duty allows access to classified matter is responsible for the protection of
the classified matter while it is in his/her possession and shall insure that dissemination of such
classified matter is on the “need to know” basis and to “properly cleared personnel only”.
 Topic VII. Protection of Sensitive Information

Proprietary Information

⮚ It is a sensitive information owned by a company and which gives a company certain

competitive advantage. Generally, it is a document classified by the owner as proprietary limits
to who can view it or know about its contents.

⮚ In the business community, it is information concerned on the structure, products, or methods of

the organization which are protected from espionage or copying.
 Topic VIII. Types of Proprietary Information

1. Trade Secrets – Any formula, process, design, instrument, pattern or compilation which is not
generally known or reasonably ascertainable by which a business can obtain an economic
advantage over competitors.

Trade secret is information that:

a. Not generally known to the public;

b. Confers some sort of economic benefit to the holder; and

c. The subject of reasonable efforts to maintain its secrecy

1. Patents – A grant given by the government to an inventor, conveying and securing to him the
exclusive rights to make, use and sell his invention for a term of twenty (20) years

Significant provisions of Republic Act No. 8293

(Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines enacted on June 6, 1997)

⮚ Patentable Inventions. - Any technical solution of a problem in any field of human activity
which is new, involves an inventive step and is industrially applicable. (Sec. 21)

⮚ Right to a Patent. - The right to a patent belongs to the inventor, his heirs, or assigns. When
two (2) or more persons have jointly made an invention, the right to a patent shall belong to
them jointly. (Sec. 28)
⮚ First to File Rule. - If two (2) or more persons have made the invention separately and independently of
each other, the right to the patent shall belong to the person who filed an application for such invention, or
where two or more applications are filed for the same invention, to the applicant who has the earliest filing
date or, the earliest priority date. (Sec. 29)

⮚ Rights Conferred by Patent. - A patent shall confer on its owner the following exclusive rights:

(a)Where the subject matter of a patent is a product, to restrain, prohibit and prevent any
unauthorized person or entity from making, using, offering for sale, selling or importing that
product;

(b)Where the subject matter of a patent is a process, to restrain, prevent or prohibit any unauthorized
person or entity from using the process, and from manufacturing, dealing in, using, selling or
offering for sale, or importing any product obtained directly or indirectly from such process.

(c)Patent owners shall also have the right to assign, or transfer by succession the patent, and to
conclude licensing contracts for the same. (Sec. 71)
Topic IX. Competitive Intelligence

It is the action of defining, gathering, analyzing, and distributing intelligence about products,
customers, competitors, and any aspect of the environment needed to support executives and
managers in making strategic decisions for an organization.

Types of Competitive Intelligence

1. White – information available from company publication, public

records or commercial reporting sources;

2. Gray – not readily available but which usually can be obtained

without acquiring any civil/criminal liability in the process

3. Black – obtained through clearly unethical or illegal means

 Topic X. Information Security

⮚ Aspect of security which ensures that no classified, sensitive or critical information proprietary to
the company are disclosed to unauthorized individuals, distorted, destroyed or lost.

⮚ Information is the lifeblood of the organization. As such, if were lost, disclosed to the competitor
or distorted, the organization would find it difficult, if not fail, to achieve its goal.

⮚ Computer technology has grown rapidly and computer use has become widespread. Today in
most instances, computers are accessible by most users, and the technology is common
knowledge. As a result, it is more difficult to protect computers from accidental and intentional
damage.
 Topic XI. Computer Vulnerability

A computer’s system vulnerability to compromise increases as more people receive legitimate

access to it, and as more people without legitimate access to it become aware of its existence,
contents, and location.

Protecting Information

⮚ Today, most information is stored in computers and processed by the computers. Therefore,
controlling the access to the computer is essential, as is controlling to information within the
computer.

⮚ If the information stored in the computer is confidential, the computer should be located in a
secured place, allowing employee’s access to the computer system in a controlled manner.
Access to the computer system must be restricted to only those whose job responsibilities
require the use of the computer system.
⮚ When the computer serves as the storage for classified information or other information that
requires protection, the following principles should be observed:

1. Data Confidentiality – Only authorized personnel must have knowledge and access to the
information within the computer. When transferring information between storage sites via disk,
or network, it is important to secure the information so that an unauthorized third party cannot
steal the data, or comprehend the content of the data by means of encryption

2. Availability – When in use, user must protect the system from attacks (e.g. hacking, cracking,
etc.) that could render it inaccessible or inoperative;

3. Integrity – The computer must consistently provide the exact, unchanged information to each
user. Users or a third party may not modify information without proper authorization.
Topic XII. Cryptography in Information Security

Cryptography

⮚ It is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of third
parties (called adversaries).

⮚ More generally, it is about constructing and analyzing protocols that overcome the influence of
adversaries and which are related to various aspects in information security such as data
confidentiality, data integrity, authentication and non-repudiation.

⮚ When it becomes necessary to transmit those secrets from one point to another, it is important
to protect the information while it is in transit. Cryptography presents various methods for taking
legible, readable data, and transforming it into unreadable data for the purpose of secure trans
mission, and then using a key to transform it back into readable data when it reaches its
destination.

⮚ The goal of cryptography extends beyond merely making data unreadable; it also extends into
user authentication, which is providing the recipient with assurance that the encrypted message
originated from a trusted source
 Translate and construct the basic industrial security concepts of
security survey, security plan, security test and evaluation, personnel
check, technical surveillance, and security management.
 SECURITY SURVEY AND INSPECTION
The Security Survey Security Inspection
✓ fact-finding process through the assessment ✓ A tool to determine the possible risks
team of an organization’s existing operation ✓ assessment of what is happening from a security
and facility. point of view ensures that risks are recognized, and
cost- effective countermeasures are in place.
✓ The purpose is to identify and measure the ✓ These assets may also have value to an adversary,
asset, risk, threats and vulnerabilities. possibly in a different nature and magnitude to
✓ On-site inspection and analysis, necessary to how the owners value them.
determine deficiencies, level of protection ✓ deals with the prevention of risk by taking action or
needed, and to recommend measures to using physical entities to reduce or eliminate one
enhance overall security (Hess & Wrobleski, or more vulnerabilities.
✓ Purpose of Security Inspection;
1996).
1. To determine compliance of security policies
✓ The identification of anomalies implies that the 2. To detect weaknesses in the existing security
surveyor is able to pinpoint a certain level of measures
security and that the existing conditions fall 3. To assess assets and the probability of risk or
short. the likelihood that loss will take place
✓ Recommends for a security plan or if existing
improvement of the security plan
 SECURITY AND SAFETY INSPECTION
Security Inspection Safety Inspection
✓ Security inspection deals with the protection any ✓ Safety Inspection is defined as the state of being
person, facility, material, information, activity and certain that adverse effects will not be caused by
other assets that have a positive value to the some agent under defined conditions. It means
organization. freedom from danger, risk, or injury. It involves
measures (people, procedures, or equipment) used
✓ Security inspection also deals with the prevention to prevent or detect an abnormal condition that
of risk by taking action or using physical entities to can endanger people, property, or the enterprise.
reduce or eliminate one or more vulnerabilities. These abnormal conditions include accidents
✓ Vulnerabilities are weaknesses that can be caused by human carelessness, inattentiveness,
exploited by an adversary to gain an asset. They lack of training or other unintentional events.
✓ Objectives of Safety Inspection 1. To save life – An
include structural, procedural, electronic, human,
organization’s workers are considered its most
and other elements that provide opportunities to
valuable asset. It is the obligation of the company
attack assets. to assure the safety of its workers, as well as its
visitors/ clients in its vicinity at all times. 2. To
secure properties 3. To restore the affected facility
as soon as possible
 SECURITY AND SAFETY INSPECTION
Security Inspection Safety Inspection
✓ Purpose of Security Inspection ✓ Purpose of Safety Inspection
1. Detection of defects such as materials, equipment,
1. To determine compliance of security policies
lighting and ventilation
2. To detect weaknesses in the existing security 2. Detection of sub-standard conditions such as poor
measures housekeeping, poor ventilation, poor lighting,
noise, poor maintenance and poor training of
3. To assess assets and the probability of risk or the
workers
likelihood that loss will take place
 SECURITY AND SAFETY INSPECTION
Phases of Security Inspection: Phases of Safety Inspection:
1. Detection of company policy violations - The acts 1. Detection of what might be called obvious hazards
or practices of employees that are contrary to – actual unsafe conditions created either by the
policy. For example, tampering on employee action of people or physical deterioration; for
timecards or bringing out company property for example, blocked exits and tripping hazards
unknown reasons 2. Detection of conditions, which, of themselves,
may not be the direct cause of an accident but
2. Detection of possible defects in protective devices would be contributory factors - for example, soapy
and other security aids – For example, empty fire water spilled on the floor
extinguishers, destroyed perimeter fences, busted 3. Detection of conditions wherein employees’
perimeter lights, and alarm system defects performance is deviating from the standard
practice or established policy, which, in
3. Detection of the condition of properties being
themselves, are wrong and unsafe – for example,
protected – For example, when the property being
not wearing personal protective equipment (PPE)
protected is exposed to rain and sunlight 4. Detection of employee performance, which, by
4. Detection of security hazards – For example, themselves, are not hazardous but can create
improper storage of waste materials hazards either directly or in a contributory manner
– for example, storing old documents in a corner
 SECURITY AND SAFETY INSPECTION
Importance of Security Inspection: Importance of Safety Inspection
1. It can help determine the effectiveness of a risk 1. It determines effective methods of hazard
appraisal appraisal.
2. It corrects deficiencies to bring both safety and
2. It can identify weaknesses in security operation to minimum accepted standards.
countermeasures 3. It is an unequaled medium to determine potential
3. It can prevent possible loss of company assets accident source.
4. It recognizes defects for future necessary
corrective actions.
5. It demonstrates management’s sincerity regarding
accident prevention.
6. It increases efficiency and promotes better
relationship with employees.
7. It cultivates goodwill and moral value.
8. It determines the required emphasis of
operations.
 SECURITY AND SAFETY INSPECTION
Steps in a Security Inspection: Steps in a Safety Inspection:
1. Preparation a. Review the management policy b. 1. Preparation a. Plan b. Review c. Study d. Outline
Review the loss appraisal report c. Use equipment 2. Equipment a. Hard hat b. Pencil/ball pen c.
needed in this activity Goggles etc.
3. Plan Route a. Have a definite objective b. Follow
2. Plan route a. Identify priority areas b. Identify the the pattern
sequence 4. Inspection Pattern a. General conditions (lighting,
work, outline, buildings, flashlight materials, etc.)
b. Specific hazards c. Work practices d. How work
is done (tools, machine, equipment)
 SECURITY RISK ANALYSIS
✓Security and risk analyses are the reasons for all security activities whatever
problems are involved, be it cash, negotiable instruments, permanent assets and
fixtures or even intangible assets like trade secrets.
✓Unless actual assessment of threats to assets is done, precautions and
countermeasures cannot be presumed. The significance of a security program
depends not only upon the excellence of the resources, but upon their
appropriateness and relevance. In this process, determination of the problem
must be initially done followed by formulation of countermeasures.
✓Security Analysis
✓When an organization decides to protect its assets, it is necessary to clearly
understand the actual threats to assets through an effective security plan.
Without the security plan, decision-makers will have to rely on guesswork in
choosing the precautions and countermeasures against threats.
Three factors defining the Problem (POA Publishing LLC, 2003):
1. Loss Event Profile – the kinds of threats or risks affecting the assets to be
safeguarded.
2. Loss Event Probability – the probability of those threats becoming actual
loss events.
3. Loss Event Criticality - The effect on the assets or on the enterprise
responsible for the assets if the loss occurs.
Factors of Loss Event Probability
a. Physical environment - Climate, geography, location, composition
b. Social environment – Age groups, ethnicity, neighborhoods, income
levels, social history, crime
c. Political environment – Government unit, general tone, attitudes,
political areas
Probability Ratings
a. Virtual Certain – Given no changes, the event will occur
b. Very Probable – The likelihood of occurrence
c. Average Probability – The event is more likely to occur than not to
occur
d. Less Probable – The event is less likely to occur than not to occur
e. Very Improbable – Insufficient data are available for an evaluation
 Security Hazards
Types of Hazards
1. Natural Hazards - risks arising from natural phenomena.
2. Man-made Hazards Human or man-made - It is the result of a state
of mind, attitude, and weakness of character traits.
Risk is defined as the potential damage or loss of an asset. It is in fact a
combination of two factors:
1. The value placed on that asset by its owner and the consequence,
impact adverse effect of loss or damage to that asset.
2. The likelihood that a certain weakness will be exploited by a
particular threat.
Risk Analysis involves the scrutiny of specific vulnerability, probability and
significance of potential threats including natural and man-made.
Major Risks
Some of the major categories or risks are arranged according to its
seriousness:
- Nuclear attack
- Natural catastrophe
- Industrial disaster
- Civil disturbances and malicious destruction
- Other crimes
- Conflict of interest
- Other risks
Risks Management Alternatives and Strategies
1. Risk Avoidance – Complete elimination or eradication of the risk from the business,
government, or industrial environment for which the risk manager has the
responsibility.
2. Risk Reduction – Decreasing of the risks by minimizing the probability of the potential
loss. This reduction of criminal opportunity is often accomplished by situational crime
prevention strategies to discourage, deny, or deter criminal incidents.
3. Risk Spreading – The distribution of the risks through compartmentalization or
decentralization to limit the impact (criticality) of the potential loss.
4. Risk Transfer – The movement of the financial impact of the potential loss over to an
insurance company.
5. Risk Self-Assumption – This is a planned assumption and acceptance of the potential
risk by making a deliberate managerial decision of: - doing nothing about the threat;
or - setting aside resources for use in case of a specific loss incident
6. Combination of the Above – Making use of two or more of the above given strategies
to manage potential risk and threats.
 Security investigation
Investigation means a planned and organized determination of facts
concerning specific events, occurrences, or conditions for a particular
purpose.
Security, means the protection of property from loss through theft,
fraud, fires, threats, or hazards.
Security investigation is a planned and organized determination of facts
concerning specific loss or damage of assets due to threats, hazards, or
unsecured conditions.
Elements of Investigation: Investigator-Purpose-Subject of Investigator
The Three I’s of Investigation
1. Information – The knowledge which the investigator gathers from different sources.
a. Acquired from regular sources. Conscientious and public-spirited citizens, company files, school
files, or records file of other agencies.
b. Acquired from cultivated sources. Paid informants, bartenders, cab drivers, acquaintances, etc.
2. Interrogation – The skillful questioning of witnesses as well as suspects.
An interview means the simple questioning of a person who has no personal reason to withhold
information.
3. Instrumentation – It is the application of instruments and methods of physical sciences
to the detection of crimes.
Purpose of Investigation
1. To identify the offender
2. To locate the offender
3. To provide evidence
Qualities of Effective Investigation (Asset Protection and Security
Management Handbook (POA Publishing LLC, 2003)).
1. Objectivity – Objectivity is achieved by recognizing the investigator’s
personal prejudices and compensating for, or neutralizing, his effect on
the investigation.
2. Thoroughness – A thorough investigator checks all leads and checks key
leads more than once to assure consistency in results.
3. Relevance – means that the information developed pertains to the
subject of the investigation.
4. Accuracy – Sound investigative techniques dictate frequent tests for
verification. All information must be tested for inherent contradictions.
5. Timeliness is an extension of thoroughness.
 Characteristics of a Successful Investigator
1. Observant 11. Energetic
2. Resourceful 12. A good actor
3. Patient 13. Possesses good judgment
4. People-oriented 14. Logical
5. Understanding of human behavior 15. Intelligent
6. Understanding of legal implication of the work 16. Creative
7. Possesses good communication skill 17. Receptive
8. Self-starting 18. Possesses sense of well-being
9. Healthfully skeptical 19. Dedicated
10. Intuitive 20. Possesses good character
21. Professional
Systematic Approach to an Investigation
1. Define the investigative problem.
2. Collection of relevant data
3. Analysis and verification of the information gathered
4. Drawing the conclusion is the function and responsibility of the
person requesting the investigation.
Guidelines in Investigation
1. Preliminary Investigation
2. Investigation Proper
3. Methods of Investigation
P – proceed to the scene promptly and safely
R – render assistance to the victim, if any
E – effect the arrest of the offender
L – locate and identify the witnesses
I – interview the complainant and witnesses
M – maintain the crime scene and protect the evidence I – interrogate the
suspect/offender
N – note all conditions, events and remarks
A – arrange for the collection of evidence
R – report the incident fully and accurately
Y – yield the responsibility
Investigation Report – a written document in which the investigator records the activity in the
investigation and the evidence gathered.
Report writing is a crucial part of the investigation.
Purpose of the Investigation Report
1. To provide a permanent official record of the investigation
2. To provide other investigators with information necessary to further advance the investigation
3. To uphold the statements as facts on which designated authorities may base a criminal
corrective or disciplinary action
Qualities of an Investigation Report
1. The report serves as an objective statement of the investigation findings.
2. The report is an official record of the information relevant to the investigation which the
investigator submits to his superior.
3. The report is clear, brief, accurate, impartial but complete.
4. The report is sans of the investigator’s opinion or other irrelevant facts foreign to the case.
5. The report is accurate and is a true representation of the facts of the case.
6. The report is clear and is logically and chronologically developed.
Parts of the Report
The investigation report contains the following components:
1. Administrative data
2. Synopsis – a brief description of the actions of the perpetrator as
established in the body of the report.
3. Details of the report – objective of the investigation
4. Conclusion and recommendation – include the investigator’s
opinion, conclusion and recommendations
5. Enclosures – photographs, sketches, sworn statement, etc.
Incident-Type Investigation/Complaint-Type Investigation
A. General Facts
1. The incident type investigation is also known as a complaint type investigation.
2. An investigation might begin with a personal observation.
B. Investigative Process
1. Begins with the acquisition of the initial information in which the investigation is based on. It ends when
the last piece of physical, testimonial or directly observed date has been collected.
2. A systematic approach to investigation is applied.
C. The Investigative Analysis
1. Is the prime or another informant a member of the bargaining unit? If so, what is the policy should the
informant request representation during the investigative interview?
2. Have all the persons, events and locations mentioned in the complaint been checked through security
investigative indexes and the results noted?
3. Should any operating or executive management personnel be notified of the initiation of this
investigation before further steps are taken?
4. Does it appear that recording or photographic equipment will be needed? If so, is it in serviceable
condition?
5. Is there a need for more than one security investigator for the case?
Management in General and Planning Function – elements of management: planning, financing,
organizing, staffing, training and professional development and communication.
Security Management and Cost Effectiveness – enhances the profitability of a business enterprise.
Security Planning – is the key factor in the successful management of a security program.
✓ pre- determining a course of action.
✓ deciding in advance what to do, how to do it and who should do it.
✓ first requirement in planning is to identify the overall objective and purpose of the organization.
✓ Afterwards, the executive may start his own planning which should be objective and supports the
organization’s goals.
✓ overall blueprint for security program
Methods
✓ comprehensive emergency plan covering - anticipated contingencies and various operational
plans, policies, standards, and procedures.
✓ Action Plans showing three columns: the first column identifies the planned activities, the second
column identifies the action officer involved, while the third column shows the time frame.
 SECURITY AGENCY MANAGEMENT
Development of Security Polices – A policy is a broad guide to management decision-making in situations of a repetitive nature.
Illustrations of Security Policies
1. In a Non-Union Company. The company recognizes the loyalty of its employees and its obligation as a corporate citizen to the
community and thus fosters a cooperative attitude in the protection of personnel and property.
2. In a Company with Union - The company recognizes its obligation as a corporate citizen to the community and thus, practices
an aggressive policy of prosecution regarding theft within the company.
3. Information Security Policy - The computer center recognizes the proprietary interest of the client entities who utilize the
facilities of the center, hence, strictly controls dissemination of management information on strictly need-to-know basis and
only to such persons that have been specifically cleared to receive such information.
Operating Level Policies – The need to draw up specific policies such as “Access Control”, “Key Control”, “How to Handle a Bomb
Threat”
Financing - Managing security requires cash to carry out the various responsibilities involved.
Budgeting - A budget is usually a prepared annual plan stated in financial terms.
The Process of Budgeting
1. Setting up of goals and objectives for a particular period, usually a year.
2. Budget development involving an evaluation of current activities, identification of projected new activities, development of
alternatives and determination of costs.
3. An evaluation and review of the recommendation
4. Budget establishment or allocation of funds
The Agency Operator/Security Director
1. perception that he is an expert in security; and
2. awareness that he is the highest management guy in the hierarchy.
Competence.
1. Leader – His most basic role is to provide leadership
2. Company Executive – He is discerned as a modern-day manager.
3. Executive with High Visibility – He is visibly recognized as expert.
4. Innovator – He is not fearful of trying new ways and take risks.
5. Counselor/Adviser – He can provide advice, suggests alternatives, and helps
solve problems.
6. Trainer – He establishes professional development and keeps his people
attuned with times and various requirements,
7. Contemporary Professional – He keeps abreast with current developments in
the profession
8. Goal-Setter – He establishes objectives and defines the goals to be achieved.
Organize and assess the related laws in security and detective agency
operations, management and administration;
 LEGAL CONTEXT OF SECURITY
Law of self- preservation - supreme law man instinctively protects
himself and those he holds dear (may it be property, freedom or loved
ones) from danger or threat, with or without help from others.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
”Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person” (United
Nations, 1948).
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,
“Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. (United
Nations Human Rights, 1966).
1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines
✓The prime duty of the Government is to serve and protect the people.
✓The Government may call upon the people to defend the State and, in the
fulfillment thereof, all citizens may be required, under conditions provided by law,
to render personal, military or civil service. (Section 4, Article II)
✓No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of
law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws. (Section 1,
Article III. )
✓The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects
against unreasonable searches and seizures (Section 2, Article III.)
✓Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation.
(Section 9, Article III)
✓The Congress shall not, except by general law, provide for the formation,
organization, or regulation of private corporations. (Section 16, Article XII)
The Revised Penal Code (Act 3815) - regarding crimes against individual’s right to
security and the private security industry.
Private Security Agency Law (RA 5487 as amended) “An Act to Regulate the
Organization and Operation of Private Detective, Watchmen or Security Guards
Agencies,”
✓is amended by Presidential Decree No. 11 on October 3, 1972.
✓Private Security Professionals are force multipliers of the Philippine National
Police (PNP) because of the role they play in times of disaster or calamities.
✓Private security personnel are called Protection Specialists because in the present
concept, law enforcement and crime prevention are not solely charged to the
PNP.
✓Professionalize the security industry.
✓The training program for private security personnel was also expanded in order to
develop skills and knowledge suitable to current and future applications.
Republic Act No. 11917, July 30, 2022
✓ Repealed RA 5487 Regulating the Organization and Operation of
Private Detective Watchmen or Security Guard Agencies
IMPORTANT TERMS
Private Security Industry
✓refers to the industry that is engaged in providing
security consultancy, management, administration,
operation, and provision of private or company
watchman, guarding, investigative work, security
training, K9 security, armored vehicle security services,
alarm system monitoring services, closed-circuit
television (CCTV) suppliers and other providers of
security hardware, security hardware operation,
personal protection services, or security consultant;
IMPORTANT TERMS
[Link] Security Agency (PSA)
✓refers to any person, natural or juridical, who contracts, recruits,
furnishes or posts any security guard, to perform its functions
✓to engage its service or those of its security guards, for hire,
commission or compensation through subscription or as a
consultant/trainer
[Link] Security Professional (PSP)
✓refers to a person who is issued a valid LESP of any classification or
category, issued by the designated government agency after satisfying
all the qualifications and requirements set forth by this law and its
implementing rules and regulations.
IMPORTANT TERMS
[Link] Security Services
✓refer to the act of providing or rendering security services for
compensation pursuant to mutually agreed terms of reference and
contract and shall include the act of providing or rendering services
[Link] Security Training Agency (PSTA)
✓refers to any person, natural or juridical, who engages in the business
of providing training and academic programs and courses duly
approved and prescribed by the PNP and adopted by the Technical
Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA).
✓It includes the training for pre-licensing requirements of individual
security guards and other security professionals, the periodic and non-
periodic in-services skill refreshers for such security personnel, and
other specialized, individual or group, private security personnel skills
development;
IMPORTANT TERMS
[Link] Consultant
✓refers to a security professional authorized by law to provide security services
such as design and formulation of a security plan, threat and vulnerability
assessment, etc.
[Link] Hardware
✓refers to any mechanical or electrical device, which is designed and used for
the detection of an unauthorized entry into a facility, for alerting others of the
commission of an unlawful or unauthorized act within a building , etc.
[Link] Hardware and Systems Designers and Planners
✓refer to the security professionals who specialize in the design of security
systems using a combination of security software and hardware to address
security requirements of a facility and the training for their operation and
maintenance.
 RULE 3 RA 11917 IRR

Section 4. Licenses Required in the Private Security Industry.

“No person shall engage in the exercise of security profession
nor shall any person or juridical entity be allowed to operate and
manage a security service entity without first securing a license
from the Chief, PNP through Chief, SOSIA of the PNP.”
 RULE 3 RA 11917 IRR
Section 5. Two (2) Types of Licenses issued by the Chief, PNP
1. License to Exercise Security Profession (LESP) - a license
issued to a private security professional allowing him/her to
exercise security profession; and
2. License to Operate (LTO) - a license issued to a natural
person or juridical person allowing him to operate and
manage a business engaged in providing security services.
Note: Chief, PNP through the Chief, SOSIA shall have the
authority to approve or disapprove applications for LESs and
LTOs. Including suspend, cancel, revoke or appeal (due process,
of SOSIA License Revocation Board (SLRB))
 RULE 3 RA 11917 IRR
Section 6. Two (2) Classes of LESP.
1) Training Personnel; and
2) Security Personnel (including CG and GS personnel).
Section 7 Section 8 Categories of Section 9. Categories of Security
Categories of LESP LTO Services of PSA.
1) Private Security 1) Private Security 1) Watchmen and Guard Services;
Training Agency Training Agency 2) Protective Services;
Personnel 2) Private Security 3) Private Detective Services;
2) Private Security Agency
Agency 4) Security K9 Services;
3) Company Guard
Personnel Force 5) Armored Vehicle Security Services; and
3) Company Guard 4) Government 6) Security Hardware and Systems.
Force Personnel Security Force NOTE: A business entity may establish one
4) Government (1) PSA which may provide one or more
Security Force categories of security services covered by
Personnel distinct and separate LTO; Provided that
they shall not employ more than 2,000
Private Security Professionals
 RULE 3 RA 11917 IRR
Categories of LESP
Private Security Training Agency Personnel: Private Security Agency Personnel:
a. Training Director; a. Security Watchmen;
b. Training Officer; b. Security Guard;
c. Training Instructor; c. Security Canine Handler;
d. Security Hardware & Systems Operator;
e. Security Hardware & Systems Designer and Planner,
f. Bank and Armored Guard;
g. Protection Agent;
h. Private Detective;
i. Security Officer;
j. Security Manager; and
k. Security Consultant.
 RULE 3 RA 11917 IRR
Categories of LES
Company Guard Force Government Security Force Personnel:
Personnel:
a. Company Security Manager; a. Government Security Manager;
b. Company Security Officer; b. Government Security Officer; and
and c. Government Security Guard.
c. Company Security Guard.
 RULE 4 VALIDITY OF LICENSE
LICENSE VALIDITY TRAINING REQ
LESP 5 years New Applicants - Pre-licensing training
Renewal administered by a licensed Private Security
Training Agency.
- 60 days
prior expiry Renewal of License. - Enhancement and
Refresher training/skills development
requirement.
RULE 7 STANDARD QUALIFICATIONS
 RULE 4 VALIDITY OF LICENSE
LICENSE VALIDITY
LTO of PSTA/PSA/CGF 3 years for new applicant
5 years for renewal
NOTE:
Renewal
- 60 days prior expiry
- failure will result to CANCELLATION and issuance of CEAST-to-OPERATE
NEW LTO
RENEW LTO
LESP FOR TRAINING PERSONNEL REQUIREMENT
LESP FOR TRAINING PERSONNEL REQUIREMENT
TRAINING INSTRUCTOR

TRAINING DIRECTOR
Qualifications and Documentary Requirements for LESP-Training
Instructor.
✓must be a graduate of Continuing Security Management
Training and Refresher Course for Private Training Profession
to be administered by SOSIA and
✓shall submit the Certificate of Continuing Enhancement Training
for Security Profession and Refresher Course for Private
Training Profession and other documentary requirements as
may be determined by the SSTB.
LESP FOR TRAINING PERSONNEL
 REGISTRATION AND LICENSING OF PRIVATE SECURITY AGENCY
Section 4. Private Security Agency (PSA). — Any Filipino citizen or juridical entity wholly
owned and controlled by Filipino citizens may organize a private security agency and
provide security services:

Section 5. PSA Operator or Licensee. — No applicant shall be granted a license to operate

a PSA unless the applicant possesses the following qualifications:
(a) Must be at least twenty-five (25) years of age;
(b) Must hold a bachelor's degree;
(c) Must be a part owner of the company or in case of juridical entity, holder of at least one
(1) share of stock with voting rights;
(d) Must be of good moral character;
(e) Must not have been convicted of any crime or offense involving moral turpitude; and
(f) Must be physically and mentally fit, and passed the neuro-psychiatric test and drug test
administered by the PNP or other similar government centers and facilities:
Section 8. Fees and Bond to be Paid. determined by the Chief PNP and depend on
the number of PSPs employed.
- surety, fidelity or insurance company duly accredited by the Insurance Commission.

Section 9. Administrative Fee of PSAs. - charged by PSAs to its clients shall not be less
than twenty percent (20%) of the total contract cost, subject to adjustment by the
Department of Labor and Employment:
Section 10. Issuance of Firearms. — Republic Act No. 10591 or the "Comprehensive
Firearms and Ammunition Regulation Act": Provided, That a PSA shall only be allowed to
possess small arms, not exceeding one (1) firearm for each PSP, to include single-post, in
its employ:
Section 11. Uniform. — The uniform of PSPs shall be different from the uniform worn and
prescribed for members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP), the PNP and other
law enforcement authorities. The PNP, through the authorized representative, shall
prescribe the uniform, ornaments, equipment and paraphernalia to be worn by the PSPs
while on duty.
 PENAL PROVISIONS
Section 16. Penalties. — Any violation of the provisions of this Act shall, after due notice and hearing, be subject to the corresponding
penalties herein provided:
(a) A license to operate of a PSA may be cancelled, revoked or suspended by the Chief PNP when:
(1) It takes part in an armed conflict against the government;
(2) It uses force or the threat of force or those it represents in a national or local electoral contest;
(3) It uses its authority to be involved in human rights violations;
(4) It is used as a privately owned and operated para-military organization operating outside of the regulatory framework established
by this law and the implementing rules and regulations adopted by the PNP;
(5) It intentionally and maliciously makes use of electronic security devices or remote video surveillance in a manner that violates the
privacy of civilians;
(6) It acted with gross negligence in dealing with violations, or mistakes of its members, or incompetency in its ranks;
(7) Its named operator or licensee is convicted by final judgement of any crime or felony;
(8) It violates any provision of Presidential Decree No. 442, otherwise known as the "Labor Code of the Philippines," as amended,
including its implementing rules and regulations; and
(9) It acted in a manner which renders the PSA a detriment to the maintenance of peace and order.
PENALTY
without a valid LTO - fine of not less than P1,000,000.00 and not more than P5,000,000.00
expired LTO - fine of not less than P50,000.00 and not more than P100,000.00
without or with only an expired LESP - fine of not less than P50,000.00 and not more than P100,000.00
Note: The same penalty shall be imposed upon a PSA who shall deploys
offers to render or renders services to persons or places conducting illegal activities
- penalty of imprisonment of not less than 12 years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years
- fine of One million pesos (P1,000,000.00), at the discretion of the court
violates any of the provisions
- penalty of imprisonment of not less than 6 months and one (1) day to six (6) years
- fine of One million pesos (P1,000,000.00), or both, at the discretion of the court, and cancellation or
suspension of its license with forfeiture of the bond
If the offender is a juridical entity, the penalty shall be imposed upon the officer or officers of the juridical
entity who participated in the decision that led to the violation of any provision of this Act, without prejudice
to the cancellation of their license issued by the PNP.
Staffing and Administration Ranks and Positions
a. Security Management Staff
1. Security Director (SD) – Agency Manager/Chief Security Officer
2. Security Executive Director (SED) – Assistant Agency Manager/Assistant Chief
Security Officer.
3. Security Staff Director (SSD) – Staff Director for Operations and Staff Director for
Administration.
4. Security Staff Director for Training – Staff in- charge for Training
b. Line Leader Staff
1. Security Supervisor 3 – Detachment Commander
2. Security Supervisor 2 – Chief Inspector
3. Security Supervisor 1 – Inspector
c. Security Guard
1. Security Guard 1 – Watchman/guard
2. Security Guard 2 – Shift-In-Charge
3. Security Guard 3 – Post-in-Charge
d. Security Consultant (Optional)
General Functions of a Security Guard
The duties of security guards vary depending on the category of installations, facilities, establishments,
location, social conditions and some other factors. Nevertheless, duties assigned to guards are outlined in the
installation program which includes the following:
1. Enforce company rules and regulations
2. Operate and enforce the “personnel identification system”
3. Patrol and observe designated areas, perimeter, structures, installation
4. Take into custody a person attempting or giving unauthorized access in restricted, limited and controlled
areas
5. Check rooms, buildings, storage rooms of security interest and after working hours, check proper locking of
doors and gates
6. Perform escort duties when required
7. Respond to protective alarm signals or other indications suspicious activities and emergencies
8. Safeguard equipment and material against sabotage, unauthorized access, loss, theft or damage
9. Act quickly in situations affecting the security of installation and personnel to fire accidents, internal
disorder, attempts to commit criminal acts
10. Control and regulate vehicle and personnel traffic within the compound as well as parking of vehicle
11. Other duties that is necessary in the security guard’s function
Types of Security Guard
1. Company Guard Force
• This is the security guard recruited and employed by the company.
2. Security Agency Service
• A security guard belonging to privately licensed agency.
3. Government Guard Forces.
• A security guard recruited and employed by the government.
Categories of Private Security Training
1. Pre-Licensing Training Programs
• all training and academic programs and courses whose objective is indoctrinate the individual
with the basic skills and educational backgrounds necessary in the effective exercise and
performance of his/her elected/would be security detective profession.
• Basic Security Guards Course, the Security Officers Training Course, Private Security Agency
Operators Training/Seminar, and Private Security Training the Trainer’s Course.
2. Refresher Training Programs
• to enhance current in- service and future individual and/or collective exercise of profession.
• Re-Training Course, Basic Security Supervisory Course, and Security Supervisor Development
Course.
3. Specialized Training Programs
• developing previously-gained skills and knowledge designed at augmenting or expanding
current skills and knowledge and/ or designed at developing current skills and knowledge to
suit identified future applications.
• It includes but is not limited to such courses as the Intelligence/Investigator Training Course,
Basic Crises Management Course, Personal/VIP Protection Course, Bank and Armored
Training Course, Basic Aviation Security Course, Mall/Commercial Establishment Course.
Ethical Standards for Private Security Agencies
As a licensed private security agency, it shall be its prime concern to share with
other licensed agencies and company security forces the burden of responsibility in
upholding the integrity and trust of the private security profession at all times. In
discharging this responsibility, its official shall
1. Endeavor to fulfill their professional duties in accordance with the highest
moral principles, always conforming to the precepts of truth fairness and
justice
2. Contribute to the national welfare by securing and preserving industrial
facilities of the country through competent guarding services
3. Promote the well-being of security guard through adequate wages and other
emoluments
4. With faith and diligence, perform their contractual obligations for the
protection of life, limb and property
5. Constantly endeavor to raise quality standards of private security services
6. Continuously work with and assist the law enforcement agencies in the
preservation of peace and order in the country
Code of Conduct for Private Security Agencies
1. They shall at all times adhere to the professional ethics and refrain from practices that negate the best interest of the private security
services industry
2. They shall always consider that unity in the profession is vital and paramount for the attainment of common objectives
3. They shall not use deceitful means and/or misrepresentation in all their business transactions. To this end, they shall avoid granting of
rebates, or commissions in securing guarding contracts.
4. They shall not indulge in cut-throat competition by undercutting the existing contract rates between PSA and the client and/or the minimum
contract rate prescribed under PADPAO Memorandum Agreement in conformity with existing minimum wage laws
5. They shall pay their guards in accordance with rates fixed by law. They shall not impose any unauthorized deductions on the gurus to seek
employment elsewhere as they choose, subject to existing laws, nor accept a guard without clearance from the losing agency
6. When a prospective client with existing company security force call/bids for additional security guard, all bidding security agencies shall
observe the principle of “equal pay for equal work” considering the rate of pay of the company security service their own guards
7. Anchored on the principle of securing property, of providing safety of persons and maintaining peace and order within such property, when
accepting contract with clients having existing conflict of claims, management, ownership or administration of properties and/or
establishments, where there exist or forthcoming another contracted/contracting agency, they should conduct themselves and their
deployed guard in a manner primarily not to be used against each other at the same time without compromising their respective contracts
8. They shall endeavor to raise the standard of service in the security profession thru incentive and in-service training
9. They shall establish an adequate library of books, magazines and other publications on security subject, materials, references, etc, in each
PSA
10. They shall always be truthful and accurate in reports required by SAGSD and/or other competent authorities and be prompt in the
submission of the same
11. They shall not, under any circumstances, employ for guard duty any person without a professional license as a security guard duly issued by
the Chief, PNP
12. They shall at all times exercise vigilance and be prepared to prevent the use of their guards or the agency in activities inimical to the state or
national security. When activities of this nature come to their attention, they shall as a matter of duty render an appropriate report to the
PNP authorities
Security Guards Security Guard’s Creed
“As a security guard,
my fundamental duty is to protect lives and properties and
maintain order within the vicinity/my place of duty,
protect the interest of my employer and our clients and the security
and stability of our government and country without compromise and
prejudice,
honest in my action, words and thought, and
do my best to uphold the principle “MAKADIYOS, MAKABAYAN,
MAKATAO at MAKAKALIKASAN”
The 11 General Orders for Security Guards
All security personnel shall memorize and strictly observe the following general orders:
1. To take charge of the post and all company properties in view, and protect/preserve the same with utmost
diligence
2. To walk in a military manner during tour of duty and keeping always on the alert, observing everything that
takes place within sight or hearing
3. To report all the violations of regulations and order I am instructed to enforce
4. To relay all calls from post more distant from the security house where I am stationed.
5. To quit my post only when properly relieved
6. To receive, obey and pass on to relieving guard all orders from company officers or officials, supervisors,
post-in- charge or shift leader
7. To talk to no one except in line of duty
8. To sound the alarm or call-in case of fire or disorder
9. To call the superior officer in any case not covered by instructions
10. To salute all company officials, superiors in the agency, ranking public officials, commissioned officers of the
Armed Forces of the Philippines and commissioned officers of the Philippine National Police
11. To be especially watchful at night and during the time of challenging all persons on or near my post, and to
allow no one to pass without proper authority
Code of Ethics for Security Guards
1. As security agent, his fundamental duty is to serve the interest or mission of his agency in compliance with the contract
entered into with the clients or customers of the agency.
2. He shall be honest in thoughts and deeds both in his personal and official actuations, obeying the laws of the land and
the regulations prescribed by his agency and those established by the company he is supposed to protect.
3. He shall not reveal any confidential matter that is confided to him as a security guard and such other matters imposed
upon him by law
4. He shall act at all times with decorum and shall not permit personal feelings, prejudices and undue friendship to
influence his actuation in the performance of his official functions.
5. He shall not compromise with criminal and other lawless elements to the prejudices of the customer of his client but
to assist the government in its relentless drive against lawlessness and other forms of criminality.
6. He must carry his assigned duties as security guard or watchman as required by law to the best of his ability and to
safeguard life and property of the establishment.
7. He shall wear his uniform, badge, patches and insignia properly as a symbol of public trust and confidence as an honest
and trustworthy security personnel and private detective.
8. He must keep his allegiance first to the government, to the agency he is employed and to the establishment he is
assigned to serve with loyalty and dedicated service.
9. He shall diligently and progressively familiarize himself with the rules and regulations laid down by his agency and that
of the customers and clients.
10. He shall at times be courteous and respectful; and he shall salute to his superior officers, government officials and
company officials of the establishment where he is assigned or the company he is supposed to serve.
11. He shall report to his duty always in proper uniform and neat in appearance.
12. He shall learn at heart or memorize, and strictly observe the laws and regulations governing the use of firearms.
Code of Conduct for Security Guards
1. He shall carry with him at all times during his tour of duty his license and identification card and duty detail order with an authority to carry firearms.
2. He shall not use his licenses and other privileges, if any to the prejudice of the public, the client, the customer or his agency.
3. He shall not engage in any unnecessary conversation with anybody except in discharge of his duties; or sit down unless required by nature of his work and
shall at times keep himself alert during his tour of duty.
4. He shall refrain from reading newspapers, magazine, books etc. while performing his duties.
5. He shall not drink any intoxicating liquor immediately before and during his tour of duty.
6. He shall know how to operate any fire extinguisher at his post.
7. He shall know the location of fire alarm box near his post and sound the alarm in case of fire or disorders.
8. He shall know the location of the telephone and/or telephone numbers of the police precincts as well as the telephone numbers of the fire stations in
locality.
9. He shall immediately notify the police in case of any sign of disorder, strike, and riot or any serious violations of the law.
10. He or his group of guards shall not participate or integrate with any disorder, strike, riot or any serious violations of the law.
11. He shall assist the police in the preservation and maintenance of peace and order and in the protection of life and property, having in mind that the nature
of his responsibilities is similar to that of the latter.
12. He shall familiarize himself by heart with the Private Security Agency Law (RA 5487 as amended) and its implementing rules and regulations.
13. When issued a firearm, he should not tend his firearm to anybody.
14. He shall always be in proper uniform and shall always carry with him his basic requirements and equipment such as writing notebook, ball pen, night stick
(baton) and/or radio.
15. Any private security agency operator or guard who violates the creeds, ethical standards and codes as set forth in the preceding sections, shall be subject
to the penalties provided in the IRR of RA 5487.
 END
GOOD LUCK
FUTURE REGISTERED
CRIMINOLOGIST!