CLASS 10

Mathematics Formula Sheet

Chapter 1: Real Numbers
• Euclid's Division Algorithm: Any positive integer a can be divided by another positive integer b to
leave a remainder r that is smaller than b. (This is a process, not a direct formula.)
• Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic: Every composite number can be expressed (factorized) as
a product of primes, and this factorization is unique, apart from the order in which the prime factors
occur.
• Relationship between HCF and LCM (for two positive integers p, q):
◦ HCF(p, q) × LCM(p, q) = p × q.
• Relationship between HCF and LCM (for three positive integers p, q, r):
◦ LCM (p, q, r) = [HCF(p, q, r) × p × q × r] / [HCF(p, q) × HCF(q, r) × HCF(p, r)].
◦ HCF (p, q, r) = [LCM(p, q, r) × HCF(p, q) × HCF(q, r) × HCF(p, r)] / [LCM(p, q) × LCM(q, r) ×
LCM(p, r)].
Chapter 2: Polynomials
• General Forms of Polynomials:
◦ Linear Polynomial: ax + b (degree 1, where a ≠ 0).
◦ Quadratic Polynomial: ax² + bx + c (degree 2, where a ≠ 0, and a, b, c are real
numbers).
◦ Cubic Polynomial: ax³ + bx² + cx + d (degree 3, where a ≠ 0, and a, b, c, d are real
numbers).
• Zero of a Linear Polynomial:
◦ For p(x) = ax + b, the zero k = -b/a.
• Relationship between Zeroes and Coefficients of a Quadratic Polynomial:
 ◦ For p(x) = ax² + bx + c with zeroes α and β:
▪ Sum of zeroes: α + β = -b/a
▪ Product of zeroes: αβ = c/a
• Relationship between Zeroes and Coefficients of a Cubic Polynomial:
◦ For p(x) = ax³ + bx² + cx + d with zeroes α, β, and γ:
▪ Sum of zeroes: α + β + γ = -b/a
▪ Sum of the products of the zeroes taken two at a time: αβ + βγ + γα = c/a
▪ Product of zeroes: αβγ = -d/a
Chapter 3: Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables
• General Form of a Pair of Linear Equations:
◦ a₁x + b₁y + c₁ = 0
◦ a₂x + b₂y + c₂ = 0
• Conditions for Nature of Solutions (Graphical and Algebraic):
◦ Intersecting lines (Unique Solution, Consistent Pair): a₁/a₂ ≠ b₁/b₂.
◦ Coincident lines (Infinitely Many Solutions, Dependent & Consistent Pair): a₁/a₂ = b₁/b₂
= c₁/c₂.
◦ Parallel lines (No Solution, Inconsistent Pair): a₁/a₂ = b₁/b₂ ≠ c₁/c₂.
• Algebraic Methods: Substitution Method and Elimination Method are procedural methods to solve
equations, rather than specific formulas.
Chapter 4: Quadratic Equations
• Standard Form: ax² + bx + c = 0 (where a, b, c are real numbers and a ≠ 0).
• Quadratic Formula (to find roots):
◦ x = (-b ± √(b² - 4ac)) / 2a (provided b² - 4ac ≥ 0).
• Nature of Roots (based on Discriminant, D = b² - 4ac):
◦ Two distinct real roots: If b² - 4ac > 0.
◦ Two equal roots (coincident real roots): If b² - 4ac = 0.
◦ No real roots: If b² - 4ac < 0.
Chapter 5: Arithmetic Progressions (AP)
• General Form of an AP: a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, ... (where a is the first term and d is
the common difference).
• Common Difference (d): d = a_{k+1} - a_k.
• nth Term of an AP (a_n):
◦ a_n = a + (n - 1)d.
• Sum of the First n Terms of an AP (S_n):
◦ S_n = (n/2)[2a + (n - 1)d].
◦ If l is the last term (nth term), S_n = (n/2)(a + l).
• nth Term from Sum: a_n = S_n - S_{n-1}.
• Sum of First n Positive Integers: S_n = n(n + 1)/2.
• Arithmetic Mean: If a, b, c are in AP, then b = (a + c)/2.
Chapter 6: Triangles
• Conditions for Similarity of Polygons (including triangles):
◦ (i) Their corresponding angles are equal.
 ◦ (ii) Their corresponding sides are in the same ratio (or proportion).
• Basic Proportionality Theorem (BPT) / Thales Theorem:
◦ If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect the other two sides in distinct
points, then the other two sides are divided in the same ratio. (i.e., if DE || BC, then AD/DB =
AE/EC).
• Converse of BPT:
◦ If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same ratio, then the line is parallel to the third
side.
• Criteria for Similarity of Triangles:
◦ AAA (Angle-Angle-Angle) Similarity Criterion: If in two triangles, corresponding angles are
equal, then their corresponding sides are in the same ratio and the triangles are similar. (AA is
sufficient: if two angles of one triangle are equal to two angles of another, the triangles are similar).
◦ SSS (Side-Side-Side) Similarity Criterion: If in two triangles, sides of one triangle are
proportional to the sides of the other triangle, then their corresponding angles are equal and the
triangles are similar.
◦ SAS (Side-Angle-Side) Similarity Criterion: If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of
another triangle and the sides including these angles are proportional, then the two triangles are
similar.
• Converse of Pythagoras Theorem: If in a triangle the square of the length of one side is equal to
the sum of the squares of the other two sides, then the angle opposite the first side is a right angle.
Chapter 7: Coordinate Geometry
• Coordinates on Axes:
◦ Point on x-axis: (x, 0).
◦ Point on y-axis: (0, y).
• Distance Formula (between two points P(x₁, y₁) and Q(x₂, y₂)):
◦ PQ = √((x₂ - x₁)² + (y₂ - y₁)²) .
◦ Alternative form: PQ = √((x₁ - x₂)² + (y₁ - y₂)²) .
• Distance of a Point P(x, y) from the Origin O(0, 0):
◦ OP = √(x² + y²).
• Section Formula (for internal division of a line segment joining A(x₁, y₁) and B(x₂, y₂) in the
ratio m₁ : m₂):
◦ Coordinates of P(x, y): ((m₁x₂ + m₂x₁)/(m₁ + m₂), (m₁y₂ + m₂y₁)/(m₁ + m₂)).
◦ If the ratio is k : 1: ((kx₂ + x₁)/(k + 1), (ky₂ + y₁)/(k + 1)).
• Mid-point Formula (of a line segment joining P(x₁, y₁) and Q(x₂, y₂)):
◦ ((x₁ + x₂)/2, (y₁ + y₂)/2).
Chapter 8: Introduction to Trigonometry
• Trigonometric Ratios (for acute angle A in a right triangle ABC, right-angled at B):
◦ sin A: (Side opposite to angle A) / Hypotenuse = BC/AC.
◦ cos A: (Side adjacent to angle A) / Hypotenuse = AB/AC.
◦ tan A: (Side opposite to angle A) / (Side adjacent to angle A) = BC/AB.
◦ cosec A: 1 / sin A = Hypotenuse / (Side opposite to angle A) = AC/BC.
◦ sec A: 1 / cos A = Hypotenuse / (Side adjacent to angle A) = AC/AB.
◦ cot A: 1 / tan A = (Side adjacent to angle A) / (Side opposite to angle
A) = AB/BC.
• Derived Trigonometric Relationships:
◦ tan A = sin A / cos A.
◦ cot A = cos A / sin A.
• Trigonometric Identities:
◦ sin² A + cos² A = 1 (for 0° ≤ A ≤ 90°).
◦ 1 + tan² A = sec² A (for 0° ≤ A < 90°).
◦ 1 + cot² A = cosec² A (for 0° < A ≤ 90°).
• Values for Specific Angles: (Selected common values from Table 8.1)
◦ sin 0° = 0, cos 0° = 1, tan 0° = 0.
◦ sin 30° = 1/2, cos 30° = √3/2, tan 30° = 1/√3.
◦ sin 45° = 1/√2, cos 45° = 1/√2, tan 45° = 1.
◦ sin 60° = √3/2, cos 60° = 1/2, tan 60° = √3.
◦ sin 90° = 1, cos 90° = 0, tan 90° = Undefined.
Chapter 9: Some Applications of Trigonometry
• This chapter primarily focuses on applying the trigonometric ratios and identities from Chapter 8 to
solve problems involving heights and distances. It introduces concepts like Line of Sight, Angle of
Elevation, and Angle of Depression, but no new mathematical formulas are presented beyond the
applications of the Chapter 8 formulas.
Chapter 10: Circles
• Theorem 10.1: The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point
of contact.
• Theorem 10.2: The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal. (i.e., PQ
= PR for tangents from point P to Q and R on the circle).
Chapter 11: Areas Related to Circles
• Area of a Sector of a Circle (with radius r and angle θ in degrees):
◦ Area = (θ/360) × πr².
• Length of an Arc of a Sector (with radius r and angle θ in degrees):
◦ Length = (θ/360) × 2πr.
• Area of a Segment of a Circle:
◦ Area of Segment = Area of the corresponding sector - Area of the
corresponding triangle.
• Area of Major Sector: πr² - Area of the minor sector.
• Area of Major Segment: πr² - Area of the minor segment.
Chapter 12: Surface Areas and Volumes
• This chapter deals with calculating surface areas and volumes of combinations of basic solids
(cuboid, cone, cylinder, sphere, hemisphere). The calculations involve summing the appropriate
surface areas or volumes of the individual component solids based on the specific combination. No
new general formulas for combined solids are introduced, but standard formulas for individual solids
are applied.
Chapter 13: Statistics
• Class Mark (Mid-point of a Class Interval):
◦ Class Mark = (Upper Class Limit + Lower Class Limit) / 2.
• Mean of Grouped Data (x̄):
 ◦ Direct Method: x̄ = (Σfᵢxᵢ) / Σfᵢ (where fᵢ is frequency, xᵢ is class mark).
◦ Assumed Mean Method: x̄ = a + (Σfᵢdᵢ) / Σfᵢ (where a is assumed mean, dᵢ = xᵢ - a).
◦ Step-deviation Method: x̄ = a + ((Σfᵢuᵢ) / Σfᵢ) × h (where a is assumed mean, h is
class size, uᵢ = (xᵢ - a) / h).
• Mode of Grouped Data:
◦ Mode = l + ((f₁ - f₀) / (2f₁ - f₀ - f₂)) × h.
▪ l = lower limit of modal class
▪ h = size of class interval
▪ f₁ = frequency of modal class
▪ f₀ = frequency of class preceding modal class
▪ f₂ = frequency of class succeeding modal class
• Median of Grouped Data:
◦ Median = l + ((n/2 - cf) / f) × h.
▪ l = lower limit of median class
▪ n = total number of observations (Σfᵢ)
▪ cf = cumulative frequency of class preceding median class
▪ f = frequency of median class
▪ h = class size
• Empirical Relationship between Measures of Central Tendency:
◦ 3 Median = Mode + 2 Mean.
Chapter 14: Probability
• Theoretical (Classical) Probability of an Event E:
◦ P(E) = (Number of outcomes favourable to E) / (Number of all possible
outcomes of the experiment).
• Range of Probability:
◦ 0 ≤ P(E) ≤ 1.
• Probability of an Impossible Event: P(E) = 0.
• Probability of a Sure (Certain) Event: P(E) = 1.
• Sum of Probabilities of all Elementary Events: 1.
• Complementary Events: For any event E, its complement Ē ('not E'):
◦ P(E) + P(Ē) = 1
◦ P(Ē) = 1 - P(E).