Fluid Mechanics Reviewer Fluid
Midterm Examination - A solid is “hard” and not easily
deformed, whereas a fluid is “soft”
Fluid Mechanics and is easily deformed (we can
- a physical science dealing with the readily move through air)
action of fluids at rest or in motion - Both liquid and gases
- A substance that deforms
Hydraulics continuously when acted on by a
- deals with the application of fluid shearing stress of any magnitude
mechanics to engineering devices - Initially deform, but they will not
involving liquids, usually water or oil. continuously deform (flow)
- deals with such problems as the - Water, oil, and air will flow when
flow of fluids through pipes or in acted on by a shearing stress
open channels, the design of
storage dams, pumps, and water Shearing Stress
turbines, and with other devices for - Created whenever a tangential force
the control or use of liquids, such as acts on a surface
nozzles, valves, jets, and flow
meters. Fluid Statics
- Fluid is at rest
Proper understanding of mechanics of
fluids: Fluid Dynamics
- Fluid is moving
- In biomechanics
- The flow of blood is of Two Types of Fluids
interest ● Ideal Fluids
- Mechanical engineers ● Real Fluids
- Require knowledge of fluid to
properties to design pumps,
water turbines, gas turbines,
Ideal Fluids Real Fluids
and rockets
- Civil engineers No viscosity Viscous
- Require fluid mechanics to
study river currents and Incompressible Compressible
erosion Have uniform velocity Non-uniform
- Environmentalist distribution when velocity distribution
- Require knowledge of fluid flowing
properties for solving
pollution problems of air and No friction between Experience friction
moving layers of between moving
water to control floor,
fluids layers of fluids
irrigation channels
No turbulence Turbulent in flow
Two Types of Real Fluids Surface Tension
● Newtonian Fluids - The membrane of “skin” that seems
● Non-Newtonian Fluids to form on the free surface of a fluid
due to the intermolecular cohesive
Newtonian Fluids forces
- Have constant viscosity (resistance - Why it happens
to flow) regardless of the shear rate - Inside the liquid, each
applied, meaning they flow at a molecule is pulled equally
consistent rate under pressure, such in all directions by other
as water or oil. molecules. But molecules at
the surface do not have
Non-Newtonian Fluids molecules above them, so
- Have a variable viscosity that they are pulled mostly
changes based on shear stress or inward and sideways.
time, thickening or thinning when Because of this, the surface
stirrer, shaken, or pressured such as becomes tight and slightly
ketchup, paint, and blood stretched, like a thin film.
Density Capillarity (Capillary Action)
- Its mass per unit volume. - The behavior of the liquid in a
- Typically used to characterize the thin-bore hole.
mass of a fluid system - The rise or fall of a fluid in a
capillary tube is caused by surface
Specific Weight tension of the cohesion of the
- Its weight per unit volume magnitudes of the cohesion of the
liquid and the adhesion of the liquid
Specific Gravity to the walls on the containing
- The ratio of the density of the fluid to vessels
the density of water at some
specified temperature Bulk Modulus of Elasticity
- Expresses the compressibility of the
Viscosity fluid. It is the ratio of the change in
- The properties of a fluid which unit pressure to the corresponding
determines the amount of its volume change per unit of volume
resistance to shearing forces. A
perfect fluid would have no viscosity Compressibility
- Also known as the coefficient of
Kinematic Viscosity compressibility
- The ratio of the absolute viscosity to - Is the fractional change in the
its fluids velocity volume of fluid per unit change in
pressure in a constant temperature
process
Pressure Manometer
- Is the force per unit area exerted by - Is a tube, usually bent in a form of U,
a liquid or gas on a body or surface, containing liquid (the most common
with the force action at right angles manometer fluids are water, alcohol,
to the surface uniformly in all and mercury) of known specific
directions gravity, the surface of which moves
proportionally to changes of
Gage Pressure pressure
- Is the pressure relative to
atmospheric pressure. It is the Types of Manometer
pressure above or below the - Open Type
atmosphere and can be measured - Has an atmosphere surface
by pressure gauges or manometers. in one leg and is capable of
- Is positive for pressure above measuring gage pressures
atmospheric pressure, and negative - Differential Type
for pressures below it - Without an atmosphere
surface and capable of
Atmospheric Pressure measuring differences of
- Also called barometric pressure pressure
because barometers are used to - Piezometer
measure it. - The simplest form of open
- Refer to the weight of the manometer.
atmosphere at any location, - It is a tube tapped into a wall
generated by the downward of of a container or conduit for
gravity. Pressure decreases with the the purpose of measuring
increasing elevation because there pressure. The fluid in the
is less air above you. container or conduit rises this
tube to form a free surface
Absolute Pressure
- Is the sum of the gage pressure and Buoyancy
the atmospheric pressure - Is the force that causes objects to
- May be taken as the difference a float. It is the force exerted on an
between atmospheric pressure and object that is partly or wholly
vacuum immersed in a fluid
- The phenomena due to Buoyant
Vacuum Force
- Is a pressure below atmospheric
pressure Archimedes’ Principle
“Any body immersed in a fluid is acted upon
Pressure Head by an upward force (buoyant force) equal to
- Is the height “h” of a column of the weight of the displaced fluid”
homogenous liquid of unit weight y - Also known as the law of hydrostatics
that will produce an intensity of applies to both floating and submerged
pressure p bodies and to all fluids