Lecture-9

Lecture-8
CE-430 (3 Credit Hours)
Foundation Engineering

Piles
Instructor:

Dr Irshad Ahmad

Department of Civil Engineering

University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar
1
 Static Pile Formulas
The ultimate load which can be carried by a pile is equal to the sum of the base
resistance and the shaft resistance.
Fy=0
𝑷𝒖 + 𝑾𝒑 = 𝑨𝒃 𝒒𝒃(𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔) + 𝑨𝒔 𝒒𝒔

Pu= ultimate load that can be carried at top of pile,

qb= ultimate (gross) bearing capacity at base level,
Ab = base area of pile,
qs=ultimate shearing/skin resistance per unit area,
As= perimeter area of pile, and
Wp = weight of the pile

Subtracting Ws from both sides of the equation.

Where Ws is effective soil weight replaced/displaced due to pile volume.

Ws = LAb where  is the effective weight of soil, and L is pile length

𝑃𝑢 + 𝑊𝑝 − 𝑊𝑠 = 𝐴𝑏 𝑞𝑏(𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠) − 𝑊𝑠 + 𝐴𝑠 𝑞𝑠
qb(gross)
 Static Pile Formulas
𝑃𝑢 + 𝑊𝑝 − 𝑊𝑠 = 𝐴𝑏 𝑞𝑏(𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠) − 𝑜 𝐴𝑏 + 𝐴𝑠 𝑞𝑠 𝑊𝑠 = 𝐿𝐴𝑏 = 𝑜 𝐴𝑏
𝑃𝑢 + 𝑊𝑝 − 𝑊𝑠 = 𝐴𝑏 (𝑞𝑏 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑜 ) + 𝐴𝑠 𝑞𝑠

Where o=L is effective vertical stress at pile base

𝑃𝑢 + 𝑊𝑝 − 𝑊𝑠 = 𝐴𝑏 𝑞𝑏 + 𝐴𝑠 𝑞𝑠
𝑃𝑢 = 𝐴𝑏 𝑞𝑏 + 𝐴𝑠 𝑞𝑠 − 𝑊𝑝 − 𝑊𝑠
𝑃𝑢 = 𝐴𝑏 𝑞𝑏 + 𝐴𝑠 𝑞𝑠 − 𝑊

Pu=ultimate load that can be carried at top of pile,

qb=ultimate (net) bearing capacity at base level,
Ab=base area of pile,
qs=ultimate shearing/skin resistance per unit area,
As= perimeter area of pile,
W= Wp – Ws = weight of the pile – effective weight of soil replaced.

In most cases Wp  Ws

and hence W0 𝑷𝒖 = 𝑨𝒃 𝒒𝒃 + 𝑨𝒔 𝒒𝒔

 Static Pile Formulas
However in the case of under-reamed piles the reduction in pressure on the soil at
base level due to the removal of soil is greater than the subsequent increase in
pressure due to the weight of the pile and hence use equation-1 (i.e. do not assume
that Wp  Ws)
 End Bearing Resistance (qb)
The ultimate B.C. and settlement of a pile depends mainly on the
relative density of sand. However, if a pile is driven into sand the
relative density adjoining the pile is increased by compaction due to
soil displacement (except in dense sands, which may be loosened).
The soil characteristics governing ultimate bearing capacity and
settlement, therefore, are different from the original characteristics
prior to driving. This fact, in addition to the heterogeneous nature of
sand deposits, makes the prediction of pile behavior by analytical
methods extremely difficult.

The ultimate (gross) B.C. at base level as

Is neglected because the
𝟏 B is small compared to
𝒒𝒃(𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔) = 𝒄𝑵𝒄 + 𝒐𝒃 𝑵𝒒 + 𝑩𝑵 the length of pile
𝟐

The ultimate (net) B.C. at base level can be expressed as

𝒒𝒃 = 𝒄𝑵𝒄 + 𝒐𝒃 𝑵𝒒 − 𝒐

o is the effective overburden pressure at the pile base.

qb(gross)
𝒒𝒃 = 𝒄𝑵𝒄 + 𝒐 (𝑵𝒒 − 𝟏)
 Cohesionless Soils
c=0 for sand. So

𝒒𝒃 = 𝒐𝒃 𝑵𝒒 − 𝟏
𝒒𝒃 = 𝒐𝒃 𝑵𝒒
𝑁𝑞 𝑁𝑞 − 1
because reduction of Nq by 1 is a substantial refinement not justified by estimated soil
parameters. Nq is a B.C. factor

Values of Nq for pile formulae (Meyerhof, 1976)

 Friction/Shaft Resistance in Sand (qs)

The average value of skin resistance (qs) over the length of pile embedded in sand can
be expressed as

𝒒𝒔 = 𝒄 + 
ഥ𝒕𝒂𝒏
Where


ഥ = 𝐾𝑠 
ഥ𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 = 0 o

𝒒𝒔 = 𝑲𝒔 
ഥ𝒐 𝒕𝒂𝒏
Kso Lp
Ks=coefficient of earth pressure dependent largely on
the relative density of the soil, qs=Kso tan


ഥ= average effective pressure in the layer perpendicular
to qs (i.e. horizontal).

o' =average effective vertical overburden pressure in

the layer, and

=angle of friction between the pile and the soil

Friction/Shaft Resistance

K and  values
s
 Variation of vertical effective stress (o) with depth in SAND
The above equations for q and q indicate a linear increase with depth of q and q . However,
b s b s

tests on full scale and model piles have shown that these equations are valid up to certain
depth called critical depth (zc). Below this depth zc(=15d to 20d, conservatively take z = 15 d),
c

base (qb) and shaft/skin (qs) resistances do not develop linearly [i.e. become constant]. This is
because the vertical effective stress adjacent to the pile is not necessarily equal to the effective
overburden pressure (away from the effect of pile) but reaches a limiting value at critical depth
zc (figure)

zw
WT

zc =15d zc =15d zc =15d

zc =15d

oc oc

d d

9
Effective vertical stress distribution diagram adjacent to pile
 Example-1

GL
=16.8 kN/m3
2m
o=16.82=33.6 kPa

Zc=150.305=4.5752 m

(18-9.81)(4.575-2)+33.6 =54.7 kPa

12 m sat=18 kN/m3
=35
=0.6
Ks=1.4

305 mm
54.7 kPa

10
 Example-1

𝑬𝒏𝒅 𝑩𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆:

𝑞𝑏 = 𝑜𝑏 𝑁𝑞 For  = 35 𝑁𝑞 = 52

𝑞𝑏 = 54.742 = 2844.4 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑭𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆:
𝑞𝑠 = 𝐾𝑠 
ഥ𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑛
2m
33.6 kPa

2.575 m
First find average vertical effective stress along the pile length, it is equal to
54.7 kPa
the area under vertical effective stress distribution diagram divided by the
length of pile

1 1
233.6 + 2.57533.6 + 2.575 54.7 − 33.6 + 54.77.42

ഥ 𝑜 = 2 2 7.42 m
12


ഥ𝑜 = 46 𝑘𝑃𝑎
54.7 kPa
𝑞𝑠 = 1.446 tan 0.635 = 24.7 𝑘𝑃𝑎
11
 Example-1

𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑃𝑢)

𝑃𝑢 = 𝐴𝑏 𝑞𝑏 + 𝐴𝑠 𝑞𝑠

𝐴𝑏 = 0.3052 = 0.093 𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 = 40.30512 = 14.64 𝑚2

𝑃𝑢 = (0.0932844.4) + (14.6424.7)

𝑃𝑢 = 264.5 + 361.6 = 626 𝑘𝑁

12
 qb and qs from SPT Test for piles in SAND
DRIVEN PILES IN SAND.
Ultimate base resistance qb
Due to the critical depth limitation and to the difficulty of obtaining values
of the required parameters, the above equations are difficult to apply in practice. It
is preferable to use empirical correlations
The following empirical correlations have been proposed by Meyerhof for

𝑳𝒃
𝒒𝒃 = 𝟒𝟎𝑵𝟓𝟓   𝟒𝟎𝟎𝑵𝟓𝟓 (𝑘𝑃𝑎)
𝑩

ഥ [kPa]
Skin Friction resistance: qs=2𝑵
N=standard penetration resistance in the vicinity of the pile base (about 8B above to
3B below the pile base).
ഥ is the average value of standard penetration resistance over the embedded
𝑁=
length of the pile within the sand stratum.

B = width or diameter of pile point,

Lb =length of pile embedded in sand

The values of qs should be halved in the case of small displacement piles such as
steel H piles.
For Bored Pile IN SAND.

For bored piles the values of qb and qs are approximately 1/3 and 1/2, respectively,
of the corresponding values for driven piles
 Example-2
A precast concrete pile 450 mm square in section and 9 m long is to be driven into
a river bed which consists of a depth of sand. The standard penetration resistance
(N) at the pile base is 24, and the average value of N along the pile length is 13.
Calculate the ultimate compressive and tensile load carrying capacity of the pile.
𝑁 = 24 ഥ
𝑞𝑠 = 2𝑁
ഥ = 13
𝑁 𝑞𝑠 = 213 = 26 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝐿𝑏 = 9 𝑚
𝐴𝑏 = 0.450.45 = 0.202 𝑚2 𝑃𝑢 = (96000.202) + (2616.2)
𝐴𝑠 = 40.459 = 16.2 𝑚2 𝑃𝑢 = 1939 + 421 = 2360 𝑘𝑁
𝑼𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅
𝑼𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑻𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝑃𝑢 = 𝐴𝑏 𝑞𝑏 + 𝐴𝑠 𝑞𝑠
𝑇𝑢 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑞𝑠 + 𝑊𝑝
𝐿𝑏
𝑞𝑏 = 40𝑁   400 𝑁 𝑊𝑝 = 0.450.459 23.5 = 42.8 𝑘𝑁
𝐵
9 𝑇𝑢 = 421 + 42.8
𝑞𝑏 = 4024   40024
0.45
𝑇𝑢 = 464 𝑘𝑁
𝑞𝑏 = 19200  9600

𝑞𝑏 = 9600 𝑘𝑁 14
 Example-3

𝑮𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝑫𝒂𝒕𝒂
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝐴𝑏 = 450450 𝑚𝑚
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑃𝑢 = 650 𝑘𝑁
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑈𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑇𝑢 = 140 𝑘𝑁
𝐹𝑂𝑆 = 2

𝑹𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅:

𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑖𝑙𝑒 = 𝐿𝑏 =?
 Examaple-3
𝐸𝑛𝑑 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝐴𝑏 𝑞𝑏 + 𝐴𝑠 𝑞𝑠 = 2650 = 1300 𝑘𝑁
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑈𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑞𝑠 = 2140 = 280 𝑘𝑁

𝐴𝑏 = 0.452 𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 = 40.45𝐿𝑏

𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑀𝑒𝑦𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑜𝑓 ′ 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠,

𝐿𝑏
𝑞𝑏 = 40𝑁 400𝑁 (𝑘𝑃𝑎)
𝐵
ഥ
𝑞𝑠 = 2𝑁 (𝑘𝑃𝑎)

𝑊𝑝 = 𝐴𝑏 𝐿𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 = 0.452 𝐿𝑏 23.5

𝑊𝑝 = 4.76𝐿𝑏 𝑘𝑁

16
 280 1300

Length of Pile to support the Length of Pile to support the

tensile Load is 6.8 m compressive Load is 6.3 m
obtained by interpolation. obtained by interpolation.

𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = (𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) 17
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
18
 Cohesive Soils

Driven Piles
In the case of driven piles, the clay adjacent to the pile is displaced both laterally and vertically.
Upward displacement of the clay results in heaving of the ground surface around the pile and can
cause a reduction in the bearing capacity of adjacent piles already installed. The clay in the
disturbed zone around the pile is completely remolded during driving. The excess porewater
pressure set up by the driving stresses dissipates within a few months as the disturbed zone is
relatively narrow (of the order d): in general, dissipation is virtually complete before significant
structural load is applied to the pile. Dissipation is accompanied by an increase in skin friction.
Thus the skin friction at the end of dissipation is normally appropriate in design

Hammering

Heaving

Remoulded
disturbed clay
d

D
 Cohesive Soils

Bored Piles
In the case of bored piles, a thin layer of clay (of the order of 25 mm) immediately adjoining the shaft
will be remoulded during boring. In addition, a gradual softening of the clay will take place adjacent to
the shaft due to stress release, pore water seeping from the surrounding clay towards the shaft. Water
can also be absorbed from wet concrete when it comes in contact with the clay. Softening is
accompanied by a reduction in shear strength and a reduction in skin friction. Construction of a bored
pile, therefore, should be completed as quickly as possible. Limited reconsolidation of the remoulded
and softened clay takes place after installation of the pile.

GL

Remoulded layer of
clay (25 mm) Softening



Seeping Water

Water Absorbed by
Wet Concrete
20
 Clay

Clay

End Bearing Skin Resistance

Undrained Drained Undrained

cu0
c=0
u=0
=0
t= sat= d
= sat- w
No effect of WT
Effect of WT is taken 21
 Base Resistance (undrained)

The relevant shear strength for the determination of the base resistance of a pile
in clay is the undrained strength at base level. The ultimate bearing capacity is
expressed as

𝒒𝒃 = 𝒄𝒖𝒃 𝑵𝒄 + 𝒐 (𝑵𝒒 − 𝟏)

1/2BN term can be neglected because the B (width/diameter of pile) is small

compared to the length of pile and for u=0 , Nq=1

𝒒𝒃 = 𝒄𝒖𝒃 𝑵𝒄

cub= undrained Shear strength

Nc=9
 Skin Resistance (qs)

Total Stress (Undrained Condition , u=0)

Total stress analyses are relevant, for example, for a short-term loading conditions such as
from wind or earthquake loads. These loads are so rapidly applied that excess pore water
pressure is developed in the clay- the clay is under undrained condition. In such cases-total
stress parameters are used.

𝒒𝒔 = 𝒄𝒂 + 
ഥ𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝒖 ) [ca is average adhesion]

For u=0, tan u=0

Hence qs = ca = αതc𝑢

=coefficient depending on type of clay, the method of installation, and the pile material.
The appropriate value of  is obtained from load tests. Values of  range from 0.3 to 1.
cത𝑢 = is the average undrained shear strength.

One difficulty with this approach is that there is usually a considerable scatter in the plot of
undrained shear strength against depth and it may be difficult to define the value of cu .
 Skin Resistance (qs)

cu (kPa)

Relationship between the adhesion factor  and undrained shear strength cu

24
 Effective Stress (drained conditions) (Driven Piles)
An alternative approach is to express skin friction in terms of effective stress. The zone of
soil disturbance around the pile is relatively thin, therefore dissipation of the positive or
negative excess pore water pressure set up during installation should virtually be complete
by the time the structural load is applied. In principle, therefore, an effective stress
approach has more justification than one based on total stress. In terms of effective stress
the skin friction can be expressed as

𝒒𝒔 = 𝒄 + 𝑲𝒔 
ഥ𝒐 𝒕𝒂𝒏

𝒒𝒔 = 𝑲 𝒔 
ഥ𝒐 𝒕𝒂𝒏 [c=0 for saturated clay under drained condition]

𝒒𝒔 = ഥ
𝒐 Where  = 𝑲𝒔 𝒕𝒂𝒏

Where Ks is the average coefficient of earth pressure and o' is the average effective
overburden pressure adjacent to the pile shaft. Failure is assumed to take place in the
remoulded soil close to the pile shaft, therefore the angle of friction between the pile and
the soil is represented by the angle of shearing resistance in terms of effective stress (’) for
the remoulded clay: the cohesion intercept for remoulded clay will be zero.
 Effective Stress (drained conditions) (Driven Piles)
Driven Piles

Approximate value of  can be deduced by making assumptions regarding the value of Ks,
especially in the case of normally consolidated clays. However, the coefficient is generally
obtained empirically from the results of load test carried out a few months after installation.
Correlations with loading tests have shown that for soft clays  falls within a narrow range
of values (0.25 to 0.4), irrespective of the clay type.

Where = shaft friction coefficient=Kstan, for driven piles in normally consolidated clay, a
lower limit for  is (Burland, 1973) is,

𝒏𝒄 = 𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒂𝒏

Effective angle of internal friction of clay.
For typical values of  in the range of 20 to 30, nc varies between 0.24 to 0.29. such
values are in accordance with measurements of friction on driven piles in soft clays. For
overconsolidated clays,  is greater than nc and may be given by

= nc(OCR)0.5

Where OCR=over consolidation ratio.

Bored Piles
The value of  for bored piles is less than its value of driven piles, and a
reduction factor of 0.5 to 0.66 is suggested.
 Effective Stress (drained conditions)

Drained analysis

u=0 400 mm
=20 kN/m3

cub=85.4 kPa

27
𝐸𝑛𝑑 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑞𝑏 = 𝑐𝑢𝑏 𝑁𝑐
𝑞𝑏 = 985.4 = 768.6 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑺𝒌𝒊𝒏 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆

𝑞𝑏 = ഥ𝑜 
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

1 1 1

ഥ𝑜  = 360 + 151.7 + 60  12 − 3
12 2 2


ഥ𝑜  = 86.9 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑞𝑠 = 0.486.9 = 34.7 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 & 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠

𝑃𝑢 = 𝐴𝑏 𝑞𝑏 + 𝐴𝑠 𝑞𝑠
𝑃𝑢 = 0.40.4 768.6 + (40.4)1234.7
𝑃𝑢 = 125.8 + 666.2 = 792 𝑘𝑁
125.8 666.2
𝑃𝑢 = + = 308 𝑘𝑁
3 2.5 28