ENTOMOLOGY

INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES
AT THE END OF THE LESSON, YOU ARE EXPECTED
TO:
• UNDERSTAND THE BASICS CONCEPTS OF
ENTOMOLOGY
• DESCRIBE AND ANALYZE THE HISTORY OF
ENTOMOLOGY AND ITS HISTORICAL
CONTRIBUTIONS
• EXPLAIN THE ROLE OF INSECTS IN ENTOMOLOGY
• TO RECALL THE VARIOUS DISCIPLINE RELATED TO
CROP PROTECTION
ACTIVATE PRIOR KNOWLEDGE
DIRECTIONS: CAN YOU DIFFERENTIATE AN INSECT
FROM AN INSECT-LIKE ORGANISM?
BACKGROUND
INFORMATION
• ENTOMOLOGY
o BRANCH OF ZOOLOGY DEALING WITH THE
STUDY OF INSECT (GREEK WORD ENTOMON,
MEANING ‘’NOTCHED’’.

o REFERS TO THE SEGMENTED BODY PLAN OF THE

INSECTS

o ENTOMOLOGY IS THE SCIENCE THAT DEALS

WITH THE STUDY OF INSECTS AND OTHER
ARTHROPOD RELATIVES, SUCH AS SPIDERS,
MITES AND TICKS. THESE ORGANISMS
BELONG TO PHYLUM ARTHROPODA. IT IS THE
LARGEST PHYLUM OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM
Century/ Important Persons/Contributions
Year
16th 1521 - PIGAFETTA’s account of Palawan leaf insects, the
first recognizable written records of Philippine
insect.
1569 - earliest recorded accounts of locust swarm on
the Philippines Panay Island
o Spanish priest father Antonio Sedeno. He
planted mulberry and introduced.
o Sericulture in the Philippines for the first time
17th 1616 - Philip III of Spain promulgated laws in
connection with extermination of locust
18th 1780 - Augustinian missionary father GALIJANA
introduced sericulture for the second time
around in the Philippines
1871 - Governor Jose Vasco y Vargas endeavored to
promote sericulture by planting millions of
mulberry trees in Camarines part of the plan to
encourage agricultural production including
tobacco, cotton, spices and sugar cane. HISTORY OF
ENTOMOLOGY
19th 1816 - Johanh Friedrich Eichholtz. Russian
entomologist first entomological investigator to
visit Philippines on the Russian ship Rurik
1831 - Hugh Cuming – English conchologist
1849 - first attempt to biological control in the Philippines
using BIRD STARLING (Martinez) Aetheopsar cristatellus
to control locust

1859 - German entomologist CARL SIMPER collected insect in

the Philippine which resulted in Several publication by
GEORGE SIMPER

1870 - CARL STAL published the Hemiptera Insularum

Pilipinarium, he was known as Father of Modern
Hemipterology.
1871 - Earliest report on Philippine Hymenoptera by Smith

1875 - Candeze a belgian entomologist who first described

Philippine elaterids (Coleoptera)

1882 - C.B OSTEN-SACKEN first report on DIPTERA from the

Philippines island collected by Carl Semper
1886-1892 - GEORGE SEMPER brother of Carl Semper, first
Extensive Publication on Philippine LEPIDOPTERA

1890 - Domingo Sanchez-Published a paper on the

COFFEE LONGHORN BORER
1894 - JOSE SANCHEZ first study on white grub,
Leucopholis irrota published on monthly issue of
Agronomical service

1895 - FRANCISCO ALVAREZ- First comprehensive

description on LOCUST ECOLOGY
1896-1902 - GERGE SEMPER’S SECOND PUBLICATION of
Philippine LEPIDOPTERA: Heterocera, both
milestone in the Philippine Entomology.
TOWARDS THE END OF THE 19 TH , RESIDENT COLLECTOR
APPEARED IN THE PERSON OF ALEXANDE SCHADENBERG
(GERMAN FOUNDER OF BOTICABOJE.) REGINO GARCIA,
FATHER FRANCISO SANCHEZ, JOSE RIZAL, DR. LEON AND
LUIS GUERRERO. NONE OF THEM PUBLISHED BUT PLACE
THEIR COLLECTION ON THE HANDS OF FOREIGN
SPECIALIST. RIZAL NAMED 4 INSECTS.

HISTORY OF ENTOMOLOGY
HISTORY OF ENTOMOLOGY
 HISTORY OF ENTOMOLOGY
• WHEN DR. JOSE RIZAL WAS IN POLITICAL EXILE IN DAPITAN, HE SPENT
A CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT OF TIME STUDYING NATURE. HE
COLLECTED NUMEROUS SPECIMENS OF REPTILES, AMPHIBIANS,
BIRDS, INSECTS, PLANTS, AND SHELLS, MANY OF WHICH HE SENT TO
THE ETHNOGRAPHIC MUSEUM IN DRESDEN, GERMANY FOR PROPER
IDENTIFICATION.
 RIZAL NAMED 4 INSECTS
•Apogonia rizali - A type of small beetle.
•Rhopalocera rizali - A species of butterfly.
•Hydropsyche rizali - A species of caddisfly.
•Cicindela rizali - A species of tiger beetle.
•ONE OF THEM WAS A TYPE OF FROG THAT, IN 1899,
WAS GIVEN A SCIENTIFIC NAME THAT HONORED
RIZAL BY GERMAN ZOOLOGIST OSKAR BOETTGER:
THE HARLEQUIN TREE FROG (𝘙𝘩𝘢𝘤𝘰𝘱𝘩𝘰𝘳𝘶𝘴 𝘳𝘪𝘻𝘢𝘭𝘪).
• DRACO RIZALI SAID TO BE FOUND ONLY IN
THE DENSE FORESTS OF THE PHILIPPINES,
DRACO RIZALI FEEDS ON ANTS AND
TERMITES, AND CAN GROW TO A LENGTH OF
EIGHT INCHES. THIS PECULIAR LIZARD HAS
EXTENDED WING‐LIKE RIBS THAT ENABLE IT
TO GLIDE ACROSS DISTANCES OF UP TO
NINE METERS
Early American Occupation
20th1902 - Bureau of Agriculture organized control of migratory locust.
FIRST MICROBIAL (fungus) was used for control of migratory
locust.
- CHARLES BANK- An American government Entomologist in the
Philippines. He published various aspects of Medical
Entomology and systematic. Later, he become HEAD DEPT. OF
ENTOMOLOGY, UPCA
1904 - Pest of Cacao was published by BANK
1906 - Founding of PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE where taxonomic
works on Philippine Insects were published during the
American period
1908 - First extensive publication on mosquitoes of the Philippines
by C. LUDLOW
1909 - Dept. of Entomology was established with the UP College of
Agriculture, first headed by E.M Ledyard.
1912 - Second Philippine Legislature ended the first Quarantine Law,
Act. No.2145
1913 - MITZMAIN, M.S, found that surra, a disease of carabao transmitted
by the common house housefly. HE was the first to established
veterinary entomology in the country.
1915 - Locust Act. No. 2471 was enacted
1916- - Leopoldo B. Uichanco first Instructor of in Entomology
1917
- Leopoldo B. Uichanco first Filipino MS in the Entomology, UPCA
FATHER OF PHILIPPINE ENTOMOLOGY
- OTANES elucidated biology of Bean Fly, a serious pest of legumes.
Rise of Filipino Entomologist
1922 - Leopoldo B. Uichanco- First Filipino who obtained a Doctoral degree in
Entomology. First Filipino to describe a new species of psyllids.
1922 - CENDANA reported biology of banana weevil, a serious pest of banana in the
country.
1923 - Use of soap as an effective contact insecticide for the control of migratory
locust. Soap yellow laundry soap found most effective.
1924 - LOCUST SCOUTING ACT 3163 was passed the Philippines legislature which
provide P100 to locate and fight locust
1925 - First time an airplane was utilized in the control of migratory locust
1926 - G.O OCFEMIA report on the transmission of the bunchy top of Abaca virus by
an aphids, Pentalonia nigronervosa. First Report of insect transmission of a
plant virus in the country.
1927 - Use of Paris green larvicide for mosquitoes by MANALANG
1928- - Introduction of BIOCONTROL AGENTS BY UPCA, Dept. of Entomology
1929
1929 - Biology of Corn Borer, Ostrinia furcanalis, still the most serious pest of corn
in the Philippines, was studied by C. BULLIGAN
1931 - Extensive Biological Studies of the white grub Leocopholis irrota done by
Uichanco and Otanes
1933 - First Study on Pesticide Residue by J.N Samson, Founding of the National
Research Council of the Philippines.
1934 - Introduction of the giant toad, Bufo marinus from Hawaii as Biological
Control Agents by Dr. Gonzalo Merino

HISTORY OF ENTOMOLOGY
HISTORY OF ENTOMOLOGY
1934 - First report on Mites on crops plants in the Philippines by
Fajardo and Bellosillo
- Cendana- First Filipino Trained in biological control of
insect Bufo marinus
1936 - Uichanco Theory on locust outbreaks in the relation to
sunspot cycle. Sunspots are temporary phenomena on the
surface of the sun that appear visibly as dark spots
compared to surrounding regions.
1941 - VIADO- the first Insecticide Toxicologist in the Philippines

HISTORY OF ENTOMOLOGY
HISTORY OF ENTOMOLOGY
FIELD OF STUDIES IN ENTOMOLOGY

Insect INSECT ECONOMIC FOREST

Morphology PHYSIOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY

INSECT INSECT
MEDICINAL SOIL
SYSTEMATIC TAXONOMY
ENTOMOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY

INSECT
ECOLOGY
THE IMPORTANCE OF INSECTS TO MAN AND
AGRICULTURE
• THEIR UNPARALLELED DIVERSITY
• SEVERAL HUNDRED THOUSAND WHERE DESCRIBED AND THREE TIMES
AS MANY AS THERE ARE IN THE REST OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.
• KNOWLEDGE OF INSECT IS ESSENTIAL AS WE MANIPULATE
ECOSYSTEM TO INCREASED FOOD PRODUCTION.
• INSECTS TRANSMIT DISEASES (VECTOR), BOTH TO HUMAN AND
OTHER CROPS REMAIN A TREAT TO HELP AND CIVILIZATION.
• CHARACTERISTICS OF INSECTS THAT ENABLE THEM TO COMPETE
WITH MAN
SIZE OF INSECTS

They are so minute that Some are large enough in

some can past through bulk and in measurement
needle’s eyes and escape enabling them to perform
death because they are better than other forms of
overlooked animals.
SIZE OF INSECTS
o GOLIATH BEETLE OF AFRICA (GOLIATHUS GOLIATHUS)

o WALKING STICK OF AUSTRALIA (PALAPHUS TITAN)

WHICH IS 10 INCHES LONG AND AND HAS 10 INCHES
EXPANSES.

o ATLAS MOTH (ATTACUS ATLAS) WITH 12 INCHES

EXPANSES

o MAKES POSSIBLE FEATS OF STRENGTH AND AGILITY.

o FLEA (CTENOCEPHALIDES SP.) (1 1/3 TO 1 1/8 INCH)

HAS .05 INCH LEG BUT CAN JUMP 13 INCHES
HORIZONTALLY AND 7.75 INCHES HIGH.

o GRASSHOPPER (SCHISTOCERCA GREGARIA) CAN

JUMP 10 TIMES ITS BODY WEIGHT WITH ONE LEG

o STAG BEETLE (LUCANUS DAMA) CAN DRAG A WEIGHT

120 TIMES ITS BODY OVER A SHORT DISTANCE AND TO
HOLD WHILE SUSPENDED BY THE CLAWS, A WEIGHT 83
TIMES ITS BODY.
ABUNDANCE AND RAPIDLY
OF REPRODUCTION
▪ OF THE 1.4 MILLION SPECIES OF EARTH, 53
PERCENT ARE INSECT.

▪ INSECTS PRODUCE GREAT NUMBER OF EGGS WITH

SHORT LIFE CYCLE

o CORN ROOTS APHIDS (ANURAPHIS MAIDI )- PRODUCE 12

TO 16 YOUNG, BEGIN PRODUCING AT THE AGE OF EIGHT
DAYS AND A GENERATION MAYBE COMPLETED IN 16
DAYS.

o QUEEN HONEYBEE (APIS MELLIFERA) - 600 TO 3000 EGGS

PER DAY

o VINEGAR FLY FEMALE (DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER)- 300

TO 2000 EGGS EMERGES IN 20-24 HOURS AND BECOME
ADULTS IN 8-15 DAYS
 Parthenogenesis
reproduction w/o fertilization.
TYPES OF
ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
OF INSECTS Paedogenesis
immature can produce offspring by
parthenogenesis.
ADAPTIVE FEATURES
▪ THE PRESENCE OF AN EXOSKELETON (BODY
WALL) THAT OTHER ANIMALS DO NOT
POSSESS. THE CHIEF ADVANTAGES OF AN
EXOSKELETON INCLUDE.

✓ LARGE AREA FOR INTERNAL MUSCLE ATTACHMENT

AND SUPPORT

✓ AN EXCELLENT POSSIBILITY OF EVAPORATION

CONTROL

✓ COMPLETE PROTECTION OF VITAL ORGANS FROM

EXTERNAL INJURY

✓ FOOD RESERVOIR
PHYSIOLOGY
oA FEATURE OF PHYSIOLOGY THAT
ENABLES INSECTS TO SURVIVE
ADVERSE CONDITION IS THEIR COLD
BLOODED AND BEING
POIKILOTHERMIC.

o DURING ADVERSE CONDITION,

WHEN FOOD IS NOT AVAILABLE,
THEY CAN SURVIVE BY BEING
INACTIVE FOR A CERTAIN PERIOD IS
CALLED DIAPAUSE.
BEHAVIOR
oAN INSECT SEEMS TO
SURPASS IN INTELLIGENCE
THE BEHAVIOR OF MAN,
SOME INSECT SEEMS TO
SHOW AN AMAZING
FORESIGHT, AS REGARDS TO
LAYING EGGS WITH A VIEW
TO THE FUTURE NEEDS OF THE
YOUNG.
BEHAVIOR
CIRCADIAN RHYTHM- BIOLOGICAL CLOCK
DIURNAL- ACTIVE DURING THE DAY
NOCTURNAL- ACTIVE AT NIGHT
CREPUSCULAR- ACTIVE DURING PERIOD OF
WEEKS LIGHT SUCH AS SUNRISE AND SUNSET
CONCEALING COLORATION- THEY BLEND
WITH BACKGROUND
MIMICRY- RESEMBLES ANOTHER ANIMAL
SPECIES
THE IMPORTANCE OF
INSECT TO MAN
• INSECT PRODUCED AND COLLECTED USEFUL
PRODUCTS OF COMMERCE

• THE BODIES OF INSECT CONTAIN USEFUL

SUBSTANCE.

• THE BODY OF INSECTS SERVED AS FOOD FOR

MANY ANIMALS THAT ARE VALUABLE TO US

• NSECTS HAVE BEEN EXTENSIVELY EATEN BY HUMAN

BEING

• MANY INSECTS DESTROY OTHER INJURIOUS INSECTS

• INSECT DESTROY VARIOUS WEEDS IN THE SAME

WAYS THEY INJURE CROP PLANTS
THE IMPORTANCE OF
INSECT TO MAN

INSECT IMPROVE THE PHYSICAL

CONDITION OF THE SOIL AND
PROMOTE ITS FERTILITY

INSECT SERVES AS SCAVENGER

CERTAIN INSECTS ARE

INDISPENSABLE IN SCIENTIFIC
INVESTIGATION
Diseases Causative Insect Vector Group/Order
Organism
Human malaria Protozoa Mosquito Diptera
Yellow fever Virus Mosquito Diptera
Dengue Virus Mosquito Diptera
Encephalitis Virus Mosquito Diptera
Bubonic plague Bacteria Fleas Siphonaptera
African sleeping Sickness Protozoa Tse tse flies Diptera
Epidemic typhus Rickettsia Human lice Anuplura

MAJOR DISEASES TRANSMITTED BY INSECTS