Passage 1 World Ecotourism in the developing courtiers

SECTION 1
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 1-13 which are based on Reading
Passage 1 below.

World Ecotourism in the developing courtiers

A
The Ecotourism Society defines ecotourism as “a responsible travel to natural areas
which conserves the environment and improves the welfare of local people”. It is
recognised as being particularly conducive to enriching and enhancing the standing of
tourism, on the basis that this form of tourism respects the natural heritage and local
populations and are in keeping with the carrying capacity of the sites.
B
Cuba
Cuba is undoubtedly an obvious site for ecotourism, with its picturesque beaches,
underwater beauty, countryside landscapes, and ecological reserves. An educated
population and improved infrastructure of roads and communications adds to the mix.
In the Caribbean region, Cuba is now the second most popular tourist destination.
Ecotourism is also seen as an environmental education opportunity to heighten both
visitors’ and residents’ awareness of environmental and conservation issues, and even
to inspire conservation action.
Ecotourism has also been credited with promoting peace, by providing opportunities for
educational and cultural exchange. Tourists’ safety and health are guaranteed.
Raul Castro, brother of the Cuban president, started this initiative to rescue the Cuban
tradition of herbal medicine and provide natural medicines for its healthcare system.
The school at Las Terrazas Eco-Tourism Community teaches herbal healthcare and
children learn not only how to use medicinal herbs, but also to grow them in the school
garden for teas, tinctures, ointments and creams.
In Cuba, ecotourism has the potential to alleviate poverty by bringing money into the
economy and creating jobs. In addition to the environmental impacts of these efforts,

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Passage 1 World Ecotourism in the developing courtiers

the area works on developing community employment opportunities for locals, in

conjunction with ecotourism.
C
South America
In terms of South America, it might be the place which shows the shortcoming of
ecotourism. Histoplasma capsulatum (see chapter “Histoplasmosis and HIV”), a
dimorphic fungus, is the most common endemic mycosis the United States,(12) and is
associated with exposure to bat or bird droppings. Most recently, outbreaks have been
reported in healthy travelers who returned from Central and South America after
engaging in recreational activities associated with spelunking, adventure tourism, and
ecotourism. It is quite often to see tourists neglected sanitation while travelling. After
engaging in high-risk activities, boots should be hosed off and clothing placed in airtight
plastic bags for laundering. HIV-infected travelers should avoid risky behaviors or
environments, such as exploring caves, particularly those that contain bat droppings.
D
Nowhere is the keen eye and intimate knowledge of ecotourism is more amidst this
fantastic biodiversity, as we explore remote realms rich in wildlife rather than a nature
adventure. A sustainable tour is significant for ecotourism, one in which we can grow
hand in hand with nature and our community, respecting everything that makes us
privileged. Travelers get great joy from every step that take forward on this endless but
exciting journey towards sustainability. The primary threats to South American’s tropical
forests are deforestation caused by agricultural expansion, cattle ranching, logging, oil
extraction and spills, mining, illegal coca farming, and colonization initiatives.
Deforestation has shrunk territories belonging to indigenous peoples and wiped out
more than 90% of the population. Many are taking leading roles in sustainable tourism
even as they introduce protected regions to more travelers.
E
East Africa
In East Africa, significantly reducing such illegal hunting and allowing wildlife
populations to recover would allow the generation of significant economic benefits
through trophy hunting and potentially ecotourism. “Illegal hunting is an extremely
inefficient use of wildlife resources because it fails to capture the value of wildlife
achievable through alternative forms of use such as trophy hunting and ecotourism,”
said Peter Lindsey, author of the new study. Most residents believed that ecotourism

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Passage 1 World Ecotourism in the developing courtiers

could solve this circumstance. They have passion for local community empowerment,
loves photography and writes to laud current local conservation efforts, create
environmental awareness and promote ecotourism.
F
Indonesia
In Indonesia, ecotourism started to become an important concept from 1995, in order
to strengthen the domestic travelling movement, the local government targeting the
right markets is a prerequisite for successful ecotourism. The market segment for
Indonesian ecotourism consists of: (i) “The silent generation”, 55-64 year-old people
who are wealthy enough, generally well-educated and have no dependent children, and
can travel for four weeks; (ii) “The baby boom generation”, junior successful executives
aged 35-54 years, who are likely to be travelling with their family and children (spending
2-3 weeks on travel) – travelling for them is a stress reliever; and (iii) the “X generation”,
aged 18-29 years, who love to do ecotours as backpackers – they are generally students
who can travel for 3-12 months with monthly expenditure of US$300-500. It is
suggested that promotion of Indonesian ecotourism products should aim to reach these
various cohorts of tourists. The country welcomes diverse levels of travelers.
G
On the other hand, ecotourism provide as many services as traditional tourism. Nestled
between Mexico, Guatemala and the Caribbean Sea is the country of Belize. It is the
wonderful place for Hamanasi honeymoon, bottle of champagne upon arrival, three
meals daily, a private service on one night of your stay and a choice of adventures
depending on the length of your stay. It also offers six-night and seven-night
honeymoon packages. A variety of specially tailored tours, including the Brimstone Hill
Fortress, and a trip to a neighboring island. Guided tours include rainforest, volcano and
off-road plantation tours. Gregory Pereira, an extremely knowledgeable and outgoing
hiking and tour guide, says the following about his tours: “All of our tours on [Link]
include transportation by specially modified Land Rovers, a picnic of island pastries and
local fruit, fresh tropical juices, CSR, a qualified island guide and a full liability insurance
coverage for participants.
H
Kodai is an ultimate splendor spot for those who love being close to mother nature.
They say every bird must sing it’s own throat while we say every traveler should find his
own way out of variegated and unblemished paths of deep valleys and steep mountains.

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Passage 1 World Ecotourism in the developing courtiers

The cheese factory here exports great quantity of cheese to various countries across the
globe. It is located in the center of forest. Many travelers are attracted by the delicious
cheese. The ecotourism is very famous this different eating experience.

Questions 1-5
Use the information in the passage to match the place (listed A-D) with opinions or
deeds below.
Write the appropriate letters A-D in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
A Cuba
B East Africa
C South America
D Indonesia

1 a place to improve local education as to help tourists

2 a place suitable for both rich and poor travelers
3 a place where could be easily get fungus
4 a place taking a method to stop unlawful poaching
5 a place where the healthcare system is developed

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Passage 1 World Ecotourism in the developing courtiers

Questions 6-9
Use the information in the passage to match the companies (listed A-D) with opinions or
deeds below.
Write the appropriate letters A, B, C or D in boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet.
A eating the local fruits at the same time
B find job opportunities in community
C which is situated on the heart of jungle
D with private and comfortable service

6 Visiting the cheese factory

7 Enjoying the honeymoon
8 Having the picnic while
9 The residents in Cuba could

Questions 10-13
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage.
Using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.

Ecotourism is not a nature 10 …………………. but a 11…………………… tour. The reason why
South America promotes ecotourism is due to the destruction of 12……………………. In
addition, East Africa also encourages this kind of tourism for cutting the
13…………………….. in order to save wild animals.

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Passage 2 TV Addiction 1

SECTION 2
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 14-26 which are based on Reading
Passage 2 below.

TV Addiction 1
A
The amount of time people spend watching television is astonishing. On average,
individuals in the industrialized world devote three hours a day to the pursuit – fully half
of their leisure time, and more than on any single activity save work and sleep. At this
rate, someone who lives to 75 would spend nine years in front of the tube. To some
commentators, this devotion means simply that people enjoy TV and make a conscious
decision to watch it. But if that is the whole story, why do so many people experience
misgivings about how much they view? In Gallup polls in 1992 and 1999, two out of five
adult respondents and seven out of 10 teenagers said they spent too much time
watching TV. Other surveys have consistently shown that roughly 10 percent of adults
call themselves TV addicts.
B
To study people’s reactions to TV, researches have undertaken laboratory experiments
in which they have monitored the brain waves (using an electroencephalograph, or EEG)
to track behavior and emotion in the normal course of life, as opposed to the artificial
conditions of the lab. Participants carried a beeper, and we signaled them six to eight
times a day, at random, over the period of a week; whenever they heard the beep, they
wrote down what they were doing and how they were feeling using a standardized
scorecard.
C
As one might expect, people who were watching TV when we beeped them reported
feeling relaxed and passive. The EEG studies similarly show less mental stimulation, as
measured by alpha brain-wave production, during viewing than during reading. What is
more surprising is that the sense of relaxation ends when the set is turned off, but the
feelings of passivity and lowered alertness continue. Survey participants say they have
more difficulty concentrating after viewing than before. In contrast, they rarely indicate
such difficulty after reading. After playing sports or engaging in hobbies, people report
improvements in mood. After watching TV, people’s moods are about the same or

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Passage 2 TV Addiction 1

worse than before. That may be because viewers’ vague learned sense that they will
feel less relaxed if they stop viewing. So they tend not to turn the set off. Viewing begets
more viewing which is the same as the experience of habit-forming drugs. Thus, the
irony of TV: people watch a great deal longer than they plan to, even though prolonged
viewing is less rewarding. In our ESM studies the longer people sat in front of the set,
the less satisfaction they said they derived from it. For some, a twinge of unease or guilt
that they aren’t doing something more productive may also accompany and depreciate
the enjoyment of prolonged viewing. Researchers in Japan, the U.K. and the U.S. have
found that this guilt occurs much more among middle-class viewers than among less
affluent ones.
D
What is it about TV that has such a hold on us? In part, the attraction seems to spring
from our biological ‘orienting response.’ First described by Ivan Pavlov in 1927, the
orienting response is our instinctive visual or auditory reaction to any sudden or novel
stimulus. It is part of our evolutionary heritage, a built-in sensitivity to movement and
potential predatory threats. In 1986 Byron Reeves of Stanford University, Esther
Thorson of the University of Missouri and their colleagues began to study whether the
simple formal features of television – cuts, edits, zooms, pans, sudden noises – activate
the orienting response, thereby keeping attention on the screen. By watching how brain
waves were affected by formal features, the researchers concluded that these stylistic
tricks can indeed trigger involuntary responses and ‘derive their attentional value
through the evolutionary significance of detecting movement… It is the form, not the
content, of television that is unique.’
E
The natural attraction to television’s sound and light starts very early in life. Dafna
Lemish of Tel Aviv University has described babies at six to eight weeks attending to
television. We have observed slightly older infants who, when lying on their backs on
the floor, crane their necks around 180 degrees to catch what light through yonder
window breaks. This inclination suggests how deeply rooted the orienting response is.
F
The Experience Sampling Method permitted us to look closely at most every domain of
everyday life: working, eating, reading, talking to friends, playing a sport, and so on. We
found that heavy viewers report feeling significantly more anxious and less happy than
light viewers do in unstructured situations, such as doing nothing, daydreaming or
waiting in line. The difference widens when the viewer is alone. Subsequently, Robert D.
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McIlwraith of the University of Manitoba extensively studies those who called

themselves TV addicts on surveys. On a measure called the Short Imaginal Processes
Inventory (SIPI), he found that the self described addicts are more easily bored and
distracted and have poorer attentional control than the non-addicts. The addicts said
they used TV to distract themselves from unpleasant thoughts and to fill time. Other
studies over the years have shown that heavy viewers are less likely to participate in
community activities and sports and are more likely to be obese than moderate viewers
or non-viewers.
G
More than 25 years ago psychologist Tannis M. MacBeth Williams of the University of
British Columbia studied a mountain community that had no television until cable finally
arrived. Over time, both adults and children in the town became less creative in
problem solving, less able to persevere at tasks, and less tolerant of unstructured time.
H
Nearly 40 years ago Gary A. Steiner of the University of Chicago collected fascinating
individual accounts of families whose set had broken. In experiments, families have
volunteered or been paid to stop viewing, typically for a week or a month. Some fought,
verbally and physically. In a review of these could-turkey studies, Charles Winick of the
City University of New York concluded: ‘The first three or four days for most persons
were the worst, even in many homes where viewing was minimal and where there were
other ongoing activities. In over half of all the households, during these first few days of
loss, the regular routines were disrupted, family members had difficulties in dealing with
the newly available time, anxiety and aggressions were expressed…. By the second
week, a move toward adaptation to the situation was common.’ Unfortunately,
researchers have yet to flesh out these anecdotes; no one has systematically gathered
statistics on the prevalence of these withdrawal symptoms.
I
Even though TV does seem to meet the criteria for substance dependence, not all
researchers would go so far as to call TV addictive. McIlwraith said in 1988 that
‘displacement of other activities by television may be socially significant but still fall
short of the clinical requirement of significant impairment.’ He argued that a new
category of ‘TV addiction’ may not be necessary if heavy viewing stems from conditions
such as depression and social phobia. Nevertheless, whether or not we formally
diagnose someone as TV-dependent, millions of people sense that they cannot readily
control the amount of television they watch.
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Passage 2 TV Addiction 1

Questions 14-18
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement is true
FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

14 Study shows that males are more likely to be addicted on TV than females.
15 Greater improvements in mood are experienced after watching TV than playing
sports.
16 TV addiction works in similar ways as drugs.
17 It is reported that people’s satisfaction is in proportion to the time they spend
watching TV.
18 Middle-class viewers are more likely to feel guilty about watching TV than the poor.

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Passage 2 TV Addiction 1

Questions 19-23
Look at the following researchers (Questions 19-23) and the list of statements below.
Match each researcher with the correct statements.
Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 19-23 on your answer sheets.
19 Byron Reeves and Esther Thorson
20 Dafna Lemish
21 Robert D. McIlwraith
22 Tannis M. MacBeth Williams
23 Charles Winick
List of Statements
A Audiences would get hypnotized from viewing to much television.
B People have been sensitive to the TV signals since a younger age.
C People are less likely to accomplish their work with television.
D A handful of studies have attempted to study other types of media addiction.
E The addictive power of television could probably minimize the problems.
F Various media formal characters stimulate people’s reaction on the screen.
G People who believe themselves to be TV addicts are less likely to join in the
group activities.
H It is hard for people to accept the life without TV at the beginning.

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Passage 2 TV Addiction 1

Questions 24-26
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet.
24 People in the industrialized world
A devote ten hours watching TV on average
B spend more time on TV than other entertainment
C call themselves TV addicts.
D enjoy working best.

25 When compared with light viewers, heavy viewers

A like playing sport more than reading.
B feel relaxed after watching TV.
C spend more time in daydreaming.
D are more easily bored while waiting in line.

26 Which of the following statements in true about the family experiment?

A Not all subjects participate in the experiment for free.
B There has been a complete gathered data.
C People are prevented from other activities during the experiment.
D People can not adapt to the situation until the end.

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Passage 3 Paper of Computer?

SECTION 3
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 27-40 which are based on Reading
Passage 3 below.

Paper of Computer?
A
Computer technology was supposed to replace paper. But that hasn’t happened. Every
country in the Western world uses more paper today, on a per-capita basis, than it did
ten years ago. The consumption of uncoated free-sheet paper, for instance – the most
common kind of office paper – rose almost fifteen per cent in the United States
between 1995 and 2000. This is generally taken as evidence of how hard it is to
eradicate old, wasteful habits and of how stubbornly resistant we are to the efficiencies
offered by computerization. A number of cognitive psychologists and ergonomics
experts, however, don’t agree. Paper has persisted, they argue, for very good reasons:
when it comes to performing certain kinds of cognitive tasks, paper has many
advantages over computers. The dismay people feel at the sight of a messy desk – or the
spectacle of air-traffic controllers tracking flights through notes scribbled on paper strips
– arises from a fundamental confusion about the role that paper plays in our lives.
B
The case for paper is made most eloquently in “The Myth of the Paperless Office”, by
two social scientists, Abigail Sellen and Richard Harper. They begin their book with an
account of a study they conducted at the International Monetary Fund, in Washington,
D.C. Economists at the I.M.F. spend most of their time writing reports on complicated
economic questions, work that would seem to be perfectly suited to sitting in front of a
computer. Nonetheless, the I.M.F. is awash in paper, and Sellen and Harper wanted to
find out why. Their answer is that the business of writing reports – at least at the I.M.F.
– is an intensely collaborative process, involving the professional judgments and
contributions of many people. The economists bring drafts of reports to conference
rooms, spread out the relevant pages, and negotiate changes with one other. They go
back to their offices and jot down comments in the margin, taking advantage of the
freedom offered by the informality of the handwritten note. Then they deliver the
annotated draft to the author in person, taking him, page by page, through the
suggested changes. At the end of the process, the author spreads out all the pages with

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Passage 3 Paper of Computer?

comments on his desk and starts to enter them on the computer – moving the pages
around as he works, organizing and reorganizing, saving and discarding.
C
Without paper, this kind of collaborative and iterative work process would be much
more difficult. According to Sellen and Harper, paper has a unique set of “affordances” –
that is, qualities that permit specific kinds of uses. Paper is tangible: we can pick up a
document, flip through is, read little bits here and there, and quickly get a sense of it.
Paper is spatially flexible, meaning that we can spread it out and arrange it in the way
that suits us best. And it’s tailorable: we can easily annotate it, and scribble on it as we
read, without altering the original text. Digital documents, of course, have their own
affordances. They can be easily searched, shared, stored, accessed remotely, and linked
to other relevant material. But they lack the affordances that really matter to a group of
people working together on a report. Sellen and Harper write:
D
Paper enables a certain kind of thinking. Picture, for instance, the top of your desk.
Chances are that you have a keyboard and a computer screen off to one side, and a
clear space roughly eighteen inches square in front of your chair. What covers the rest
of the desktop is probably piles – piles of papers, journals, magazines, binders,
postcards, videotapes, and all the other artifacts of the knowledge economy. The piles
look like a mess, but they aren’t. When a group at Apple Computer studied piling
behavior several years ago, they found that even the most disorderly piles usually make
perfect sense to the piler, and that office workers could hold forth in great detail about
the precise history and meaning of their piles. The pile closest to the cleared, eighteen-
inch-square working area, for example, generally represents the most urgent business,
and within that pile the most important document of all is likely to be at the top. Piles
are living, breathing archives. Over time, they get broken down and resorted,
sometimes chronologically and sometimes thematically and sometimes chronologically
and thematically; clues about certain documents may be physically embedded in the file
by, say, stacking a certain piece of paper at an angle or inserting dividers into the stack.
E
But why do we pile documents instead o filing them? Because piles represent the
process of active, ongoing thinking. The psychologists Alison Kidd, whose research Sellen
and Harper refer to extensively, argues that “knowledge workers” use the physical
space of the desktop to hold “ideas which they cannot yet categorize or even decide
how they might use.” The messy desk is not necessarily a sign of disorganization. It may
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be a sign of complexity: those who deal with many unresolved ideas simultaneously
cannot sort and file the papers on their desks, because they haven’t yet sorted and filed
the ideas in their head. Kidd writes that many of the people she talked to use the papers
on their desks as contextual cues to “recover a complex set of threads without difficulty
and delay” when they come in on a Monday morning, or after their work has been
interrupted by a phone call. What we see when we look at the piles on our desks is, in a
sense, the contents of our brains.
F
This idea that paper facilitates a highly specialized cognitive and social process is a far
cry from the way we have historically thought about the stuff. Paper first began to
proliferate in the workplace in the late nineteenth century as part of the move toward
“systematic management.” To cope with the complexity of the industrial economy,
managers were instituting company-wide policies and demanding monthly, weekly, or
even daily updates from their subordinates. Thus was born the monthly sales report,
and the office manual and the internal company newsletter. The typewriter took off in
the eighteen-eighties, making it possible to create documents in a fraction of the time it
had previously taken, and that was followed closely by the advent of carbon paper,
which meant that a typist could create ten copies of that document simultaneously.
Paper was important not to facilitate creative collaboration and thought but as an
instrument of control.

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Passage 3 Paper of Computer?

Questions 27-32
The reading passage has seven paragraphs, A-F
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-F from the list below.
Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.
List of headings
i paper continued as a sharing or managing must
ii piles can be more inspiring rather than disorgnising
iii Favorable situation that economists used paper pages
iv overview of an unexpected situation: paper survived
v comparison between efficiencies for using paper and using computer
vi IMF’s paperless office seemed to be a waste of papers
vii example of failure for avoidance of paper record
viii There are advantages of using a paper in offices
ix piles reflect certain characteristics in people’s thought
x joy of having the paper square in front of computer

27 Paragraph A
28 Paragraph B
29 Paragraph C
30 Paragraph D
31 Paragraph E
32 Paragraph F

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Passage 3 Paper of Computer?

Questions 33-36
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage
Using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 33-36 on your answer sheet.

Compared with digital documents, paper has several advantages. First it allows clerks to
work in a 33…………………………… way among colleagues. Next, paper is not like virtual
digital version, it’s 34………………………….. Finally, because it is 35…………………………., note
or comments can be effortlessly added as related information. However, shortcoming
comes at the absence of convenience on task which is for a 36………………………….

Questions 37-40
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.

37 What do the economists from IMF say that their way of writing documents?
A they note down their comments for freedom on the drafts
B they finish all writing individually
C they share ideas on before electronic version was made
D they use electronic version fully

38 What is the implication of the “Piles” mentioned in the passage?

A they have underlying orders
B they are necessarily a mess
C they are in time sequence order
D they are in alphabetic order

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Passage 3 Paper of Computer?

39 What does the manager believe in sophisticated economy?

A recorded paper can be as management tool
B carbon paper should be compulsory
C Teamwork is the most important
D monthly report is the best way

40 According to the end of this passage, what is the reason why paper is not replaced
by electronic vision?
A paper is inexpensive to buy
B it contributed to management theories in western countries
C people need time for changing their old habit
D it is collaborative and functional for tasks implement and management