21EES101T _ Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Prepared By,
RAJESH V
Course Code: Year/Semester: I/I Assistant Professor (ECE),
Department: ECE Faculty of Engineering & Technology,
SRMIST, Tiruchirappalli
UNIT-III
Electrical Machines
DC Generator
Mechanical Energy to Electrical Energy
DC Motor
Electrical Energy to Mechanical Energy
DC Machine Working Mechanisms
DC Machine Working Mechanisms
DC Machine Working Mechanisms
Construction of DC machine
Yoke
EMF Equation for DC generator
Φ = Flux produced by each pole in weber (Wb)
P = number of poles in the DC generator.
Total flux produced by all the poles= Φ×P
Time taken to complete one revolution=60/N
N = speed of the armature conductor in rpm
Induced emf of one conductor is
Z = total numbers of conductor
A = number of parallel paths
Induced emf of DC generator
E = emf of one conductor × number of conductor connected in series.
DC MOTORS
• A DC motor is defined as a class of electrical motors
that convert direct current electrical energy into
mechanical energy.
• Principle – Electromagnetic induction principle
Working principle of DC motor
• When kept in a magnetic field, a current-carrying
conductor gains torque and develops a tendency to
move.
• In short, when electric fields and magnetic fields
interact, a mechanical force arises. This is the
principle on which the DC motors work.
DC motor - Construction
Working of a DC motor
Transfomer Core Lamination
Step-up Transfomer
Step-Down Transfomer
Core
Windings
Insulation Agents
Tank
Transformer Oil
Oil Conservators
Breather
Radiators and Fans
Transfomer Working Mechanism of
Mutual Inductance
It is clear that the size of EMFs E1 and E2 is dependent on the number of turns in the
transformer primary and secondary windings, respectively.
If N2 > N1, then E2 > E1, and the transformer will be a step-up
transformer.
If N2 < N1, then E2 < E1, and the transformer will be a step-down
transformer.
• A transformer primary winding is powered by a 120 V
ac source. If the turn ratio is 10, what does the
secondary voltage equal?
Given that, the turn ratio, N2/N1 = 10
And the voltage across the primary coil, V1 = 120 V
Now, according to the transformer’s equation:
V2/V1 = N2/N1
Substituting the given values,
V2/120 = 10
V2 = 1200 V
• The number of turns in the secondary coil of a 22 KVA,
2200V/220V single-phase transformer is 50, then find
the number of primary turns. Neglect all kinds of losses
in the transformer.
The value of the turns ratio is
Vp/Vs = 2200/220
=10 = K
Number of primary turns
The value of the primary turns can be determined as:-
Np/Ns=K
Np/50=10
Np = 500
Three Phase Induction Motor
Stator Construction
Rotor Construction
Working of 3-Phase Motor
Working of 3-Phase Induction
Motor
Synchronous speed of the motor
• Ns = 120f / P
Where;
• f = Supply Frequency
• P = Total Number of Poles
• Ns = Synchronous Speed
Why the slip is never zero in an induction
motor?
When the rotor’s actual speed matches the
synchronous speed, the slip is zero. However, in
the case of an induction motor, this scenario is
never encountered. This is because, at zero slip,
both speeds are equivalent, resulting in no
relative movement.
Advantages
• Reliability Applications
• High Power Output • Wastewater Treatment Plants
• Cost-Effective • Oil and Gas Industry
• Efficiency • Electric Traction
• Smooth Operation • Air Conditioning and HVAC
• Low Maintenance Systems
Disadvantages • Water Pumping Stations
• Starting Torque • Mining Operations
• Complex Control • Manufacturing Plants
• Power Factor • Industrial Machinery
• Speed Control
• Size and Weight
• The synchronous speed (Ns) can be calculated
using the formula
Ns = 120 x frequency / Number of Poles ,
• Actual Rotational Speed
N = Ns x ( 1 – slip)
• The slip frequency (fslip) is given by :
fslip = Frequency x Slip
Brushless DC Motor (BLDC)
Brushless DC Motor (BLDC)
BLDC Motor Working Mechanisms
Advantages of BLDC Motor
• No mechanical commutator and brushes. Hence low
maintenance and long life.
• Noiseless operation due to absence of brush.
• Can run at much higher speeds.
• Higher efficiency.
• Electronic control of speed and torque is possible.
Permanent Magnet Synchronous
Motor (PMSM)
Construction of PMSM motor
STATOR AND ROTOR PMSM ROTOR
Rotating magnetic field of a
synchronous motor
Stepper Motor
Types of Stepper Motor
Permanent Magnet Variable Reluctance
Hybrid stepper
Stepper Motor Working
Mechanisms
Stepper Motor Working Mechanisms
Single Phase Drive Two Phase Drive
Step Angle
The step angle is the basis of the movement of a stepping motor.
The step angle depends on the total number of magnetic poles of the motor.
The step angle is determined by the formula:
Step angle = 360 degrees / N
where N = (NPH x PH)
NPH: Number of magnetic poles for each phase
PH: Number of phases
Servo Motor
Servo Motor Construction
Components of Servo Motor
Servo Motor Working Mechanisms
DC SERVOMOTOR
AC SERVOMOTOR
Characteristic Servo Motor Stepper Motor
Control Principle Closed-loop system Open-loop system
Higher accuracy due to feedback and closed-loop
Accuracy Lower accuracy compared to servo motors
control
Feedback Equipped with feedback devices (encoders,
Typically lacks feedback
Mechanism potentiometers) for continuous position monitoring
Cost Tends to be more expensive Generally more economical
More complex control system due to closed-loop
Complexity Simpler control system
feedback
Speed Variation Capable of higher speeds and dynamic adjustments Generally operates at lower speeds
Heat Generation Can generate more heat, especially at higher speeds Low heat generation
Torque at Low Good torque at low speeds, but not as high as stepper
High torque at low speeds
Speeds motors
Preferred for applications requiring high precision, Often used in applications with less
Applications dynamic response, and accurate position control, such demanding precision and speed
as robotics and CNC machines requirements
Electrical Drives
An Electric Drive can be defined as, a system which is used to control the movement of
an electrical machine. This drive employs a prime mover such as a petrol engine,
otherwise diesel, steam turbines otherwise gas, electrical & hydraulic motors like a main
source of energy. These prime movers will supply the mechanical energy toward the drive
for controlling motion.
Electrical Drives
DC to DC converter
• DC to DC converter is very much needed nowadays as many industrial
applications are dependent upon DC voltage source. The performance of these
applications will be improved if we use a variable DC supply.
• It will help to improve controllability of the equipments also. Examples of
such applications are subway cars, trolley buses, battery operated vehicles etc.
We can control and vary a constant DC voltage with the help of a chopper.
• Chopper is a basically static power electronics device which converts fixed
DC voltage/power to variable DC voltage or power.
• It is nothing but a high speed switch which connects and disconnects the load
from source at a high rate to get variable or chopped voltage at the output.
DC to DC converter
Chopper can increase or decrease the DC voltage level at its opposite side.
So, chopper serves the same purpose in DC circuit transfers in case of ac
circuit.
Chopper is also known as DC transformer.
Chopper
Electrical Drive for Crane Applications
Single line power circuit topology
Drives for Electrical Vehicle (EV) Application
Electrical Drive for Pumping
Application
Learning Resources
Thanks for your Attention