Problems

Section 9-3: Differential Equations for Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

P9.3-1

v dv
KCL: i L = +C
R2 dt
di L
KVL: Vs = R 1i L + L +v
dt

v s = R1
v +C
dv"#
+
L dv d2v
+ LC 2 + v
!R 2 dt $ R 2 dt dt

vs =
 R + 1"#v + R C + L "# dv + [LC] d v
1
2

! R $ ! R $ dt
2
1
2dt 2

R 1 = 2Ω, R 2 = 100Ω, L = 1mH, C = 10µF

dv d2v
v s = 102
. v +.00003 + 1 × 10 −8 2
dt dt
dv d2v
1 × 108 v s = 102
. × 108 v + 3000 + 2
dt dt

P9.3-2

v
KCL: i s = + i L + Csv
R1
KVL: v = R 2 i L + Lsi L

Solving Cramer' s rule for i L :

is
iL =
R 2 Ls
+ + R 2 Cs + LCs2 +1
R1 R1
1 + R "#i +  L + R C"#si
2
+ LC s2 i L = i s
! R $ !R
1
L
$1
2 L

R 1 = 100Ω, R 2 = 10Ω, L = 1mH, C = 10µF

1.1i L +.00011si L + 1 × 10 −8 s2 i L = i s
. × 108 i L + 11000si L + s2 i L = 1 × 108 i s
11

203
P9.3-3
t>0 dv c v s + v c
KCL: i L + C + = 0
dt R2
di
KVL: R 1i s + R 1i L + L L − v c − v s = 0
dt

Solving for i L :
d 2i L
+
 R + 1 "# di +  R + 1 "#i
1 L 1 − R1 R di
iS − 1 s +
1 dv s
! L R C $ dt ! LR C LC $
2 L =
dt 2 2 LCR 2 L dt L dt

Section 9-4: Solution of the Second Order Differential Equation - The Natural Response

P9.4-1 From Problem P 9.3-2 the characteristic equation is

1.1×108 +11000s+s2 = 0 ⇒

−11000± (11000)2 −4(1.1×108 )

s , s = = −5500± j8930
1 2 2

P9.4-2 di L
KVL: 40(i s − i L ) = 100m + vc where m = 10 −3
dt
1 dv c
i L = ic = m
3 dt

40 dis 40 di L 100 2 d 2i L
i = m − m − m
L 3 dt 3 dt 3 dt 2
d 2i L di di
+ 400 L +30000i L = 400 s
dt 2 dt dt

s 2 +400s+30000 = 0 ⇒ (s+100)(s+300) = 0 ⇒ s1 = −100, s 2 = −300

204
P9.4-3 v − vs dv
KCL: + i L + 10µ = 0 where µ = 10 −6
1 dt
KVL:
di L
v = 2i L +1m where m = 10 −3
dt

di L di d 2i L
0 = 2i L + 1m − v s + i L + 10µ ⋅ 2 L + 10µ ⋅ 1m
dt dt dt
2
di L d i
v s = 3i L +.00102 + 1 × 10 −8 2L
dt dt
d 2i L di
+ 102000 L + 3 × 10 −8 i L = 1 × 108 v s
dt dt
s + 102000s + 3 × 108 = 0, ∴ s1 = 3031, s2 = − 98969
2

Section 9.5: Natural Response of the Unforced Parallel RLC Circuit

P9.5-1 16
v 0 = 6,
16
dv 0
= − 3000
dt

v ( v − vs )  L 
Using operators, the node equation is: Csv+ + =0 or  LCs 2 + s+ 1 v = vs
R sL  R 
1 1
So the characteristic equation is: s2 + s+ = 0
RC LC
⇒ s1,2 = − 250 ± 2502 − 40,000 = − 100, − 400
16
So v t = Ae −100 t + Be −400 t
v106 = 6 = A + B
dv106 ( A = −2
= − 3000 = − 100A − 400B)
dt * B=8
∴ v1 t 6 = − 2e −100 t
+ 8e −400 t
t>0

P9.5-2
16 16
v 0 = 2, i 0 = 0
1 1
Characteristic equation s2 + s+ = 0 ⇒ s2 + 4s + 3 = 0 ⇒ s = − 1, − 3
RC LC
16
v t = Ae − t + Be −3t

Use eq. 9.5 − 12 ⇒ s1A + s2 B = −

1 6 − i106
v0
RC C
−1A − 3B = −
2
1
−0 = − 8 116
4
16
also have v 0 = 2 = A + B 1 26
From 116 & 126 get A = −1, B = 3
∴ v1 t 6 = −1e + 3e V
−t −3t

205
P9.5-3
di1
KVL : i1 + 5
dt
di
−3 2 = 0
dt
116
KVL : − 3
di1
dt
+3
di 2
dt
+ 2i 2 = 0 12 6
in operator form

(1+5s )i1+(−3s )i2 = 0 

 thus ∆ = (1+5s ) (3s+2 ) − 9 s 2 2
= 6s + 13s+ 2 = 0 ⇒ s = − 16, − 2
( −3s ) i1 +(3s+2 ) i2 = 0

16
Thus i1 t = Ae
−t
+ Be 6 −2 t

i 1 t 6 = Ce
−t −2 t
+ De 6
2

Now i 106 = 11 = A + B;i 106 = 11 = C + D

1 2

from 116 & 126 get

di 106 33 A di 106 143 C
1
= − = − − 2B ; = − 2
= − − 20
dt 2 6 dt 6 6
which yields A = 3, B = 8, C = − 1, 0 = 12
i1 (t) = 3e − t /6 + 8e −2 t A & i 2 ( t) = − e − t /6 +12e −2 t A

Section 9.6: Natural Response of the Critically Damped Unforced Parallel RLC Circuit

P9.6-1
t>0

di c dv
KVL a: 100i c + .025 + v c = 0, i c = 10 −5 c
dt dt
d 2 vc dv c
∴ + 4000 + 4 × 106 v c = 0
dt 2 dt
s2 + 4000s + 4 × 106 16
= 0 ⇒ s = − 2000, − 2000 ∴ v c t = A 1e −2000 t + A 2 te −2000 t

t = 0− (Steady − State)

206
 4 9 = 0 = i 40 9 ⇒
i L = ic 0 − + 4 9
dv c 0 +
= 0
c
dt
v 4 0 9 = 3 V = v 40 9
c
−
c
+

4 9=3= A
so v c 0 + 1

dv 40 9
c
+

= 0 = − 2000A 1 + A 2 ⇒ A 2 = 6000
dt
16 1
∴ v c t = 3 + 6000t e −2000 t V 6

P9.6-2

t>0
KCL at v c :
2
d vc dv
I
−∞
t dv
v c dt + v c + 1 4 c = 0
dt

⇒ d dt + 4 c + 4vc = 0
dt dt

16
s2 + 4s + 4 = 0, s = − 2, − 2 ∴ v c t = A 1e −2 t + A 2 te −2 t

t = 0− (Steady − State)

4 9 = 0 = v 40 9 & i 40 9 = 2010 ΩV = 2 A = i 40 9
v c 0− c
+
L
−
L
+

Since v 40 9 = 0 then i 40 9 = − i 40 9 = − 2 A
c
+
c
+
L
+

dv 40 9 c i 40 9
+
c
+

∴ = = −8V
4 9=0=A
So v c 0 + 1
dt 1
4
S

dv 40 9
c
+

= −8 = A 2
dt
16
∴ v c t = − 8te −2 t V

207
P9.6-3

Assume steady − state at t = 0 − ∴ v c 0− 4 9= 4 9=

104 V & i L 0 − 0

t>0
KVL a: − v c +.01
di L
dt
+ 106 i L = 0 116
Also : i L = − C
dv c
= −
 d 2i L di
+ 106 L
"# 126
dt C .
!
01
dt 2 dt #$
d 2i L di L
∴ .01C 2
+ 106 C + iL = 0
dt dt

−106 C ± 410 C9 − 41.01C6

6 2

21.01C6
Characteristic eq. ⇒ .01C s + 10 s +1 = 0 ⇒ s =
2 6

for critically damped: 1012 C 2 −.04C = 0

⇒ C = 0.04pF ∴ s = − 5 × 107 , − 5 × 107

16 7
So i L t = A 1e −5×10 t + A 2 te −5×10
7
t

Now from (1) ⇒

di L +
dt
4 9
0 = 100 v c 0 + − 106 i L 0 + = 10 6 A s 4 9 4 9
di L1 06
16
So i L 0 = 0 = A 1 and
dt
7
= 106 = A 2 ∴ i L t = 106 te −5×10 t A 16
Now v1 t 6 = 10 i 1 t 6 = 10
7
6
L
12
te −5×10 t
V

P9.6-4
1 1 1 1
s2 + s+ = 0 with = 500 & = 62.5 × 10 3 yields s = − 250, − 250
RC LC RC LC

16
v t = Ae −250 t + Bte −250 t
v106 = 6 = A
dv106
= −3000 = − 250A + B ⇒ B = − 1500
dt
∴ v1 t 6 = 6e −250 t
− 1500te −250 t

208
P9.6-5

di
KVL : + Ri+ 2+4 ∫0t idt = 6 (1)
dt 
v( t )

d 2i di
taking the derivative wrt t : + R + 4i = 0
dt 2 dt

Char. eq.: s 2 + Rs+4 = 0

Let R=4 for critical damping ⇒ (s+2 )2 = 0

So i( t ) = Ate−2t +Be−2t

i( 0 ) = 0 ⇒ B = 0
di(0 )
from (1) = 4 − R (i ( 0 )) = 4 − R ( 0 ) = 4 = A
dt
∴ i( t ) = 4te−2t A

Section 9-7: Natural Response of an Underdamped Unforced Parallel RLC Circuit

P9.7-1
t>0
KCL at v c :
vc
250 + i L + 5 × 10
−6 dv c
dt
= 0 116
also : v c = .8
di L
dt
12 6
Solving for i in (1) & plugging into ( 2 )
L
d 2 vc dv
+800 c + 2.5×105 vc = 0 ⇒ s2 +800 s +250,000 = 0, s = − 400± j 300
dt 2 dt
−400t
∴ v
c
(t ) =e  A1cos300t+A 2 sin 300t 

t = 0− (Steady − State)

4 9 = 500
i L 0−
−6V
Ω
= −6 500 A = i 40 9 L
+

v 40 9 = 2504 −6 5009 + 6 = 3V = v 40 9
c
−
c
+

dv 40 9 +

Now from 116 : = − 2 × 10 i 40 9 − 800v 40 9 = 0

c 5 + +
L c
dt
4 9=3=A
So v c 0 + 1

dv 40 9
c
+

= 0 = − 400A 1 + 300A 2 ⇒ A 2 = 4
dt
16
∴ v c t = e −400 t 3 cos 300t + 4sin 300t V

209
P9.7-2
t = 0−

16
i 0 = 2A
v 106 = 0

t = 0−
KCL at node a:

I 16 16
t
v dv 1
+C + vdt + i 0 = 0 1
1 dt L
0

1
16 1 1  
in operator form have v + Csv +
Ls
v + i 0 = 0 or s2 + s +
C LC
v=0
 
with s2 + 4s + 8 = 0 ⇒ s = −2 ± j2
16
v t = e −2 t B1cos2t + B2 sin 2t
v106 = 0 = B 1

dv106 1
From 116, = −i106 − v106 = −4 2 = −8 = 2 B 2 or B2 = −4
dt C
So v1 t 6 = −4e sin 2tV−2 t

P9.7-3
t>0
KCL at v c :
1 dv c v c
4 dt
+
2
+ iL = 0 116
KVL : v c =
4di L
dt
+ 8i L 12 6
d 2i L di
(2 ) into (1) yields
2
2
+ 4 L + 5i = 0 ⇒ s + 4s+ 5 = 0 ⇒ s = − 2 ± i
L
dt dt
−2t
∴i
L
(t ) = e  A1cos t+A 2sin t 

t = 0− 1Steady − State6 4 9
v c 0−  48 
2
= 7  4 8 + 2 
4 9 = 8 V = v 40 9
⇒ v c 0− c
+

i 40 9 = = − 4 A = i 40 9
−8 V − +
Ω
L L

1 6 dt4 9 = 44 9 − 2i
+ +

40 9 = 84V − 21−46 = 10 As
di 0 v 0
L c +
∴ from 2 L

So i L 40 9 = − 4 = A
+
1

di L 40 9 = 10 = − 2A + A ⇒ A
+

= 2
1 2 2
dt
16
∴ i L t = e −2 t −4 cos t + 2 sin t A

210
P9.7-4 Have underdamped response
16
∴ v t = e − α t k 1cos ωt + k 2 sinωt + k 3
v1∞6 = 0 ⇒ k = 0, v106 = 0 ⇒ k
3 1 = 0
∴ v1 t 6 = k e sinωt
2
− αt

from Fig. P 9.7-6

t ≈ 5ms ↔ v ≈ 260mV (max)
t ≈ 7.5ms ↔ v ≈ −200 mV (min) 2π
∴ distance between adjacent maxima is ≈ 2(7.5ms) = T ⇒ω = = 1257 rad s
T

So .26 = k 2 e
−α 1.0056sin 1257 1.0056 116
−.2 = k 2 e
−α 1.00756sin 1257 1.00756 126
dividing (1) by (2)
sin (6.29 rad )
− 1.3 = eα (.0025 ) ⇒ e⋅0025 α = 1.95 ⇒ α = 267
sin (9.43 rad )

From (1) get k 2 = 544

∴ v( t ) = 544e−267t sin1257t (approx. answer )

P9.7-7

16
v 0 = 2V
i 106 = 1 A
10

1 1
Char. eq.⇒ s 2 + s+ = 0 or s 2 + 2 s +5 = 0 thus roots are s = −1± j 2
RC LC
So have v(t) = e − t B1 cos2t + B2 sin 2t
now v(0 + ) = 2 = B1

Need
4 9
dv 0 +
=
1
4 9
i c 0+ KCL yields i c 0 4 9= +
−
4 9 − i4 0 9 =
v 0+
+
−
1 V
dt C 5 2 s
4 9
dv 0 +
 1  = − B + 2B
So
dt  2
= 10 − 1 2 ⇒ B2 = − 3 2

Finally, have v1 t 6 = 2e cos2t − e

−t3 −t
sin2t V t>0
2

Section 9-8: Forced Response of an RLC Circuit

211
P9.8-1
v dv
KCL : i s = + iL + C
R dt
di L
KVL :v = L
dt
L di L d 2i L
is = + i L + LC
R dt dt 2

(a) i s = l u(t) ∴ assume i f = A

d 2i L1 di L 1
2
+ + i L = is
dt RC dt LC
1
0+0+A = 1
1 64
.01 1 × 10 −3 9
−5
A = 1 × 10 = if

(b) is= .5t u(t) ∴ assume i f = At + B

1 61 6 1 6 1 61 6
65 1
0+A + At + B = .5t
100 .001 .01 .001
650A +100000B = 0
100000At = .5t

A = 5 × 10 −6
B = 3.25 × 10 −8
i f = 5 × 10 −6 t − 3.25 × 10 −8 A

(c) i s = 2e −250 t ∴ assume i f = Ae −250 t

This does not work ∴ i f = Bte −250 t

Be −250 t −250Bte −250 t Bte −250 t

+ + = 2e −250 t
RC RC LC
150 B = 2
B = .0133
if = .0133 te −250 t A

212
P9.8-2

d 2 v R dv 1
+ + v = vs
dt L dt LC

(a) v s = 2 ∴ assume v f = A
0 + 0 +12000A = 2
A = 1 6000 = v f

(b) v s = .2 t ∴ assume v f = At + B
70A +12000At +12000B = .2t
70A +12000 B = 0
12000 At = .2t
1 70A
A = , B = , B = 350
60000 12000
t
∴ vf = + 350 V
60000
(c) v s = e −30 t ∴ assume Ae −30 t
900A − 2100Ae −30 t +12000Ae −30 t = e −30 t
10800Ae −30 t = e −30 t
1
A =
10800
e −30 t
vf = V
10800

Section 9-9: Complete Response of an RLC Circuit

P9.9-1
t>0
KCL at v c :
vc
1000
dv
+ 10 −9 c +
1
dt 25 × 10 −3 −∞
4
t
I
( v c − 4 ) dt = 0

1 6
2
d dv c d vc
10 −3 + 10 −9 + 160 v c − 4 = 0
dt dt dt 2
d 2 vc dv c
⇒ 2
+ 106 + 16
. × 1011 v c = 6.4 × 1011
dt dt

16
∴ s2 + 106 s +1.6 × 1011 = 0 ⇒ s = − 2 × 105 , − 8 × 105 ⇒ v cn t = A 1e −2 ×10 + A 2 e −8×10
5t 5t

Try v cf = B & plug into D.E. ⇒ B = 4

16
∴ v c t = A 1e −2 ×10 + A 2 e −8×10 + 4
5t 5t

t = 0− (steady - state)

213
 4 9 = 4V = v 40 9 & from KVL : − 4 + i + 2111+ i 6 = 0
v c 0− c
+
L L

⇒ i 40 9 = i 40 9 = − 6 mA L
−
L
+

t = 0+

ic 0 + + 4 9
v c 0+
4 9 = i 40 9 − 1 = − 6 − 4 = − 10mA ∴ 4 9
dv c 0 +
= −
.01
= − 107 V s
10 −9
L
dt
So v 106 = 4 = A + A + 4 ⇒ A + A = 0 (
dv 106
c 1 2
K) 1 2
A 1 = 50 3
c
= − 10 = − 2 × 10 A − 8 × 10 A
7 5
K*
1
5
2
A 2 = − 50 3
v 1t6
dt
So i1 t 6 =
50 50 5
−2 ×10 t −8×105 t
c
= − e + e + 4 mA
1 3 3

9.9-2 The circuit will be at steady state for t<0:

so iL(0+) = iL(0-) = - 0.2 A and vC(0+) = vC(0-) = - 0.8 V.

For t>0:

vC (t ) 1 d
Apply KCL at node a to get: 1= + vC (t ) + iL (t )
1 4 dt

d
Apply KVL to the right-most mesh to get: vc (t ) = 4 iL (t ) + 4 iL (t )
dt
Use the substitution method to get
 d  1 d  d 
1 =  4 iL (t ) + 4 iL (t )  +  4 iL (t ) + 4 iL (t )  + iL (t )
 dt  4 dt  dt 
or
d2 d
2 L( )
1= i t + 5 iL (t ) + 5 iL (t )
dt dt

214
 d2 d
The forced response will be a constant, iL= B so 1 = 2
B + 5 B + 5 B ⇒ B = 0.2 A .
dt dt
To find the natural response, consider the characteristic equation:

0 = s 2 + 5 s + 5 = ( s + 3.62 )( s + 1.38 )
The natural response is
in = A1 e −3.62 t + A2 e −1.38 t
so
iL (t ) = A1 e −3.62 t + A2 e −1.38t + 0.2
Then
 d 
vC (t ) =  4 iL (t ) + 4 iL (t )  = −10.48 A1 e −3.62 t − 1.52 A2 e −1.38t + 0.8
 dt 
At t=0+
−0.2 = iL ( 0 + ) = A1 + A2 + 0.2
−0.8 = vC ( 0 + ) = −10.48 A1 − 1.52 A2 + 0.8

so A1 = 0.246 and A2 = -0.646. Finally

iL (t ) = 0.246 e −3.62 t − 0.646 e −1.38 t A

P9.9-3 t>0
v1 − 20 1 dv v − v2
KCL at v1 : + × 10 −6 1 + 1 = 0
1000 6 dt 1000
1 dv
yields 2v1 + × 10 −3 1 − 20 = v 2
6 dt
v1 − v 2 1 dv
also : = × 10 −6 2
1000 16 dt
1 −3 dv 2
yields v1 − v 2 − × 10 = 0
16 dt
d 2 v1 dv1
(1) into (2)Yields:
2
+ 2.8 × 104 + 9.6 × 107 v1 = 192
. × 109
dt dt
⇒ s2 + 2.8 × 104 s + 9.6 × 107 = 0 ⇒ s = − 4 × 103 , − 2.4 × 104

16
∴ v1n t = A 1e −4 ×10 t + A 2 e −2.4 ×10
3 4
t

Try v1f = B & plug into D.E. ⇒ B = 20

16
So v1 t = A 1e −4 ×10 t + A 2 e −2.4 ×10 t + 20
3 4

t = 0 − (steady − state)

215
 4 9 = 0 = v 40 9 & v 40 9 = 10V = v 40 9
v2 0− 2
+
1
−
1
+

dv 40 9 +

∴ from 116 . × 10 v 40 9 + 12
1 +
= − 12 . × 10 4
1
5
dt
. × 10 1106 + 12
= − 12 . × 10 = 0 4 5

So v1 0 +4 9 = 10 = A + A + 20 1 2
(K
= − 12
dv 40 9 + )K AA 1
= 2
K*
1
= 0 = − 4 × 10 A + 2.4 × 10 A 3
1
4
2
2
dt
16
∴ v1 t = − 12e −4 ×10 t 2e −2.4 ×10 t + 20 V
3 4

P9.9-4
t>0 
di L  116
KCL at top node : .5
dt  
− 5cost + i L + 112 dv dt = 0

di
KVL at right loop : .5 L = 112
dt
dv
dt
+v 12 6
d
dt of 1 ⇒ .5 16
d 2 i L di L 1 d 2 v
dt 2
+ +
dt 12 dt 2
= − 5sint (3)

16 14 6
2 2
d of 2 ⇒ .5 d i L = 1 d v + dv
dt dt 2 12 dt 2 dt

Solving for
d 2i L
dt 2
16
in 4 and
di L
dt
16
in 2 & plugging into 3 16
d2v dv
2
+7 + 12 v = − 30sint ⇒ s2 + 7s +12 = 0 ⇒ s = − 3, − 4
dt dt
so v(t) = A 1e −3t + A 2 e −4 t + v f Try v f = B1cost + B2 sint & plug
into D.E., equating like terms
yields B1 = 2117 , B2 = − 3317
t = 0+

4 9=
i c 0+
5V − 1V
1Ω + 1Ω
= 2A ∴
dv(0 + )
dt
= 2
1 = 24 V s
12
So v(0 + ) = 1 = A 1 + A 2 + 2117 (K
)K
A 1 = 25
+
dv(0 ) A 2 = − 429 17
dt
= 24 = − 3A 1 − 4A 2 − 3317
*
4
∴ v(t) = 25e −3t − 117 429e −4 t − 21cost + 33sint V 9

216
P9.9-5 Use superposition − first consider 2u(t) source

KVL at right mesh : v c + si L + 4(i L − 2) = 0 (1)

also : i L = (1 / 3) sv c ⇒ v c = (3 / s) i L (2)

Plugging (2) into (1) yields (s2 + 4s + 3) i L = 0 , roots : s = −1 ,−3

So i L (t) = A 1e − t + A 2 e −3t
t = 0 − ⇒ circuit is dead ∴ v c (0) = i L (0) = 0
+
di L (0 )
Now from (1) = 8 − 4i L (0 + ) − v C (0 + ) = 8 A / s
dt

So i L (0) = 0 = A 1 + A 2 (K
di L (0) )K A = 4 , A 2 = −4
*
1
= 8 = −A 1 − 3A 2
dt
∴ i L (t) = 4e − t − 4e −3t
∴ v1 (t) = 8 − 4 i L (t) = 8 − 16e − t +16e −3t V
Now for 2u(t − 2) source, just take above expression and replace t → t − 2 and flip signs
∴ v 2 (t) = −8 +16e − ( t − 2 ) − 16 e −3( t − 2 ) V
∴ v(t) = v1 (t) + v 2 (t)
v(t) = 8 − 16e − t +16e −3t u(t) + −8 + 16e − ( t − 2 ) − 16 e −3( t − 2 ) u (t − 2) V

P9.9-6 t > 0
di L
KVL: − 10 cos t + 4 + v c + 4i L = 0 (1)
dt
dv c
KCL at P : i L = (1/ 8) + vc / 2 (2)
dt
d 2 vc dv
(2) into (1) yields 2
+ 5 c + 6v c = 20 cos t
dt dt
⇒ s2 + 5s + 6 = 0 , s = −2, − 3 so v c n (t) = A 1e −2t + A 2 e −3t
Try v cf (t) = B1 cost + B2 sint & plug into D.E. ⇒ B1 = B2 = 2
∴ v c (t) = A 1e −2 t + A 2 e −3t + 2cos t + sin t
t = 0 − (steady − state)
−5
v c (0 − ) = v c (0 + ) = 5V & i l (0 − ) = −5V 4Ω = = i L (0 + )
4
dv c (0 + ) V
Now from (2) = 8i L (0 + ) − 4 v c (0 + ) = − 30

So v c (0 + ) = 5 = A 1 + A 2 + 2 ⇒ A 1+ A 2 = 3 (K A = −23
dv c (0 + ) )
= 32K A
1
= 26
dt
= −30 = −2A 1 − 3A 2 + 2 ⇒ 2A 1 + 3A 2
* 2

∴ v c (t) = − 23e −2 t + 26e −3t + 2cos t + 2sin t V

217
P9.9-7
t = 0 − (steady − state) t = 0+

v C (0) = 0 dv c (0 + )
Since i c (0 + ) 0 =0
i L (0) = 0 dt

also at t = ∞ ⇒ steady − state ∴ v c ( ∞) = − 8Ω (1 A) = − 8 V

4R 2L9
(a) 2
C = 118F series RLC ⇒ s = − R 2L ± − 1 LC = − 3, − 3

∴ v c ( t ) = A 1e −3t + A 2 te −3t + v c ( ∞) = A 1e −3t + A 2 te −3t − 8

dv c (0)
Now v c (0) = 0 = A 1 − 8 ⇒ A 1 = 8 & = 0 = −3A 1 , + A 2 , ⇒ A 2 = 24
dt
So v c (t) = 8e −3t + 24te −3t
−8 V

(b)
C = 110F ⇒ s = − 12 4 ± 9 − 10 2 = − 5 , − 1 ∴ v c (t) = A 1e − t + A 2 e −5t − 8

Now v c (0) = 0 = A 1 + A 2 − 8 (K A = 10 & A 2 = − 2

dv c (0) )K 1

dt
= 0 = − A 1 + −5A 2
*
−t
∴ v c ( t ) = 10e − 2 e −5 t − 8 V

(c) C = 1 20F ⇒ 5 = −3 ± 9 − 20 2 = − 3 ± j ∴ v c (t) = e −3 t

A 1 cost + A 2 sint − 8
dv c (0)
Now v c (0) = 0 = A 1 − 8 & = 0 = −3A 1 + A 2 ⇒ A 2 = 24
dt
∴ v c (t) = e −3t 8 cost + 24 sint − 8 V

9.9-8 The circuit will be at steady state for t<0:

so iL(0+) = iL(0-) = 0.5 A and vC(0+) = vC(0-) = 2 V.

218
For t>0:

1 1d 1 1d
Apply KCL at node b to get: = iL ( t ) + vC (t ) ⇒ iL (t )= − vC (t )
4 4 dt 4 4 dt

d 1 d 
Apply KVL to the right-most mesh to get: 4 iL (t )+ 2 iL (t )= 8  vc (t )  + vc (t )
dt  4 dt 
Use the substitution method to get

1 1 d  d 1 1 d  1 d 
4 − vC (t )  + 2  − vC (t )  =8  vc (t )  + vc (t )
 4 4 dt  dt  4 4 dt   4 dt 
d 2 d
or 2= vC (t )+ 6 vC (t )+ 2 vC (t )
dt 2 dt

d2 d
The forced response will be a constant, vC= B so 2 = B + 6 B + 2 B ⇒ B =1 V .
dt 2 dt

To find the natural response, consider the characteristic equation:

0 = s 2 + 6 s + 2 = ( s + 5.65 )( s + 0.35 )
The natural response is
vn = A1 e−5.65 t + A 2 e−0.35 t

so vC (t )= A1 e−5.65 t + A 2 e−0.35 t +1
Then
vC (t )= +1.41 A1 e−5.65 t + 0.0875 A 2 e−0.35 t
1 1 d 1
iL ( t ) = +
4 4 dt 4
At t=0+
2 = vC (0 + )= A1 + A 2 +1
1 1
= iL (0 + )= +1.41 A1 + 0.0875 A 2
2 4

so A1 = 0.123 and A2 = 0.877. Finally

vC (t )= 0.123 e-5.65 t + 0.877 e-0.35 t +1 V

219