Chapter 9 - Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Exercises
Ex. 9.3-1
KVL a: 2 di dt + v + 1(i − i s ) = 0
⇒ v = − 2 di dt − i + i s

4 9 = 12 di dt − 12 di dt − dtd i
2
i = 12 dv dt = 12 d dt −2 di dt − i+i s s
2

d 2i 1 di 1 di s
∴ + +i=
dt 2 2 dt 2 dt

Ex. 9.3-2
KCL at v : using s = d dt
v
+ i + 12 sv = i s (1)
1

also v = si (2) Solving for i in (1) & plugging into (2)

d2v dv di
yields s 2 v + 2sv + 2v = 2sis or + 2 + 2v = 2 s
dt dt dt

Ex. 9.3-3
KVL a i1 : i1 + s(i1 − i 2 ) = v s (1)
where s = d dt

4 9
KVL a i 2 : 2i 2 + 2 1s i + s(i 2 − i1 ) = 0

= 24 1s 9i +  1  i
Plugging (2) into (1) yields
⇒ i1 2  s 2 2 + i2 (2)

d 2i2 di 2 d 2 vs
3s2 i 2 + 4si 2 + 2i 2 = s2 v s or 3 + 4 + 2 i 2 =
dt 2 dt dt 2

Ex. 9.4-1

v
KVL at v : + i L + 14 dv dt = i s (1)
4
di
KVL right mesh a: v = 6i L + L dt (2)

d 2i L di L
Plugging (2) into (1) yields + 7 + 10i L = 4i s
dt 2 dt
∴ characteristic equation ⇒ s 2 + 7s + 10 = 0
Ex. 9.4-2
& natural frequencies ⇒ s = − 2, −5
Assume zero initial conditions

203
 1 di1 1 di 2
loop 1 : 10i1 + − = 10 − 7

I
2 dt 2 dt
1 di1 1 di 2
loop 2 : − + + 200 i 2 dt = 7
2 dt 2 dt
 1 1 "#

10 + s − s

 ##
2 2
determinant :

 #$
1 1 200
− s
! 2 2
s+
s 
s2 + 20s + 400 = 0, ∴ s = − 10 ± j 17.3

Ex. 9.5-1

Let i s = 0 , have parallel RLC circuit

1 1
α= = = 72
2RC 2(6)(1/ 42)
1 1
ω 2o = = =6
LC (7)(1/ 42)

47 29 − 6 = −1, − 6
2
∴ s = −α ± α 2 − ω 2o = − 7 2 ±

∴ v n ( + ) = A 1e − t + A 2 e −6 t
dv n
Need v n (0) and to evaluate A 1 & A 2
dt t =0
t = 0+

iR = 0 ∴ i c = − 10 A
dv i c (0) −10 V
⇒ = = = − 420
dt t=0 C 1/ 42 s

So v n (0) = 0 = A 1 + A 2 (K
dv n
=−420 = − A 1 − 6A 2
)K A 1 = − 84 , A 2 = 84
dt t=0 *
∴ v n ( t) = − 84e − t + 84e −6 t V

204
Ex. 9.5-2
1 1
s2 + s + = 0 ⇒ s2 + 40s + 100 = 0
RC LC
s = − 2.7 , − 37.3
v(0) = 0 , i(0) = 1A

v n = A 1e −2.7 t + A 2 e −37.3t , v(0) = 0 = A 1 + A 2 (1)

+ +
v(0 ) 1 dv(0 )
KCL at t = 0 + yields : + i(0 + ) + =0
1 40 dt
dv(0 + )
∴ = − 40v(0 + ) − 40i(0 + ) = − 40(1) = − 2.7A 1 − 37.3A 2 (2)
dt
from (1) and (2) ⇒ A 1 = −116 . , A 2 = 116 .
. e −2.7 t + 116
So v(t) = v n ( t) = − 116 . e −37.3t

Ex. 9.6-1
For parallel RLC
1 1 1 1
α= = = 50, ω 2o = = = 2500
2RC 2(10)(10 −3 ) LC (0.4)(10 −3 )
∴ s = − 50 ± (50) 2 − 2500 = − 50, − 50
∴ v n ( t) = A 1e −50 t + A 2 te −50 t
t = 0+ + + − v(0+ )
with i(0 ) = 0 & v(0 ) = 8V ⇒ i c = = − .8V
10Ω
dV i (0+ )
∴ = c = − 800 V/s
dt t =0+ c

So v n (0) = 8 = A 1 ⇒ v n ( t ) = 8e −50 t + A 2 te −50 t

dv(0)
= − 800 = − 400 + A 2 ⇒ A 2 = − 400
dt
∴ v n ( t) = 8e −50 t − 400t e −50 t V

205
 1 1
Ex. 9.7-1 α = = = 8000
2 RC 2(62.5)(10 −6 )
1 1
ω 2o = = = 108
LC (.01)(10 −6 )
∴ s = − α ± α 2 − ω 2o = − 8000 ± (8000) 2 −108 = − 8000 ± j 6000
∴ v n ( t) = e −8000 t [A 1 cos 6000 t + A 2 sin 6000t ]

t=0 +
10
KCL at top : .08 + + ic = 0
62.5
⇒ i c (0 + ) = −.24 A
dv(0 + ) i (0 + )
∴ = c = − 2.4 × 10 +5 V / s
dt C
So v n (0) = 10 = A 1
dv n (0)
= − 2.4 ×105 = 6000A 2 − 8000(10) ⇒ A 2 = − 26.7
dt
∴ v n (t) = e −8000 t [10 cos 6000 t − 26.7 sin 6000t ] V

Ex. 9.8-1
(a) v" + 5v' + 6v = 8
Try v f = B & plug into above ⇒ 6B = 8 ∴ v f = 8 / 6 V
(b) v" + 5v' + 6v = 3e −4 t
Try v f = Be −4 t & plug into above
⇒ ( −4) 2 B + 5( −4) B + 6B = 3 ⇒ B = 3 / 2
∴ v f = 3 / 2e −4 t
(c) v" + 5v' + 6v = 2e −2 t
Try v f = Bte −2 t (since − 2 is a natural frequency)
⇒ (4 t − 4) B + 5B(1 − 2 t) + 6Bt = 2 ⇒ B = 2
∴ v f = 2 te −2 t

Ex. 9.8-2

i" + 9i' + 20i = 36 + 12t

Try i f = A + Bt & plug into above
0 + 9B + 20(A + Bt) = 36 + 12t
⇒ 20Bt = 12t , ⇒ B = .6
⇒ 9B + 20A = 36 , ⇒ A = 1.53
∴ i f = 153
. + 0.6t A

206
Ex 9.9-1

When the circuit reaches steady state after t = 0, the capacitor acts like an open circuit and the inductor acts
like a short circuit. Under these conditions

R2
vC ( ∞ ) = 1
R1 + R 2

Next, represent the circuit by a 2nd order differential equation:

vC (t ) d
KCL at the top node of R2 gives: +C vC (t ) = iL (t )
R2 dt
d
KVL around the outside loop gives: vs (t ) = L iL (t ) + R1 iL (t ) + vC (t )
dt
Use the substitution method to get

d  vC (t ) d   v (t ) d 
vs (t ) = L  + C vC (t )  + R1  C + C vC (t )  + vC (t )
dt  R 2 dt   
  R2 dt 
d2  L d  R1 
= LC 2 vC (t ) +  + R1 C  vC (t ) +  1 +  vC (t )
dt   
 R2  dt  R2 

(a) C = 1 F, L = 0.25 H, R1 = R2 = 1.309 Ω

Use the steady state response as the forced response:
R2 1
v f = vC ( ∞ ) = 1=
R1 + R 2 2
The characteristic equation is
 R1 
 1+ 
 1 R1  R2
s2 +  + s +  = s 2 + 6 s + 8 = ( s + 2 )( s + 4 )
 R 2 C L   LC 
   

 
so the natural response is
vn = A1 e −2 t + A2 e −4 t V
The complete response is

207
 1
vc (t ) = + A1 e −2 t + A2 e −4 t V
2

vC (t ) d
iL (t ) = + vC (t ) = −1.236 A1 e −2 t − 3.236 A2 e −4 t + 0.3819
1.309 dt
At t = 0+
0 = vc ( 0 + ) = A1 + A2 + 0.5
0 = iL ( 0 + ) = −1.236 A1 − 3.236 A2 + 0.3819

Solving these equations gives A1 = -1 and A2 = 0.5, so

1 1
vc (t ) = − e −2 t + e −4 t V
2 2
(b) C = 1 F, L = 1 H, R1 = 3 Ω, R2 = 1 Ω
Use the steady state response as the forced response:
R2 1
v f = vC ( ∞ ) = 1=
R1 + R 2 4
The characteristic equation is
 R1 
 1+ 
 1 R1  R2
s2 +  + s+  = s 2 + 4 s + 4 = ( s + 2 )2
 R 2 C L   LC 
   

 
so the natural response is
v f = ( A1 + A2 t ) e −2 t V
The complete response is

+ ( A1 + A2 t ) e −2 t V
1
vc (t ) =
4

iL (t ) = vC (t ) +
d
dt
1
vC (t ) = +
4
(( A 2 )
− A1 ) − A2 t e −2 t
At t = 0+
1
0 = vc ( 0 + ) = A1 +
4
1
0 = iL ( 0 + ) = + A2 − A1
4
Solving these equations gives A1 = -0.25 and A2 = -0.5, so

1  1 1  −2 t
vc (t ) = −  + t e V
4 4 2 
(c) C = 0.125 F, L = 0.5 H, R1 = 1 Ω, R2 = 4 Ω
Use the steady state response as the forced response:

208
 R2 4
v f = vC ( ∞ ) = 1=
R1 + R 2 5
The characteristic equation is
 R1 
 1+ 
 1 R1  R2
s2 +  + s+  = s 2 + 4 s + 20 = ( s + 2 − j 4 )( s + 2 + j 4 )
 R 2 C L   LC 
   

 
so the natural response is
v f = e −2 t ( A1 cos 4 t + A2 sin 4 t ) V
The complete response is
vc (t ) = 0.8 + e −2 t ( A1 cos 4 t + A2 sin 4 t ) V

vC (t ) 1 d A2 −2 t A1
iL (t ) = + vC (t ) = 0.2 + e cos 4 t − e −2 t sin 4 t
4 8 dt 2 2
At t = 0+
0 = vc ( 0 + ) = 0.8 + A1
A2
0 = iL ( 0 + ) = 0.2 +
2
Solving these equations gives A1 = -0.8 and A2 = -0.4, so

vc (t ) = 0.8 − e −2 t ( 0.8cos 4 t + 0.4sin 4 t ) V

Ex 9.9-2

When the circuit reaches steady state after t = 0, the capacitor acts like an open circuit and the inductor acts
like a short circuit. Under these conditions

R2 1 R2
vC ( ∞ ) = 1, iL ( ∞ ) = and vo ( ∞ ) = 1
R1 + R 2 R1 + R 2 R1 + R 2

Next, represent the circuit by a 2nd order differential equation:

209
 d
KVL around the right-hand mesh gives: vC (t ) = L iL (t ) + R 2 iL (t )
dt
vs (t ) − vC (t ) d
KCL at the top node of the capacitor gives: − C vC (t ) = iL (t )
R1 dt
Use the substitution method to get

d  d   d 
vs (t ) = R1 C  L iL (t ) + R 2 iL (t )  +  L iL (t ) + R 2 iL (t )  + R1 iL (t )
dt  dt   dt 
d2
2 L( ) (
i t + L + R1 R 2 C ) iL (t ) + ( R1 + R 2 ) iL (t )
d
= R1 LC
dt dt
iL (t )
Using vo (t ) = gives
R2
R1 d2  L d  R1 + R 2 
vo (t ) = 2 L( ) 
+ R1 C  iL (t ) + 
 R 2  L ( )
LC i t + i t
R2 dt  R2  dt
   

(a) C = 1 F, L = 0.25 H, R1 = R2 = 1.309 Ω

Use the steady state response as the forced response:
R2 1
v f = vo ( ∞ ) = 1=
R1 + R 2 2
The characteristic equation is
 R2 
 1+ 
 1 R2   R1
s2 +  +  s+  = s 2 + 6 s + 8 = ( s + 2 )( s + 4 )
 R1 C L   LC 
   

 
so the natural response is
vn = A1 e −2 t + A2 e −4 t V
The complete response is
1
vo (t ) = + A1 e −2 t + A2 e −4 t V
2
vo (t ) 1 A1 −2 t A2 −4 t
iL (t ) = = + e + e V
1.309 2.618 1.309 1.309

1 d 1
vC (t ) = 1.309 iL (t ) + iL (t ) = + 0.6167 A1 e −2 t + 0.2361 A2 e −4 t
4 dt 2
At t = 0+
1 A1 A2
0 = iL ( 0 + ) = + +
2.618 1.309 1.309
1
0 = vC ( 0 + ) = + 0.6167 A1 + 0.2361 A2
2
Solving these equations gives A1 = -1 and A2 = 0.5, so

210
 1 1
vo (t ) = − e −2 t + e −4 t V
2 2
(b) C = 1 F, L = 1 H, R1 = 1 Ω, R2 = 3 Ω
Use the steady state response as the forced response:
R2 3
v f = vo ( ∞ ) = 1=
R1 + R 2 4
The characteristic equation is
 R2 
 1+ 
 1 R2   R1
s2 +  +  s+  = s 2 + 4 s + 4 = ( s + 2 )2
 R1 C L   LC 
   

 
so the natural response is
v f = ( A1 + A2 t ) e −2 t V
The complete response is

+ ( A1 + A2 t ) e −2 t V
3
vo (t ) =
4

vo (t ) 1  A1 A2  −2 t
iL (t ) = = + + te V
3 4  3 3 

d 3   A1 A2  A2  −2 t
vC (t ) = 3 iL (t ) + iL (t ) = +   + + t e
dt 4  3 3  3 
At t = 0+
A1 1
0 = iL ( 0 + ) = +
3 4
3 A1 A2
0 = vC ( 0 + ) = + +
4 3 3
Solving these equations gives A1 = -0.75 and A2 = -1.5, so

3  3 3  −2 t
vo (t ) = −  + t e V
4 4 2 
(c) C = 0.125 F, L = 0.5 H, R1 = 4 Ω, R2 = 1 Ω
Use the steady state response as the forced response:
R2 1
v f = vo ( ∞ ) = 1=
R1 + R 2 5
The characteristic equation is

211
  R2 
 1+ 
 1 R2   R1
s2 +  + s+  = s 2 + 4 s + 20 = ( s + 2 − j 4 )( s + 2 + j 4 )
 R1 C L   LC 
   

 
so the natural response is
v f = e −2 t ( A1 cos 4 t + A2 sin 4 t ) V
The complete response is

vo (t ) = 0.2 + e −2 t ( A1 cos 4 t + A2 sin 4 t ) V

vo (t )
iL (t ) = = 0.2 + e −2 t ( A1 cos 4 t + A2 sin 4 t ) V
1

1 d
vC (t ) = iL (t ) + iL (t ) = 0.2 + 2 A2 e −2 t cos 4 t − 2 A1 e −2 t sin 4 t
2 dt
At t = 0+
0 = iL ( 0 + ) = 0.2 + A1
0 = vC ( 0 + ) = 0.2 + 2 A2

Solving these equations gives A1 = -0.8 and A2 = -0.4, so

vc (t ) = 0.2 − e −2 t ( 0.2 cos 4 t + 0.1sin 4 t ) V

Ex. 9.10-1
no initial stored energy ⇒ v1 (0 + ) = v 2 (0 + ) = i(0 + ) = 0

t = 0+

di(0+ ) di(0+ )
KVL : − 0 + 3 +0=0 ⇒ =0
10 dt dt
0V dv1 (0+ )
KCL at A : + i1 (0+ )+0 = 0 ⇒ =0
1Ω dt
dv 2 (0+ ) dv 2 (0+ )
KCL at B : − 0 + i 2 (0+ ) − 10 = 0 ⇒ i 2 (0+ ) = 5 6 = 10 ⇒ = 12 V s
dt dt

Continued
t>0

212
 v1 1
KCL at A : + v1 ' + i = 0 (1)
1 12
KCL at B : − i + (5 / 6) v' 2 = 10 12 6
KCL  :− v + 13 / 106i'+ v
1 2 = 0 136
Eliminating i from (1) & (3) yields
1
v1 + v'1 + (5 / 6) v 2 '−10 = 0 (4)
12
3 5 "  156
− v1 +
10 6  
v2 + v2 = 0

1 "
from (5) v1 = v 2 + v2 ∴ v1' = v 2 " + (1 / 4) v 2 "
4
Now plugging into (4) yields
1 " 1 1  5 
v2' +
4
v2 +
12  
v 2 ' + v 2 "' + v 2 ' = 10
4 6
v 2 "' + 12 v 2 " + 44 v 2 ' + 48v 2 = 480

v 2n : s3 +12s2 + 44s + 48 = 0 ⇒ s = − 2, − 4, − 6
∴ v 2n = A 1e −2 t + A 2 e −4 t + A 3e −6 t
v 2f : try v 2f = B and plug into Diff. Eq. ⇒ B = 10
∴ v 2 ( t) = A 1e −2 t + A 2 e −4 t + A 3e −6 t + 10
dv 2 (0 + )
Recall v 2 (0 + ) = 0, = 12 V / s
dt
d 2 v 2 (0 + )
from (5) = 4[ v1 (0 + ) − v 2 (0 + )] = 0
dt 2
v 2 (0 + ) = 0 = A 1 + A 2 + A 3 +10 (6)
+
dv 2 (0 )
= 12 = − 2A 1 − 4A 2 − 6A 3 (7)
dt
d 2 v 2 (0 + )
= 0 = 4A 1 +16A 2 + 36A 3 (8)
dt 2
Solving (6) − (8) simultaneously yields
A 1 = − 15, A 2 = 6, A3 = − 1
∴ v 2 ( t) = − 15e −2 t + 6e −4 t − e −6 t + 10 V

213
Ex. 9.11-1
1 1
s2 + s+ = 0 L = 0.1, C = 0.1
RC LC
10
so have s2 + s +100 = 0
R
a)
R = 0.4Ω ⇒ s2 + 25s +100 = 0
s = − 5, − 20

b)
R = 1Ω ⇒ s2 + 10s +100 = 0
s = − 5 ± j5 3

214