São Paulo (/ˌsaʊ(m) ˈpaʊloʊ/,[7] Portuguese: [sɐ̃w ˈpawlu] ⓘ) is one of the 26 states of

the Federative Republic of Brazil and is named after Saint Paul of Tarsus. It is located in
the Southeast Region and is bordered by the states of Minas Gerais to the north and
northeast, Paraná to the south, Rio de Janeiro to the east, and Mato Grosso do Sul to the
west, in addition to the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast. It is divided into 645 municipalities.
The total area is 248,219.481 square kilometres (95,838.077 square miles), which is
equivalent to 2.9% of Brazil's surface. Its capital is the municipality of São Paulo, which is
Brazil's most populous city.

With more than 44 million inhabitants in 2022,[8] São Paulo is the most populous Brazilian
state (around 22% of the Brazilian population), the world's 28th-most-populous sub-national
entity and the most populous sub-national entity in the Americas,[9] and the fourth-most-
populous political entity of South America, surpassed only by the rest of the Brazilian
federation, Colombia, and Argentina. The local population is one of the most diverse in the
country and descended mostly from the Portuguese who colonized Brazil and installed the
first European settlements in the region, and formed the main root & foundation of Brazilian
society, installed the first European settlements in the region and established the
governmental bodies, courts, educational and cultural institutions, etc; Italians, who began
immigrating to the country in the late 19th century;[10] Indigenous peoples, many
distinct ethnic groups; Africans, who were brought from Africa as enslaved people in
the colonial era and migrants from other regions of the country. In
addition, Arabs, Armenians, Chinese, Germans, Greeks, Japanese, Spanish and American
Southerners[11] also are present in the ethnic composition of the local population.

Today's area corresponds to the state territory inhabited by Indigenous peoples from
approximately 12,000 BC. In the early 16th century, the coast of the region was visited
by Portuguese and Spanish explorers and navigators. In 1532, Martim Afonso de
Sousa would establish the first Portuguese permanent settlement in the Americas[12]—the
village of São Vicente, in the Baixada Santista. In the 17th century, the
paulistas bandeirantes intensified the exploration of the colony's interior, which eventually
expanded the territorial domain of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire in South America,
this would later result in the state being nicknamed the "Bandeirante State".[13] In the 18th
century, after the establishment of the province of São Paulo, the region began to gain
political weight. After independence in 1822, São Paulo began to become a major
agricultural producer (mainly coffee) in the newly constituted Empire of Brazil, which
ultimately created a rich regional rural oligarchy, which would switch on the command of
the Brazilian government with Minas Gerais's elites during the early republican period in the
1890s. Under the Vargas Era, the state was one of the first to initiate a process
of industrialization and its population became one of the most urban of the federation.

São Paulo's economy is very strong and diversified, having the largest
industrial, scientific and technological production in the country—being the largest national
research and development hub and home to the best universities and institutes—, the
world's largest production of orange juice, sugar and ethanol, and the highest GDP among all
Brazilian states, being the only one to exceed the one-trillion-real range. In 2020, São Paulo's
economy accounted for around 31.2% of the total wealth produced in the country—which
made the state known as the "locomotive of Brazil"—and this is reflected in its cities, many
of which are among the richest and most developed in the country. Therefore, if it were a
sovereign country, its nominal GDP would be the 21st largest in the world (2020 estimate).
In addition to the economy, São Paulo is acknowledged as a major Brazilian
tourist destination by national and international tourists due to its natural beauty, historical
and cultural heritage—it has multiple sites inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List—,
inland resorts, climate and great vocation for the
service, business, entertainment, fashion sectors, culture, leisure, health, education, and
many others. It has high social indices compared to those recorded in the rest of the country,
such as the second-highest Human Development Index (HDI), the fourth GRDP per capita,
the second-lowest infant mortality rate, the third-highest life expectancy, the lowest
homicide rate, and the third-lowest rate of illiteracy among the federative units of Brazil.

History

Main article: History of the state of São Paulo

Early period

The region of the current state of São Paulo was already inhabited by Amerindian peoples
since at least approximately 10,000 BCE,[14] as evidenced by studies carried out in ancient
archaeological sites (such as the sites Caetetuba, Bastos, Boa Esperança II and Lagoa do
Camargo) in different parts of the current territory of São Paulo. There are even records (e.g.
- studies at the Rincão I archaeological site) that suggest that ancient human occupation was
already present in São Paulo 17 thousand years ago, during the last glacial maximum.
[15]
There are also several archaeological sites (such as Caetetuba, Alice Boer and Rincão I) in
the central portion of the state that share similar patterns of working rocks into stone points
and plano-convex artifacts similar to each other, so that they are seen as members of the
same ancient ancestral culture, linked to the Rioclarense lithic industry. These ancient
human groups were hunter-gatherers, living as nomads and semi-nomads in the current
territory of São Paulo, living directly from what they could obtain from the local land.[16]

In pre-European times, the area that is now São Paulo state was occupied by the Tupi
people's nation, who subsisted through hunting and cultivation.[17] The first European to
settle in the area was João Ramalho, a Portuguese sailor who may have been shipwrecked
around 1510, ten years after the first Portuguese landfall in Brazil. He married the daughter
of a local chieftain and became a settler. In 1532, the first colonial expedition, led by Martim
Afonso de Sousa of Portugal, landed at São Vicente (near the present-day port at Santos). De
Sousa added Ramalho's settlement to his colony.
 Founding of São Vicente, by Benedito
Calixto

Early European colonization of Brazil was very limited. Portugal was more interested in Africa
and Asia. But with English and French raiding privateer ships just off the coast, the territory
had to be protected. Unwilling to shoulder the naval defense burden himself, the Portuguese
ruler, King Joao III, divided the coast into "captaincies", or swathes of land, 50 leagues apart.
He distributed them among well-connected Portuguese, hoping that each would be self-
reliant. The early port and sugar-cultivating settlement of São Vicente was one rare success
connected to this policy. In 1548, João III brought Brazil under direct royal control.[17]

Fearing Indian attack, he discouraged development of the territory's vast interior. Some
whites headed nonetheless for Piratininga, a plateau near São Vicente, drawn by its
navigable rivers and agricultural potential. Borda do Campo, the plateau settlement, became
an official town (Santo André da Borda do Campo) in 1553. The history of São Paulo city
proper begins with the founding of a Jesuit mission of the Roman Catholic order of clergy on
25 January 1554—the anniversary of Saint Paul's conversion. The station, which is at the
heart of the current city, was named São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga (or just Pateo do
Colégio). In 1560, the threat of Indian attack led many to flee from the exposed Santo André
da Borda do Campo to the walled fortified Colegio. Two years later, the Colégio was
besieged. Though the town survived, fighting took place sporadically for another three
decades.[18]

By 1600, the town had about 1,500 citizens and 150 households. Little was produced for
export, save a number of agricultural goods. The isolation was to continue for many years, as
the development of Brazil centered on the sugar plantations in the north-east.[18]

The city's location, at the mouth of the Tietê-Paranapanema river system (which winds into
the interior), made it an ideal base for another activity—enslaving expeditions. The
economics were simple. Enslaved manpower for Brazil's northern sugar plantations were in
short supply. Enslaved Africans were expensive, so demand for indigenous captives soared.
The task was, nonetheless, hard, if not impossible, to achieve.[11]

Expansion
 António Raposo Tavares, a colonial bandeirante

Among those who attempted to enslave the native were explorers of the hinterland called
"bandeirantes". From their base in São Paulo, they also combed the interior in search of
natural riches. Silver, gold and diamonds were companion pursuits, as well as the
exploration of unknown territories. Roman Catholic missionaries sometimes tagged along, as
efforts at converting the natives' aborigines (Indians) worked hand in hand with Portuguese
colonialism.[11]

Despite their atrocities, the wild and hardy bandeirantes are now equally remembered for
penetrating Brazil's vast interior. Trading posts established by them became permanent
settlements. Interior routes opened up. Though the bandeirantes had no loyalty to
the Portuguese crown, they did claim land for the king. Thus, the borders of Brazil were
pushed forward to the northwest and the Amazon region and west to the Andes Mountains.
[14]

French Emperor Napoleon's invasion of Portugal in 1807 prompted the British with their vast
powerful Royal Navy to evacuate King João VI of Portugal, Portugal's prince regent, from the
capital Lisbon, across the Atlantic to Rio de Janeiro and Brazil then became the first overseas
colony to become the temporary headquarters of the Portuguese Empire. João VI rewarded
his hosts with economic reforms that would prove crucial to São Paulo's rise. Brazil's ports—
long closed to non-Portuguese ships—were opened up to international trade. Restrictions
on domestic manufacturing were waived.

When Napoleon was defeated in 1815, with the end of the Napoleonic Wars, João gave
political shape to his territory, which soon became the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil
and the Algarves. Portugal and Brazil, in other words, were ostensibly co-equals. Returning
to Portugal six years later, João left his son, Pedro, to rule as regent and governor.

Empire of Brazil period

 São Paulo in 1880 during the reign of Emperor Pedro

II. An 1886 map of the São Paulo State

Pedro I of Brazil inherited his father's love of Brazil, resisting demands from Lisbon that Brazil
should be ruled from Europe once again. Legend has it that in 1822 the regent was riding
outside São Paulo when a messenger delivered a missive demanding his return to Europe,
and Dom Pedro waved his sword and shouted "Independência ou morte!" (Independence or
death).

João had whetted the appetite of Brazilians, who now sought a full break from the
monarchy. The ever-restless Paulistas were at the vanguard of the independence movement.
The small mother country of Portugal was in no position to resist—on 7 September 1822,
Dom Pedro rubber-stamped Brazil's independence. He was crowned emperor shortly
afterwards. The emperors ruled an independent Brazil until 1889. Over this time, the growth
of liberalism in Europe had a parallel in Brazil. As the Brazilian provinces became more
assertive, São Paulo was the scene of a minor (and unsuccessful) liberal revolution in 1842.
When independence was declared, the city of São Paulo had just 25,000 people and 4,000
houses, but the next 60 years would see gradual growth. In 1828, the Law School, the
pioneer of the city's intellectual tradition, opened. The first newspaper, O Farol Paulistano,
appeared in 1827. Municipal developments such as botanical gardens, an opera house and
a library, gave the city a cultural boost.

Regardless, São Paulo still faced many hurdles, especially transport. Mule-trains were the
main method of transportation, and the road from the plateau down to the port of Santos
was famously arduous. In the late 1860s São Paulo got its first railway line, developed by
British engineers, to the Port of Santos. Other lines, such as a railway to Campinas, were
soon built. This was good timing, because in the 1880s the coffee craze hit in earnest. Brazil,
which had been growing it since the mid-18th century, could grow more. The Paraíba valley,
which spans the states of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, had suitable soil and climate. São
Paulo city, at the western end of the Paraíba valley, was well positioned to channel the
coffee to the port of Santos.

Republican era

Coffee Stock Exchange, in Santos

Meanwhile, the Brazilian monarchy had fallen in 1889. A feudalistic regime, the new republic
had friends only among the sugar planters of the Northeast, whose dominance Paulistanos,
among others, despised. In 1891, a new federal constitution, which delegated power to the
states, was approved. The new coffee elite saw its chance. São Paulo ironed out a power-
sharing understanding—known as the "café com leite" (coffee-and-milk) deal—with dairy-
rich Minas Gerais, Brazil's other dominant state. Together, they held a virtual lock on federal
power. Brazilian politics now became a favourite pastime of the once-rebellious Paulistanos,
who sent several presidents to Rio de Janeiro—including Prudente de Morais, Brazil's first
civilian president, who took office in 1894.

Plantation labor was needed—this time for coffee, not sugar. Slavery had been fading since
the import of enslaved Africans was outlawed in 1850. São Paulo, thanks to such figures
as Luiz Gama (a former slave), was a center of abolitionism. In 1888, Brazil abolished
slavery (it was the last country in the Americas to do so) and the freed African-Brazilians who
had been helping build the nation were then forced to beg for their jobs back, working for
food and shelter only because of the failure of the system to integrate them as equal citizens
with Euro-Brazilians. In an effort to "bleach the race", as the nation's leaders feared Brazil
was becoming a "black country", Spanish, Portuguese and Italian nationals were given
incentives to become farm workers in São Paulo. The state government was so eager to
bring in European immigrants that it paid for their trips and provided varying levels of
subsidy.

By 1893, foreigners made up over 55 percent of São Paulo's population. Fearing oversupply,
the government applied the brakes briefly in 1899; then the boom resumed. From 1908,
the Japanese arrived in great numbers, many destined for the plantations on fixed-term
contracts. By 1920, São Paulo was Brazil's second-largest city; a half-century before, it had
been just the tenth-largest. Immigration and migration of Paulistas from other towns as
citizens from other states of Brazil, the coffee industry, and modernization through the
manufacturing of textiles, car and airplane parts, as well as food and technological
industries, construction, fashion, and services transformed the greater São Paulo area into a
thriving megalopolis and one of the world's greatest multiethnic regions.

Early 20th century

Italian immigrants arriving in São Paulo.

Between 1901 and 1910, coffee made up 51 percent of Brazil's total exports, far
overshadowing rubber, sugar and cotton. But reliance on coffee made Brazil (and São Paulo
in particular) vulnerable to poor harvests and the whims of world markets. The development
of plantations in the 1890s, and widespread reliance on credit, took place against fluctuating
prices and supply levels, culminating in saturation of the international market around the
start of the 20th century. The government's policies of "valorisation"—borrowing money to
buy coffee and stockpiling it, in order to have a surplus during bad harvests, and meanwhile
taxing coffee exports to pay off loans—seemed feasible in the short term (as did its
manipulation of foreign-exchange rates to the advantage of coffee growers). But in the
longer term, these actions contributed to oversupply and eventual collapse.

São Paulo's industrial development, from 1889 into the 1940s, was gradual and inward
looking. Initially, industry was closely associated with agriculture: cotton plantations led to
the growth of textile manufacturing. Coffee planters were among the early industrial
investors.

The Immigrant magazine, 1908

Propaganda poster of Japanese immigration to Brazil

The boom in immigration provided a market for goods, and sectors such as food processing
grew. Traditional immigrant families such as the Matarazzo, Diniz, Mofarrej
and Maluf became industrialists, entrepreneurs, and leading politicians.

Restrictions on imports forced by world wars and government policies of "import

substitution" and trade tariffs, all contributed to industrial growth. By 1945, São Paulo had
become the largest industrial center in South America. World War I sent ripples through
Brazil. Inflation was rampant. Some 50,000 workers went on strike.

The growing of the urban population grew increasingly resentful of the coffee elite.
Disaffected intellectuals expressed their views during a memorable "Week of Modern Art" in
1922. Two years later, a garrison of soldiers staged a revolt (eventually quashed by
government troops).

The stand-off was also political: politics had been long monopolised by the Paulista
Republican Party, but in 1926 a more left-leaning party rose in opposition. In 1928, the PRP
amended São Paulo's state constitution to give it more control over the city. The turbulence
was mirrored on Brazil's national scene. With the Great Depression, coffee prices plunged, as
did real GDP. Americans, keen investors during the 1920s, backed away.

The opening of the first highway between São Paulo and Rio in 1928 was one of the few
bright spots. Into the breach stepped Getúlio Vargas, a southerner veteran in state politics.
In Brazil's 1930 presidential elections, he opposed Júlio Prestes, a favorite son of São Paulo.
Vargas lost the election, but with backing from Minas Gerais state—São Paulo's former ally
and neighbor to the north—he seized power regardless.

Constitutionalist Revolution

Main article: Constitutionalist Revolution

 Poster MMDC calling the Paulistas to arms during
the Constitutionalist Revolution, in 1932. "You have a duty to fulfill; consult your

conscience!" A Schneider-Canet 150mm cannon used during

the Paulista War.

The Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932 or Paulista War is the name given to the uprising of
the population of the Brazilian state of São Paulo against the federal government of Vargas.
Its main goal was to press the provisional government headed by Getúlio Vargas to enact a
new Constitution, since it had revoked the previous one, adopted in 1889. However, as the
movement developed and resentment against President Vargas grew deeper, it came to
advocate the overthrow of the Federal Government and the secession of São Paulo from the
Brazilian federation. But, it is noted that the separatist scenario was used as guerrilla tactics
by the Federal Government to turn the population of the rest of the country against the
state of São Paulo, broadcasting the alleged separatist notion throughout the country. There
is no evidence that the movement's commanders sought separatism.

The uprising started on 9 July 1932, after five protesting students were killed by government
troops on 23 May 1932. On the wake of their deaths, a movement called MMDC (from the
initials of the names of each of the four students killed, Martins, Miragaia, Dráusio and
Camargo) started. A fifth victim, Alvarenga, was also shot that night, but died months later.

Revolutionary troops entrenched in the battlefield. In a few months, the state of São Paulo
rebelled against the federal government. Counting on the solidarity of three other powerful
states, (Rio Grande do Sul, Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro), the politicians of São Paulo
expected a quick war. However, that solidarity was never translated into actual support, and
the São Paulo civil war was won by the Federation on 2 October 1932.

In spite of its military defeat, some of the movement's main demands were finally granted
by Vargas afterwards: the appointment of a non-military state Governor, the election of a
Constituent Assembly and, finally, the enactment of a new Constitution in 1934. However
that Constitution was short lived, as in 1937, amidst growing extremism on the left and right
wings of the political spectrum, Vargas closed the National Congress and enacted another
Constitution, which established an authoritarian regime called Estado Novo.

Late 20th century

Altino Arantes Building in São Paulo, opened in 1947.

Vargas's rule was a study in political turbulence. Elected in 1934, he ruled by dictatorship
(albeit a popular one, thanks to his health and social-welfare programmes) from 1937 to
1945—a period dubbed the "Estado Novo". Thrown out by a coup in 1945, he ran for office
again in 1950, and was overwhelmingly elected. On the verge of being overthrown from
office again, he committed suicide in 1954. Vargas's main legacy was the centralization of
power.

The encouragement of industry and diversification of agriculture, not to mention the

abolition of subsidies on coffee, finally did away with the dominance of the coffee
oligarchies. His replacement, Juscelino Kubitschek, focused on heavy industry. Kubitschek
built car factories, steel plants, hydro-power infrastructure and roads. Petrobras, Brazil's oil
monolith, was set up in 1953. By 1958, São Paulo state controlled some 55 percent of Brazil's
industrial production, up from 17 percent in 1907. Another of Kubitschek's pet projects was
the creation of Brasília, which became Brazil's capital in 1960—the year Kubitschek stepped
down. The University of São Paulo was founded in 1934; two years after São Paulo's failed
uprising. It has established itself as the most prestigious higher learning institution in the
country.

With a transitional government from military to civil and a new currency that made stagnant
the economy during the mid- to late 1980s, unemployment and crime became rampant. São
Paulo, by now the world's third-largest city after Mexico City and Tokyo, was hard-hit.
Wealthy Brazilians retreated to suburban highly secured housing complexes such
as Alphaville, and favelas, pockets of substandard living slums that lined the periphery, had a
tremendous growth. For the first time in history, Brazil experienced large segments of its
population immigrating to continents such as North America, Europe, Australia, and East
Asia, particularly to Japan.[citation needed]

Geography

Satellite image showing the state territory

Tiete River in the dam between the towns of Barra

Bonita and Igaraçu do Tietê. Pedra da Macela in Cunha

São Paulo is one of 27 states of Brazil, located southwest of the Southeast Region. The state
area is 248,222.362 km2 (95,839.190 sq mi), most of the north of the Tropic of Capricorn,
and the 12th unit of the Brazilian federation in area and the second in the Southeast region,
behind only Minas Gerais. The state has a relatively high relief, having 85 percent of its
surface between three hundred and nine hundred meters above sea level, 8 percent below
three hundred meters and 7 percent over nine hundred meters.[19]

The distance between its north and south end points is 611 km (380 mi), and 923 km
(574 mi) between the east–west extremes. The state time zone follows the Brasilia time,
which is three hours behind Greenwich Mean Time. It is bordered by the states of Minas
Gerais to the north and northeast, Paraná to the south, Rio de Janeiro to the east, Mato
Grosso do Sul to the west, and the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast.[20]
The coastline consists of plains below 300 metres (980 ft), that border the Serra do Mar.
Located in the Serra da Mantiqueira, Mine Stone, with 2,798 metres (9,180 ft) above sea
level, is the highest point the state territory and the fifth in the country.[21]

São Paulo has its territory divided into 21 watersheds,[22] inserted in three river
basin districts, the largest of which is the Paraná, which covers much of the state territory.
Noteworthy is the Rio Grande, which born in Minas Gerais and join with the Paranaiba
River to form the Parana River, which separates São Paulo from Mato Grosso do Sul.[23]

Two major tributaries of the left bank of the Paraná River are the Paranapanema River,
which is 930 km (580 mi) long and a natural divider between São Paulo and Paraná in most
of its course,[24] and the Tiete River, which has a length of 1,136 km (706 mi) and runs
through the state territory from southeast to northwest, from its source in Salesópolis, to its
mouth in the city of Itapura.[25]

Climate

Köppen climate types of São Paulo

The state territory covers seven distinct climatic types, taking into account the temperature
and rainfall. In the mountain areas of the state, there are subtropical climate (Cfa in Köppen
climate classification), in areas of high altitude such as the Serra do Mar and the Serra da
Mantiqueira, having humid, hot summers and average temperatures below 18 °C (64 °F) in
the month cooler year; and oceanic (Cfb and Cwb) with regular and well distributed
throughout the year and warmer summers rains.[26]

On the coast, the climate is super-humid tropical type, very similar to the
prevailing equatorial climate in the Amazon (Af), with rainfall exceeding sixty monthly
millimeters in every month of the year, without the existence of a dry season. The tropical
climate of altitude (Cwa), predominant in the state territory, specifically in the center of the
state, is characterized by a summer rainy season and a dry season in winter, with
temperatures above 22 °C (72 °F) in the hottest month of the year. In other areas, there
is tropical savanna climate (Aw) with rainfall less than 60 millimetres (2.4 in) in one or more
months of the year and warmer, with average temperatures above 18 °C (64 °F) during the
year. There are also small areas with characteristics of monsoons (Am).[26]
 Snow at São Paulo state (Apiaí city) July 1975

The occurrence of snow is very rare, but has been recorded in Campos do Jordão and there
are also reports that the phenomenon has occurred in several parts of the south of the
state, except for the Ribeira Valley.[27] The frosts are common, especially in higher areas with
altitude of 800 metres (2,600 ft).[28]

Environment

Tree-cover loss year in São Paulo, 2001-2024,

from the Global Forest Change dataset.

São Paulo's territory is located, for the most part, in the Atlantic Forest biome, whose initial
formation covered just over two thirds of São Paulo's territory and today is only spread out
in several fragments, with 32.6% of the original coverage remaining today, most of it on the
slopes of Serra do Mar. In the cerrado biome, typical of areas in the center-west of São
Paulo, this number is even lower, at just 3%. On the coast there are small areas of dunes,
with plant species adapted to heat and salinity, in addition to restingas and mangroves, the
latter at the mouths of rivers. As it is located at the junction of the tropical and temperate
zones of the planet, São Paulo has its fauna and flora made up of species from both tropical
and subtropical regions, some of which are endemic.[29]

In 2020, only 22.9% of São Paulo's territory, or 5,670,532 hectares (ha), were covered by
native vegetation, both untouched and in the regeneration stage.[29] That same year, São
Paulo had 102 state conservation units and thirteen more federal ones, among areas
of environmental protection and relevant ecological interest, ecological stations, national
and state forests and parks, wildlife refuges, extractive and sustainable development
reserves and also private natural heritage reserves (RPPN).[30]

Conservation units in the state of São Paulo

The Santo Isidro Waterfall (in São José do Barreiro) in the Serra da Bocaina National Park, the
only national park in the state of São Paulo

Núcleo Picinguaba, part of the Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, which contains the largest
continuous area of Atlantic Forest preserved in Brazil

State Natural Monument of Pedra do Baú, part of Serra da Mantiqueira, in São Bento do
Sapucaí

Morro do Diabo State Park, the largest remnant of Atlantic Forest in the west of São Paulo, in
the municipality of Teodoro Sampaio[31]
Araucaria forest, with the Milky Way in the background, in the Campos do Jordão State Park,
created in 1941

Demographics

Population density in
the municipalities of São Paulo in 2002.

See also: Race and ethnicity in Brazil and Immigration to Brazil

According to the IBGE estimates for 2022, there were 44,411,238 people residing in the
state.[8] The population density was 177.4 inhabitants per square kilometre (459/sq mi).

Historical population

Year Pop. ±%

1872 837,354 —

1890 1,384,753 +65.4%

1900 2,282,279 +64.8%

1920 4,592,188 +101.2%

1940 7,180,316 +56.4%

1950 9,134,423 +27.2%

1960 12,974,699 +42.0%

 1970 17,958,693 +38.4%

1980 25,375,199 +41.3%

1991 31,546,473 +24.3%

2000 36,969,476 +17.2%

2010 41,262,199 +11.6%

2022 44,411,238 +7.6%

Source:[3]

Racial groups of São Paulo (2022 census)[32]

1. White (57.8%)

2. Multiracial (33.0%)

3. African (7.99%)

4. East Asian (1.16%)

5. Indigenous (0.11%)

The 2022 census revealed the following numbers: 25,661,895 White people (57.8%),
14,636,695 Brown (Multiracial) people (33%), 3,546,562 Black people (8%),
513,066 Asian people (1.2%), and 50,528 Amerindian people (0.1%).[33][34]

People of Italian descent predominate in many towns, including the capital city, where 48
percent of the population has at least one Italian ancestor. The Italians mostly came
from Veneto and Campania.[35] There are 32 million descendants of Italians in Brazil, half of
whom live in the state of São Paulo. Estimates point to 16 million descendants of Italians in
São Paulo, around 35% of the state.

Portuguese and Spanish descendants predominate in most towns. Most of the Portuguese
immigrants and settlers came from the Entre-Douro-e-Minho Province in northern Portugal,
the Spanish immigrants mostly came from Galicia and Andalusia.[36]
 Liberdade district is a Little Tokyo of São Paulo city.

People of African or Mixed background are relatively numerous. São Paulo is also home to
the largest Asian population in Brazil, as well to the largest Japanese community outside
Japan itself.[37]

There are many people of Levantine descent, mostly Syrian and Lebanese.[38] The majority
of Brazilian Jews live in the state, especially in the capital city but there are also communities
in Greater São Paulo, Santos, Guarujá, Campinas, Valinhos, Vinhedo, São José dos
Campos, Ribeirão Preto, Sorocaba and Itu.

People of more than 70 different nationalities emigrated to Brazil in the past centuries, most
of them through the Port of Santos in Santos, São Paulo. Although many of them spread to
other areas of Brazil, São Paulo can be considered a true melting-pot. People
of German, Hungarian, Lithuanian, Russian, Chinese, Korean, Polish, American, Bolivian, Gre
ek and French background, as well as dozens of other immigrant groups, form sizable groups
in the state.[39]

Thousands of Southern refugees from the American Civil War, called Confederados,
emigrated to Brazil, with many settling in São Paulo.[11][39]

According to an autosomal DNA genetic study from 2006, European genes account for 79%
of the heritage of the people of São Paulo state, 14% are of African origin, and 7% Native
American.[40] A genetic study, from 2013, showed the overall composition of São Paulo to be:
61.9% European, 25.5% African and 11.6% Native American, respectively.[41]

The city of São Paulo, the homonymous state capital, is ranked as the world's 12th largest
city and its metropolitan area, with 20 million inhabitants,[9] is the 9th largest in the
world and first in the Americas. Regions near the city of São Paulo are also metropolitan
areas, such as Campinas, Santos, Sorocaba and São José dos Campos. The total population of
these areas coupled with the state capital—the so-called "Expanded Metropolitan Complex
of São Paulo"—exceeds 30 million inhabitants, i.e. approximately 75 percent of the
population of São Paulo statewide, the first macro-metropolis in the southern hemisphere,
joining 65 municipalities that together are home to 12 percent of the Brazilian population.

Metropolitan areas and urban agglomerations

See also: São Paulo macrometropolis and Rio de Janeiro–São Paulo megalopolis

The Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (RMSP), also known as Greater São Paulo, was
established by federal complementary law nº 14 of 1973 and is made up of 39 municipalities
in São Paulo, some of them in conurbations with a core city, São Paulo, forming a large
continuous urban spot. It is the most populous metropolitan region in Brazil and one of the
largest in the world, with an estimated population of approximately 21 million inhabitants in
2022, almost half of the state's population.[42] It is in the RMSP that the municipalities with
the highest population density in the state of São Paulo are found: Taboão da Serra (13.416
inhabitants/km2), Diadema (12.795 inhabitants/km2), Osasco (11.445 inhab./km2),
Carapicuíba (11.205 inhab./km2), São Caetano do Sul (10.805 inhab./km2), and São Paulo
(7.527 inhab./km2).[43]

Largest urban concentrations in São Paulo (state)

(2022 census by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics)[44]

Rank Pop. Rank

1 São Paulo 20,673,280 11 Franca

2 Campinas 2,093,118 12 Bauru

3 Baixada Santista 1,672,991 13 Presidente Prudente

4 São José dos Campos 1,589,875 14 Caraguatatuba–Ubatuba–São

5 Sorocaba 945,097 15 Limeira

6 Ribeirão Preto 861 177 16 Itu–Salto

7 Jundiaí 843,633 17 Araraquara

8 São José do Rio Preto 660,744 18 São Carlos

9 Americana–Santa Bárbara d'Oeste 482,606 19 Mogi Guaçu–Mogi Mirim

10 Piracicaba 478,347 20 Indaiatuba

Religion
 The Basilica of Our Lady of Aparecida is the second
largest Catholic church in the world in interior area after the St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican
City.

Religion in São Paulo (2010)[45][46]

1. Catholic Church (60.1%)

2. Protestantism (24.1%)

3. Spiritism (3.29%)

4. Other religions (4.43%)

5. Irreligious (8.14%)

Main article: Religion in Brazil

According to the 2010 demographic census, of the total population of the state, there were
24 781 288 Roman Catholics (60.06%), 9 937 853 Protestants or evangelicals (24.08%), 1 356
193 spiritists (3.29%), 444 968 Jehovah's Witnesses (1.08%), 153 564 Buddhists (0.37%), 141
553 Umbanda and Candomblecists (0.34%), 81 810 Brazilian Catholic Apostolic
Church (0.20%), 70 856 new Eastern religious (0.17%), 65 556 Mormons (0.16%), 51 050,
Jewish (0.12%), 31 618 Orthodox Christians (0.08%), 20 375 spiritualists (0.05%), Esoteric 17
827 (0.04%), 14 778 Islamic (0.04%), 4,591 belonging to indigenous traditions (0.01%) and
1,822 Hindus (0.00%). There were still 3 357 682 people without religion (8.14%), 214 332
with indeterminate religion or multiple membership (0.52%), 50 153 did not know (0.12%)
and 18 038 did not declare (0.04%).[45][46]

Crime

São Paulo, as well as other states of Brazil, has two types of police forces to carry out public
safety in their territory, the Military Police of São Paulo State (PMESP), the largest police in
Brazil and the third largest in Latin America, with 138,000 soldiers,[47] and the Civil Police of
the State of São Paulo, which exercises judicial police function and is subordinate to the
state government.[48]

According to data from the "Map of Violence 2011", published by the Sangari Institute and
the Ministry of Justice, the homicide rate per 100,000 inhabitants in the state of São Paulo is
the lowest in Brazil. The number of homicides in São Paulo fell from 39.7 to 10.1 per 100,000
inhabitants between 1998 and 2014. The state, which occupied the 5th place among the
most violent states in the country in 1998, then came to occupy the 27th position in 2016.[49]

In 2019, according to data from the Public Security Secretariat, the state reached a rate of
6.27 homicides per 100 thousand inhabitants, a special reduction compared to the number
recorded in 1999, which was 35.27 homicides per 100 thousand inhabitants. The state's
current homicide rate is below what is considered bearable by the World Health
Organization, which is below homicides per 100,000 inhabitants (2023).[50] Other crime rates
also fell during the period studied, such as rape, which saw a large reduction.[51]

According to the 2022 Brazilian Security Yearbook, São Paulo has the lowest rate of violent
deaths recorded in the country,[52] having 7 of the 10 least violent cities in Brazil.[53]

Health

Hospital Albert Einstein, considered the best hospital

in Latin America and one of the top in the world

The state of São Paulo is the country's main health hub, while its capital, the city of São
Paulo, has established itself as the Latin American health capital, being the one that receives
the most foreigners in search of medical treatments and diagnoses. The city receives
patients from all over the world. The first healthcare institution outside the US to
receive Joint Commission International (JCI) accreditation was the Albert Einstein hospital.[54]

According to a survey carried out by IBGE in 2013, 71.8% of the population of São Paulo
evaluates their health as good or very good — placing the State among those with the
highest proportions of people who declared a positive self-rated health; the national average
was 66.1%.[55] In 2008, 72.7% of the population reported having regular medical
appointments; 45.2% of the inhabitants consult the dentist regularly and 6.5% of the
population was admitted to a hospital bed in the last twelve months. 33.7% of the
inhabitants reported having a chronic illness and only 40.1% had health insurance. Another
significant fact is the fact that 28.9% of the inhabitants declare that they always need the
Family Health Unit Program — PUSF.[56]

Regarding female health, 49.7% of women over 40 years of age had a clinical breast exam in
the last twelve months; 64.9% of women between 50 and 69 years old had
a mammography in the last two years; and 84.4% of women aged 25 to 59 had a cervical
cancer screening in the last three years.[56] More recent data from 2012 shows that the birth
rate in the state of São Paulo was 14.71 per thousand inhabitants and the mortality rate was
13.17 per thousand live births, one of the lowest in the country.[57]

Education and science

The Sirius particle accelerator building of Laboratório

Nacional de Luz Síncrotron in Campinas, the only particle accelerator of this size in Latin

America and the second in the world Aerial view

of University of São Paulo in São Paulo, one of the world's renowned university centers

Admission ceremony of Polytechnic School of the

University of São Paulo. Teaching laboratory

of Universidade Federal do ABC in Santo André.

Covered by a significant number of renowned educational institutions and centers of

excellence, São Paulo is the largest research and development hub in Brazil, responsible for
52% of Brazilian scientific production and 0.7% of world production in the period between
1998 and 2002. Its capital is one of the world's main high-impact science centers.
[58]
The illiteracy rate indicated by the last IBGE demographic census in 2022 was 2.2%, the
3rd lowest in the country, alongside Santa Catarina.[59] The functional illiteracy rate was
13.2% in 2010.[60] With 15.027 primary schools, 12.539 pre-school units, 5.639 secondary
schools and more than 578 universities,[61] the state's education network is the largest in the
country.[62]

The HDI education factor in the state in 2005 reached the mark of 0.921 - a very high level,
in accordance with the standards of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP).[63]

Among the many higher education institutions, the University of São Paulo (USP) stands out,
classified as the best in Latin America and frequently cited among the best universities in the
world, reaching 22nd position in 2021;[63][64] the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), the
largest producer of research patents in Brazil; the São Paulo State University (UNESP), the
485th best university on the planet and the 16th best in Latin America.[63][65] The three
universities, all maintained by the São Paulo government, are maintained by around 10%
state revenue from the Tax on Circulation of Goods and Services (ICMS) and by funds from
public institutions that promote research, with emphasis on the Fundação de Amparo to
Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) and the National Council for Scientific and
Technological Development (formerly the National Research Council, whose acronym, CNPq,
was maintained).[66]

Among those maintained by the federal government, the Federal University of São
Carlos (UFSCar), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), the Federal University of
ABC (UFABC) and the Technological Institute of Aeronautics (ITA), the latter a center
reference in engineering education. The state also has private universities of great national
and international reputation, such as the Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo (PUC-SP),
the Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, the Escola Superior de Propaganda e
Marketing (ESPM), the Armando Alvares Penteado Foundation (FAAP ) and the Education
and Research Institute (INSPER).[67]

In addition to many universities, in the field of science and technology, São Paulo has
important research institutes, including: Institute for Technological Research (IPT), Institute
for Energy and Nuclear Research (IPEN), Butantan Institute, Biological Institute, Pasteur
Institute, the Institute of Medicine Tropical (IMTSP), Forestry Institute, National Institute for
Space Research (INPE), National Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNS) and Agronomic Institute
of Campinas (IAC).[67]

Educational institutions

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information. Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of
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and reduce the readability and neatness of our articles. In addition,
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 Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN) (Nuclear and Energy Research

Institute, Public);

 Instituto Tecnológico da Aeronáutica (ITA) (Air Force Technological Institute, Public);

 Universidade de São Paulo (USP) (University of São Paulo, Public);

 Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp) (Federal University of São Paulo, Public);

 Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) (São Paulo State University, Public);

 Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp) (University of Campinas, Public);

 Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar) (Federal University of São Carlos,

Public);

 Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo (IFSP) (São Paulo
Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology, Public);

 Instituto Mauá de Tecnologia (Mauá) (Mauá Institute of Technology, Private);

 Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC-SP) (Pontifical Catholic University

of São Paulo, Private);

 Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie (Mackenzie) (Mackenzie Presbyterian

University, Private);

 Universidade de Sorocaba (UNISO) (University of Sorocaba, Private)

 Fundação Getúlio Vargas (FGV) (Getúlio Vargas Foundation, Private);

 Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (Pontifical Catholic University of

Campinas, Private);

 Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC) (Federal University of ABC, Public);

 Faculdade de Medicina de Marília (FAMEMA) (Marília Faculty of Medicine, Public);

 Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP) (São José do Rio Preto
Faculty of Medicine, Public);

 Universidade Metodista de São Paulo (UMESP) (Methodist University of São Paulo,

Private);

 Faculdade de Teologia Metodista Livre (FTML) (Free Methodist College, Private);

 Faculdade de Tecnologia do Estado de São Paulo (FATEC) (São Paulo State

Technological College, Public);
  Universidade de Ribeirão Preto (UNAERP) (Ribeirão Preto, Private);

 Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR) (Marília, Private);

 Universidade Paulista (UNIP) (Private)

Government and politics

See also: Governor of São Paulo and Legislative Assembly of São Paulo

Palácio dos Bandeirantes, the seat of state government

Legislative Assembly of São Paulo

The Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB) held the governorship and the speakership of
the state' Legislative Assembly from 1994 to 2022, when governor Rodrigo Garcia, lost the
election to Tarcisio de Freitas (Republicanos). Local politicians of note (with party affiliations)
include: former President of Brazil (1994–2002) Fernando Henrique Cardoso (PSDB), former
president (2002–2010) Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT), José Serra (PSDB), Geraldo
Alckmin (PSB), Mário Covas (PSDB), Antonio Palocci (PT), Eduardo Suplicy (PT), Aloizio
Mercadante (PT), Marta Suplicy (MDB), Gilberto Kassab (PSD), and Paulo Maluf (PP).[68]

Three of last four Brazilian presidents, Fernando Henrique Cardoso (PSDB), Luiz Inácio Lula
da Silva (PT) and Michel Temer (MDB) were politicians from São Paulo, although Cardoso
was actually born in the state of Rio de Janeiro and Lula in Pernambuco. Cardoso and Lula
respectively live in the cities of São Paulo and São Bernardo do Campo. The former
president Jair Bolsonaro (PL) was born in small town of Glicério, in the state northwest, but
built his political career in the state of Rio de Janeiro.[68]

Economy

Main article: Economy of the state of São Paulo

 São Paulo City, an alpha global city, is the
largest financial center in Latin America and the Southern Hemisphere, and one of the
largest in the world[68][69]

In 2009 the service sector was the largest component of GDP at 69%, followed by the
industrial sector at 31%. Agriculture represents 2% of GDP. The state produces 34% of
Brazilian goods and services. São Paulo (state)
exports: vehicles 17%, airplanes and helicopters 12%, food industry 10%, sugar and alcohol
fuel 8%, orange juice 5%, telecommunications 4% (2002).[69]

São Paulo state is responsible for approximately a third of Brazilian GDP.[70] The state's GDP
(PPP) amounts US$1.221 trillion, making it the biggest economy in Latin America and in
the Southern Hemisphere.[71] Its economy is based on machinery, the automobile and
aviation industries, services, financial companies, commerce, textiles, orange growing, sugar
cane and coffee bean production.

São Paulo, one of the largest economic poles in both Latin and South America, has a
diversified economy. Some of the largest industries are metal-mechanics, sugar cane, textile
and car and aviation manufacturing. Service and financial sectors, as well as the cultivation
of oranges, cane sugar and coffee form the basis of an economy which accounts for 34% of
Brazil's GDP (equivalent to US$727.053 billion).[72]

The towns of Campinas, Ribeirão Preto, Bauru, São José do Rio

Preto, Piracicaba, Jaú, Marilia, Botucatu, Assis, and Ourinhos are important university,
engineering, agricultural, zoo-technique, technology, or health sciences centers. The
Instituto Butantan in São Paulo is a herpetology serpentary science center that
collects snakes and other poisonous animals, as it produces venom antidotes. The Instituto
Pasteur produces medical vaccines. The state is also at the vanguard
of ethanol production, soybeans, aircraft construction in São José dos Campos, and its rivers
have been important in generating electricity through its hydroelectric plants.

Moreover, São Paulo is one of the world's most important sources of beans, rice, oranges
and other fruit, coffee, sugar cane, alcohol, flowers and vegetables, maize, cattle, swine,
milk, cheese, wine, and oil producers. Textile and manufacturing centers such as Rua José
Paulino and 25 de Março in São Paulo city is a magnet for retail shopping and shipping that
attracts customers from the whole country and as far as Cape Verde and Angola in Africa.

Primary sector
Harvesters in a field of sugar cane in Piracicaba

Orange in Avaré. São Paulo is the world's largest orange producer

Corn in Avaré

Coffee in Gália

In agriculture, it is a giant producer of sugar cane and oranges, and also has large production
of coffee, soy, maize, bananas, peanuts, lemons, persimmons, tangerines, cassavas, carrots,
potatoes and strawberries.[72]

In 2019, São Paulo produced 425,617,093 tons of sugar cane.[72] São Paulo production is
equivalent to 56.5% of the Brazilian production of 752,895,389 tons, exceeds the production
of India (2nd largest world producer of cane) in 2019 (which was 405,416,180 tons) and was
equivalent to 21.85% of the world cane production in the same year (1,949,310,108 tons).[73]
[74][75][76]

In 2019, São Paulo produced 13,256,246 tons of oranges.[77] São Paulo production is
equivalent to 78% of Brazilian production of 17,073,593 tons, exceeds the production of
China (2nd largest orange producer in the world) of 2019 (which was 10,435,719 tons) and
was equivalent to 16.84% of world production of orange in the same year (78,699,604 tons).
Most of it is destined for the industrialization and export of juice.[73]

In 2017, São Paulo represented 9.8% of the total national production of coffee (third place).
[74][78]

The state of São Paulo concentrates more than 90% of the national production of peanuts,
and Brazil exports around 30% of the peanuts it produces.[79]

São Paulo is also the largest national producer of banana, with 1 million tons in 2018. The
country produced 6.7 million tons this year. Brazil was already the 2nd largest producer of
the fruit in the world, currently in 3rd place, losing only to India and Ecuador.[80][81]

The cultivation of soy, on the other hand, is increasing, however, it is not among the largest
national producers of this grain. In the 2018–2019 harvest, São Paulo harvested 3 million
tons (Brazil produced 120 million).[82]

São Paulo also has a considerable production of maize (corn). In 2019, it produced almost 2
million tons. It is the sixth largest producer of this grain in Brazil. State demand is estimated
at 9 million tons, for animal feed, which requires the State of São Paulo to buy corn from
other units of the Federation.[83]

In the production of cassava, Brazil produced a total of 17.6 million tons in 2018. São Paulo
was the third largest producer in the country, with 1.1 million tons.[84]

In 2018, São Paulo was the largest producer of tangerines in Brazil. About persimmons, São
Paulo is the largest producer in the country with 58%. The Southeast is the largest producer
of lemons in the country, with 86% of the total obtained in 2018. Only the state of São Paulo
produces 79% of the total.[85][86][87]

In 2019, in Brazil, there was a total production area of around 4 thousand hectares of
strawberries. São Paulo ranked second in Brazil with 800 hectares, with production
concentrated in the municipalities of Piedade, Campinas, Jundiaí, Atibaia and nearby
municipalities.[88]

With regard to carrots, Brazil ranked fifth in the world ranking in 2016, with an annual
production of around 760 thousand tons. In relation to the exports of this product, Brazil
occupies the seventh world position. Minas Gerais and São Paulo are the 2 largest producers
in Brazil. In São Paulo, the producing municipalities are Piedade, Ibiúna and Mogi das Cruzes.
As for potatoes, the main national producer is the state of Minas Gerais, with 32% of the
total produced in the country. In 2017, Minas Gerais harvested around 1.3 million tons of
the product. São Paulo owns 24% of the production.[89][90][91][92]

Regarding the bovine herd, in 2019 São Paulo had approximately 10.3 million head of cattle
(6.1 million for beef, 1 million for milk production, 3 million for both). The production of milk
this year was 1.78 billion liters. The number of birds to lay eggs was 56.49 million heads.
Production of eggs was 1.34 billion dozen. The State of São Paulo is the largest national
producer with 29.4%. In the production of poultry for production in São Paulo, there was a
production of 690.96 million heads in 2019, equivalent to an offer of 1.57 million tons
of chicken. The number of pigs in the state in 2019 is 929.62 thousand heads. Production
was 1.46 million head, or 126 thousand tons of pork.[93]

In 2018, when it comes to chickens, the first ranking region was the Southeast, with 38.9% of
the total head of the country. A total of 246.9 million chickens were estimated for 2018. The
state of São Paulo was responsible for 21.9%. The national production of chicken eggs was
4.4 billion dozen in 2018. The Southeast region was responsible for 43.8% of the total
produced. The state of São Paulo was the largest national producer (25.6%). The number
of quail was 16.8 million birds. The Southeast is responsible for 64%, highlighting São Paulo
(24.6%).[94]

Secondary sector

REPLAN, the largest oil refinery in Brazil, in Paulínia

Toyota factory in São Bernardo do Campo

PPG Industries in Sumaré

P&G factory in Louveira

Regarding industry, São Paulo had an industrial GDP of R $378.7 billion in 2017, equivalent
to 31.6% of the national industry and employed 2,859,258 workers in the industry. The main
industrial sectors are: construction (18.7%), food (12.7%), chemical products (8.4%),
industrial services for public services, such as electricity and water (7.9%), and motor
vehicles (7.0%). These 5 sectors concentrate 54.7% of the state's industry.[95]

In 2019, Rio de Janeiro was the largest producer of oil and natural gas in Brazil, with 71% of
the total volume produced. São Paulo is in second place, with an 11.5% share in total
production.[96]

In Brazil, the automotive sector represents about 22% of industrial GDP. ABC Paulista is the
first center and largest automobile center in Brazil. When the country's manufacturing was
practically restricted to ABC, the State represented 74.8% of Brazilian production in 1990. In
2017, this index decreased to 46.6%, and in 2019, to 40.1%, due to a phenomenon of
internalization of vehicle production in Brazil, driven by factors such as unions, which made
payroll and labor burdens excessively burdensome, discouraged investment, and favored the
search for new cities. The development of ABC cities has also helped curb the appeal, due to
rising real estate costs and a higher density of residential areas. São Paulo has factories
of GM, Volkswagen, Ford, Honda, Toyota, Hyundai, Mercedes-Benz, Scania and Caoa.[97][98]

In the production of tractors, in 2017, the main manufacturers in Brazil were John
Deere, New Holland, Massey Ferguson, Valtra, Case IH and the Brazilian Agrale. They all have
factories in the southeast, basically in São Paulo.[99]

In the steel industry, Brazilian crude steel production was 32.2 million tons in 2019. Minas
Gerais represented 32.3% of the volume produced in the period, with 10,408 million tons.
The other largest steel centers in Brazil in 2019 were: Rio de Janeiro (8,531 million tons),
Espírito Santo (6,478 million tons) and São Paulo (2,272 million tons). Some steel
manufacturers in São Paulo are COSIPA (owned by Usiminas), Aços Villares and Gerdau,
which has factories in Mogi das Cruzes and Pindamonhangaba, which produce special steel,
and Araçariguama, which produces long steel for civil construction.[100]

In 2011, Brazil had the sixth largest chemical industry in the world, with net sales of US$157
billion, or 3.1% of world sales. At that time, there were 973 chemical factories for industrial
use. They are concentrated in the Southeast Region, mainly in São Paulo. The chemical
industry contributed 2.7% to the Brazilian GDP in 2012 and was established as the fourth
largest sector in the manufacturing industry. Despite registering one of the largest sales in
the sector in the world, the Brazilian chemical industry, in 2012 and 2013, experienced a
strong transfer of production abroad, with a drop in national industrial production and an
increase in imports. A third of consumption in the country was supplied by imports. 448
products stopped being manufactured in Brazil between 1990 and 2012. This led to the
interruption of 1,710 production lines. In 1990, the share of imported products in Brazilian
consumption was only 7%, in 2012 it was 30%. The main companies in the sector in Brazil
are: Braskem, BASF, Bayer, among others. In 2018, the Brazilian chemical sector was the
eighth largest in the world, representing 10% of national industrial GDP and 2.5% of total
GDP. In 2020, imports will occupy 43% of the internal demand for chemical products. Since
2008, the average use of capacity in the Brazilian chemical industry has been at a level
considered low, ranging from 70 to 83%.[101][102][36]

Headquarters of Mercedes-Benz Brazil in São Bernardo do Campo

Embraer E-190, jet developed by company Embraer, in São José dos Campos
Instituto Butantan in São Paulo City

EMS headquarters in Hortolândia

In Food Industry, in 2019, Brazil was the second largest exporter of processed foods in the
world, with a value of U $34.1 billion in exports. The income of the Brazilian food and
beverage industry in 2019 was R $699.9 billion, 9.7% of the country's Gross Domestic
Product. In 2015, the food and beverage industry in Brazil comprised 34,800 companies (not
including bakeries), the vast majority of which were small. These companies employed more
than 1,600,000 workers, making the food and beverage industry the largest employer in the
manufacturing industry. There are around 570 large companies in Brazil, which concentrate
a good part of the total industry income. São Paulo created companies such
as: Yoki, Vigor, Minerva Foods, Bauducco, Santa Helena, Marilan, Ceratti, Fugini, Chocolates
Pan, Embaré, among others.[103][104][105]

In the Pharmaceutical Industry, most companies in Brazil have been established in São Paulo
and Rio de Janeiro for a long time. In 2019, the situation was that, due to the tax advantages
offered in states like Pernambuco, Goiás and Minas Gerais, companies left RJ and SP and
went to these states. In 2017, Brazil was considered the sixth largest pharmaceutical market
in the world. Drug sales in pharmacies reached around R $57 billion (US$17.79 billion) in the
country. The pharmaceutical market in Brazil had 241 regularized and authorized
laboratories for the sale of medicines. Of these, the majority (60%) have national capital.
Multinational companies had approximately 52.44% of the market, with 34.75% in
commercialized packaging. Brazilian laboratories represent 47.56% of the market in sales
and 65.25% in boxes sold. In the distribution of medicine sales by state, São Paulo ranked
first: São Paulo's pharmaceutical industry had a turnover of R $53.3 billion, 76.8% of total
sales across the country. The companies that benefited the most from the sale of medicines
in the country in 2015
were EMS, Hypermarcas (NeoQuímica), Sanofi (Medley), Novartis, Aché, Eurofarma, Takeda,
Bayer, Pfizer and GSK.[106][107][108]
In the footwear industry, in 2019 Brazil produced 972 million pairs. Exports were around
10%, reaching almost 125 million pairs. Brazil ranks fourth among world producers, behind
China, India and Vietnam, and 11th among the largest exporters. Of the pairs produced, 49%
were made of plastic or rubber, 28.8% were made of synthetic laminate, and only 17.7%
were made of leather. The largest polo in Brazil is located in Rio Grande do Sul, but São Paulo
has important shoe centers, such as the one in the city of Franca, specialized in men's
footwear, in the city of Jaú, specialized in women's footwear and in the city of Birigui,
specialized in children's footwear. Jaú, Franca and Birigui represent 92% of footwear
production in the state of São Paulo. Birigui has 350 companies, which generate around 13
thousand jobs, producing 45.9 million pairs per year. 52% of children's shoes in the country
are produced in this city. From Birigui came the majority of the most famous children's shoe
factories in the country. Jaú has 150 factories that produce around 130 thousand pairs of
cheap women's shoes per day. The footwear sector in Franca has around 550 companies and
employs around 20,000 employees. Most of the country's most famous men's shoe factories
come from São Paulo. Overall, however, the Brazilian industry has been struggling to
compete with Chinese footwear, which has an unbeatable price due to the difference in tax
collection from one country to another, in addition to the absence of strong Brazilian labor
taxes in China. Brazilian businessmen have had to invest in value-added products, combining
quality and design, in order to survive.[109][110][111][112][113]

In the textile industry, Brazil, despite being among the 5 largest producers in the world in
2013, and being representative in the consumption of textiles and clothing, has very little
insertion in world trade. In 2015, Brazilian imports ranked 25th (US$5.5 billion). And in
exports, it was only 40th in the world ranking. Brazil's share of world textile and clothing
trade is only 0.3%, due to the difficulty of competing in price with producers from India and
mainly from China. The gross value of production, which includes the consumption of
intermediate goods and services, of the Brazilian textile industry corresponded to almost R
$40 billion in 2015, 1.6% of the gross value of industrial production in Brazil. São Paulo
(37.4%) is the largest producer. The main productive areas of São Paulo are the Metropolitan
Region of São Paulo and Campinas.[114]

In Electronics industry, the billing of industries in Brazil reached R $153.0 billion in 2019,
about 3% of national GDP. The number of employees in the sector was 234.5 thousand
people. Exports were $5.6 billion, and the country's imports were $32.0 billion. Brazil,
despite decades-long efforts to rid itself of dependence on technology imports, has yet to
reach this level. Imports are concentrated on expensive components such as processors,
microcontrollers, memories, magnetic disks, lasers, LEDs and LCDs mounted below. The
cables for telecommunications and electricity distribution, cables, optical fibers and
connectors are manufactured in the country. Brazil has two large centers for the production
of electronic products, located in the Metropolitan Region of Campinas, in the State of São
Paulo, and in the Free Trade Zone of Manaus, in the State of Amazonas. There are large,
internationally renowned technology companies as well as part of the industries that
participate in its supply chain. The country also has other smaller centers, such as the
municipalities of São José dos Campos and São Carlos, in the state of São Paulo. In Campinas
there are industrial units of groups such as General Electric, Samsung, HP and Foxconn, a
manufacturer of Apple and Dell products. São José dos Campos, focuses on the aviation
industry. This is where the headquarters of Embraer is located, a Brazilian company that is
the third largest aircraft manufacturer in the world, after Boeing and Airbus. In the
production of cell phones and other electronic products, Samsung produces in
Campinas; LG produces in Taubaté; Flextronics, which produces Motorola cell phones,
produces in Jaguariúna; and Semp-TCL produces in Cajamar.[115][116][117] In the household
appliances industry, sales were 12.9 million units in 2017. The sector had its peak in sales in
2012, with 18.9 million units. The brands that sold the most were Brastemp, Electrolux,
Consul and Philips. Brastemp is originally from São Bernardo do Campo. São Paulo was also
the place where Metalfrio was founded.[118]

Several famous multinationals have factories in São Paulo, such as Coca-

Cola, Nestlé, PepsiCo, Ambev, Procter & Gamble and Unilever.[118]

Tertiary sector

The São Paulo Stock Exchange (Bovespa)

The tertiary sector is the largest and most relevant sector of São Paulo's economy: in 2011,
the share of services represented 70.46% of the total value added to the economy of the
entire state.

According to the Map of Companies, from the Ministry of Development, Industry, Trade and
Services (MDIC), there were 5,994,192 companies in the state (2023),[119] and 17,047,181
workers worked for all these companies, with a general average salary of more than 3
minimum wages.[120]

In São Paulo, in 2023, there were 5,193 agencies (financial institutions), which yielded
2,464,955,652,102 thousand reais in credit operations, 130,091,336,437 thousand reais in
government demand deposits, 325,739,438,658 thousand reais in savings,
1,029,348,681,505 thousand reais in time deposits and 1,472,186,852 thousand reais in
obligations to receive.[121]

Tourism

See also: Tourism in the city of São Paulo and Tourism in Brazil
From top to bottom, and left to right: in the São Paulo City: Ibirapuera Park with the São
Paulo Obelisk on the left; Avenida Paulista; MASP, and the Altino Arantes Building;
rest: Serra do Mar in Ubatuba, UNESCO World Heritage Site; Waterfall in the city of Águas de
Santa Barbara; Araucária with the nucleus of the Milky Way in the background in Campos do
Jordão; Center and Moinho Povos Unidos in Holambra; Historic Center of São Luiz do
Paraitinga; city gate of Campos do Jordão; rafting in Brotas; ballooning in Boituva; Caverna
do Diabo, in the Alto Ribeira Tourist State Park, considered a World Heritage Site by
UNESCO; Ilha das Couves; Araçá Dunes in Ilha Comprida (another World Heritage Site),
and Praia do Bonete

Tourism in the state of São Paulo is a large sector that serves millions of national and
international tourists, representing 10% of its GDP,[122] and stands out for being the main and
most developed tourist hub in the country,[123][124] its capital, São Paulo, is often the Brazilian
city most sought after by national and foreign tourists,[125][126] one of the ten most visited
destinations in Latin America and the Caribbean[127] and one of the 50 most visited cities on
the planet, according to a Mastercard study.[128] The state — the largest sending and
receiving market (47 million)[129] of tourists in the country — has multiple sites inscribed on
the UNESCO World Heritage List and features cities or places of high cultural interest, offers
various historical sites and attractions, monuments, museums and theaters, architecture,
leisure, events, entertainment, business, natural beauty, diverse climate, rich culture and
gastronomy, coastline with several beaches and caiçara culture, interior with numerous
parks, canyons, abundance of water, rivers, waterfalls, swimming pools and natural
reserves, thermal waters, ecotourism and tourist resorts, as well as rural and mountainous
regions (where astrotourism is famous, and it is possible to see the Milky Way) that many
appreciate for their beauty and tranquility, with typical caipira cuisine and culture, the which
attracts visitors from different parts of the world.

Historical records about São Paulo's tourism date back to the 17th century, in the well-
known travel reports about the territory of Brazil, which were made by explorers and
travelers who examined new lands. However, the first known work written specifically about
the São Paulo Province is "The trip to São Paulo in the summer of 1813" ("A viagem de São
Paulo do verão de 1813"), by Gustavo Beyer; there, the author noted that "the Captaincy of
São Paulo was considered a paradise in Brazil because of its altitude, its healthy and fresh air
and its hospitable inhabitants". After this publication, many others of the genre appeared,
such as the watercolor "The Navel of São Paulo" (1827), by Jean-Baptiste Debret, and works
and/or reports by Augustin Saint-Hilaire (1819), Hércules Florence (1826) and Daniel
Kidder (1837). During the 19th century, the movement of people within the national
territory grew with the advent of new means of transport, mainly rail, and it was in the 20th
century that São Paulo emerged as the main entry point for people in Brazil from different
parts of the world due to its large supply of work, hotels, transport, leisure, entertainment
and culture, as well as cities with a high quality of life, which was reflected (and still is
reflected in the 21st century) in the large numbers of tourists. The capital was the scene of
many of the country's main historical events. In the state, there are numerous cities,
monuments and buildings listed by CONDEPHAAT, CONPRESP and IPHAN due to their
importance as state and national historical heritage, as well as sites considered World
Heritage and natural areas declared Biosphere Reserves of the Planet by UNESCO.[130]

São Paulo has three tourism hubs: the capital, the coast and the interior. Known worldwide
as the economic, financial and cultural center of Latin America and the "city that never
sleeps", São Paulo city offers diverse tourism options, from business (which provides the city
with around 45 thousand events per year, being the most visited city in the country)[125]
[126]
and shopping tourism to leisure tourism in Ibirapuera Park, for example, and ecotourism
in waterfalls and conservation units considered World Heritage in Brazil. The south of the
capital provides agroecology and sustainable tourism at the Ecotourism Hub of the
Municipality of São Paulo. It also contains numerous museums that are among the best in
the world, notably the São Paulo Museum of Art (MASP),[131] and several restaurants that are
also among the best,[132] being one of the ten main gastronomic destinations on the planet
(2022)[133] and recognized as the "World Capital of Gastronomy". Furthermore, cultural
tourism and events are highly sought after in famous theaters and cultural spaces, such as
the Theatro Municipal, Pinacoteca, Memorial da América Latina, São Paulo Art Biennial,
and São Paulo Fashion Week. Regarding historical and architectural tourism, the highlights
include the Historic Center, Pátio do Colégio, Municipal Market, Luz Station, and iconic
buildings and monuments in the country's history, such as Altino
Arantes, Copan, Itália, Martinelli, Mirante do Vale, Hotel Unique, Conjunto Nacional, Octávio
Frias de Oliveira Bridge, Catedral da Sé, Obelisk of São Paulo, Marco Zero, and Monumento
do Ipiranga. In terms of sports, there are events at the Interlagos Circuit and
the Morumbi, Neo Química Arena, and Pacaembu stadiums. LGBT tourism is also known in
the capital, with the São Paulo LGBT Pride Parade being the largest in the world.[134] São
Paulo also has the largest Brazilian hotel chain.[135]

In the interior of the state, there are also the most varied programs. It is known for its tourist
resorts, municipalities that receive financial subsidies from the state government with the
aim of promoting and encouraging tourism activities. These resorts are divided into four
groups: tourist (32), spas (15), climate (12) and hydromineral (11). The interior is sought
after for its climate — in cities such as Campos do Jordão, in winter, the city emerges as the
main tourist reference state, with the Winter Festival and several other attractions in an
environment where the temperature can drop down below 0 (zero) degrees (Celsius);
[136]
Atibaia, Bragança Paulista, Santo Antônio do Pinhal, and São Bento do Sapucaí —, and
also for offering diverse options for ecotourism, trails, adventure tourism and caving, mainly
due to the fact that the state is home to 30% of the entire country's Atlantic Forest,[137] with
emphasis on the Alto Ribeira Tourist State Park (PETAR), Serra do Mar State Park and
Southeast Atlantic Forest Reserves (World Heritage Site).[138][139]

The interior also attracts tourists due to its parks with natural thermal waters
and therapeutic properties in Águas de Lindóia, Águas de Santa Bárbara, Águas de São
Pedro, Barretos, Ibirá, Lins and Olímpia (these cities are some of those considered
"hydromineral resorts"),[140] and amusement parks, including Hopi Hari, a major theme park
in Brazil, in the Metropolitan Region of Campinas; Hot Beach and Thermas dos Laranjais, the
most visited water park in Latin America and the fifth in the world (both located in Olímpia);
[141]
Wet'n Wild, and Thermas Water Park. Hydrotourism in the Circuito das Águas (Water
Circuit, regions where hydromineral resorts are located) is very popular, as well
as enotourism in São Roque and São Miguel Arcanjo.[142][143] Cities such as Piracicaba, Boituva,
Sorocaba and Rio Claro are world famous for ballooning.[144]

Rural destinations are among the most sought after by travelers visiting the state. With more
than 1,200 registered rural properties and 10 gastronomic routes mapped across the state,
São Paulo has become one of the main tourist destinations in the world.[145] Furthermore,
rural tourism and caipira culture, folklore and typical festivals are also part of the attractions
of the interior, as well as historical buildings from the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries.[146]
[147]
Religious tourism is another sector that attracts people from different parts of the world,
with the Basilica of Our Lady of Aparecida (Aparecida, the most important city for religious
tourism in Brazil[148]) and the Temple of Solomon (São Paulo) being widely visited.[149]

The coastline of São Paulo state along the South Atlantic Ocean is the 5th longest in the
country and, along its 622 km, has beaches and leisure options in the most diverse styles,
being a national precursor of mass sun and beach tourism, with cities such as
Guarujá, Ilhabela, Praia Grande, Santos, Ubatuba being some of the most desired in the
country. Among the paradisiacal and most visited beaches in the state and which are often
listed among the most beautiful and/or best in Brazil and the world (with Blue Flag
certification),[150] there are: Praia do Tombo, Praia Almada, Brava, Praia do Bonete,
Calhetas, Camburi, Castelhanos, Cedro, Guaratuba, Enseada, Fazenda, Mococa, Pernambuco,
Picinguaba, Barra do Sahy, Barra do Una, Juqueí, Ilha das Couves[151] and Riviera de São
Lourenço.[152] Historical tourism is also very popular both on the coast and in the rest of the
state due to its historical importance for the country, especially in Cananeia (considered one
of the largest marine life nurseries on the planet),
[153]
Itanhaém, Iguape, Paranapiacaba, Santana de Parnaíba, São Luiz do Paraitinga, São
Vicente (the first village in Brazil), and Santos.[146][147] On Ilha Comprida, declared a Biosphere
Reserve by UNESCO, it is possible to find both natural reserves and dunes, the last in the
state, in the Ilha Comprida Environmental Protection Area.[154]

Historic sites

One of the most culturally and historically rich states in the country, São Paulo has several
monuments and buildings listed by Condephaat and IPHAN.[155]

Sertanista House, Casa do Sítio da Ressaca, Casa do Sítio Tatuapé, Sítio Morrinhos, Solar da
Marquesa de Santos. Engenho dos Erasmos, Butantã's House.

Infrastructure

Transport

The state of São Paulo has the most modern large-scale infrastructure in the country, being
the only one equivalent to developed countries and the only one that, consequently, is
capable of providing industrial diversity. Its road system is the largest among the federative
units in Brazil. In November 2021, the state had, between federal, municipal and state
highways, a network of 199,975 km (176,675 km municipal, 22,219 km state and 1,075 km
federal) with 34,753 km paved, and of these, 6,346 km are double lane highways (2 lanes or
more of traffic in each direction).[156] With 654 km, the Rodovia Raposo Tavares (SP-270) is
the longest highway in the state and connects the capital, where it begins in Butantã, to the
west of São Paulo, extending to the border with Mato Grosso do Sul in Presidente Epitácio.
[157]

São Paulo's highways are considered the most modern and, compared to other Brazilian
highways, the best in the country in terms of general state of conservation. The
administration of some of them was transferred to the private sector from the end of the
1990s, within a broader privatization program. The winning companies in the bidding
process were forced to make a series of investments and meet quality targets, but, despite
the improvement in accident statistics,[158] the charging of a toll considered high by Brazilian
standards provokes criticism of the privatization model.[159]

Airports

See also: São Paulo § Airports, and Transport in São Paulo § Airports
Every day nearly 100,000 people pass through São Paulo-Guarulhos International
Airport (IATA: GRU, ICAO: SBGR), which connects Brazil to 28 countries. There are 370
companies established there, generating 53,000 jobs. The original airport's two terminals
are designed to handle 20.5 million passengers a year, but the recently opened third
terminal expanded the capacity for 42 million users.[160]

São Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport – the

largest airport in the country and one of the busiest in the world

São Paulo International Airport is also one of the main air cargo hubs in Brazil. The roughly
100 cargo flights a day carry everything from fruits grown in the São Francisco Valley to
medications. The airport's cargo terminal is South America's largest and stands behind only
Mexico City's in all of Latin America. In 2013, over 343 thousand metric tons of freight
passed through the container terminal.[161]

São Paulo–Congonhas Airport or just Congonhas Airport (IATA: CGH, ICAO: SBSP) is one of
São Paulo's three commercial airports, situated 8 kilometres (5 miles) from the city
downtown at Washington Luís Avenue, in the Campo Belo district. It is owned by the City of
São Paulo and managed by Infraero. In 2013, it was the busiest airport in Brazil in terms of
aircraft movements and the second busiest in terms of passengers, handling 209,555 aircraft
movements and 17,119,530 passengers.[162]

Viracopos International Airport in Campinas

Located 14 kilometers from downtown Campinas and 99 kilometers from the city of São
Paulo, Viracopos-Campinas International Airport (IATA: VCP, ICAO: SBKP) can be reached by
three highways: Santos Dumont, Bandeirantes and Anhanguera. The city of Campinas is one
of Brazil's leaders in technology. Besides excellent highway connections, it is the location of
major universities and many high-tech companies. Because of this, the airport is one of
Infraero's highest investment priorities. The old "landing field" as it was called has become
one of the main connection points in Latin America.
The air cargo import/export terminal of Campinas has an area of over 81,000 square meters.
The airport began to concentrate in the international air cargo sector in the 1990s and today
this is the airports leading source of revenue. Since 1995, Infraero has been investing to
implement the first phase of the airport's master plan, making major improvements to the
cargo and passenger terminals. The first phase was completed in the first half of 2004, when
the airport received new departure and arrival lounges, public areas and commercial
concessions. In 2012, the airport received a new terminal, it has since been privatized.

Railways

São Paulo Metro (subway) urban transit system, one of the

best and cleanest metro systems in the world

In rail transport, the state has more than 5,000 km (3,100 mi) of railways, which comes from
the banks of the Parana River on the border of São Paulo and Mato Grosso do Sul, to the
Port of Santos, on the Atlantic coast, for the carriage of goods. The first of such urban
transit systems in Brazil and South America, it began operations in 1974. It consists of four
color-coded lines: Line 1-Blue, Line 2-Green, Line 3-Red and Line 5-Lilac; Line 4-Yellow
started to work in May 2010, and will be completed only in 2016.[163]

The metro system carries 2.8 million passengers a day. Metro itself is far from covering the
entire urban area in the city of São Paulo. Another company, Companhia Paulista de Trens
Metropolitanos (CPTM), ["São Paulo Metropolitan Train Company"] works along with the
metro system and runs additional commuter railways converted into light rail service lines,
which total six lines (numbers 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12), 261 km long, serving 89 stations. Metro
and CPTM are integrated through various stations. Metro and CPTM both operate as state-
owned companies, and have received awards in the recent past as one of the cleanest
systems in the world by ISO9001. The São Paulo metro transports three million people by
day. A regional rail network is also proposed.

Highways

Main article: Highway system of São Paulo

 Rodovia dos Imigrantes (SP-160), considered one of
the best highways in the country, crossing the Serra do Mar.

The highway system of São Paulo is the largest state system of the Brazilian Highway System,
surpassing the 199,975 km (124,259 mi). It is an interconnected network, divided into three
levels: municipal (176,675 km (109,781 mi)); state (22,219 km (13,806 mi)); and federal
(1,075 km (668 mi)). More than 90% of São Paulo population is about 5 km (3.1 mi) from a
paved road.[164][new archival link needed][165]

In November 2021, the State of São Paulo had, between federal, municipal and state
highways, a network of 199,975 km (124,259 mi) with 34,753 km (21,595 mi) paved, and of
these, 6,346 km (3,943 mi) are duplicated highways (2 lanes or more of traffic in each
direction). São Paulo's highways are considered the most modern in the country and the
state is the only one in Brazil which has a duplicated network with density at the level of a
developed country, even with a better network than that of several European countries.[165]
[166][167][168][169]

The State of São Paulo has more dual carriageways than any country in Latin America with
the exception of Mexico, and, according to a survey by the Confederação Nacional do
Transporte (National Transport Confederation), the road system of the state is the best in
Brazil, with 59.4% of its roads classified as "excellent".[170] The survey also found that of the
10 best Brazilian highways, nine are in São Paulo.[170]

The São Paulo highway system, however, is heavily criticized for the high cost imposed on its
users. The state of São Paulo concentrates more than half of the toll roads in Brazil and a
new toll plaza is created every 40 days average. According to a report of the Folha de
[Link], the cost of tolls to travel the coastal path of 4,500 km (2,800 mi) of the federal
highway BR-101, which connect Rio Grande do Norte to Rio Grande do Sul, is cheaper than
to go through the 313 km (194 mi) of highways separating the municipalities of São Paulo
and Ribeirão Preto.[171] The prices charged by private concessionaires who run the system are
frequent targets of complaints from drivers.[172]

Ports
 Port of Santos, the busiest in Brazil and one of the
fifty largest ports in the world.

In maritime transport, the state of São Paulo has two major ports: the Port of Santos,
located in municipality of Santos and occupies the 39th position in the world by
containerized cargo; and the Port of São Sebastião, located in São Sebastião (San Sebastian)
municipality.[173]

Water

See also: Water management in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo

Sports

Morumbi Stadium.

Brazilian Grand Prix in Interlagos.

Football is the most popular sport in the state. The biggest clubs from the state
are Palmeiras, São Paulo, Santos, Corinthians, Ponte Preta, Guarani, Portuguesa, XV de
Piracicaba. Other sports like Basketball and Volleyball are also quite popular. Most of the
main athletes and sportsmen in the history of Brazil come from São Paulo, such as: Ayrton
Senna, César Cielo, Oscar Schmidt, Hortência Marcari, Éder Jofre, Robert Scheidt, Emerson
Fittipaldi, Aurélio Miguel, Rogério Sampaio, Alex Barros, Gustavo Borges, Ricardo
Prado, Adhemar da Silva, João Carlos de Oliveira, Maurren Maggi, Fabiana Murer, Thiago
Braz, Alison dos Santos, Arthur Zanetti, Rebeca Andrade, Rubens Barrichello, Felipe
Massa and many others.[174][175][176][177] The state has some of the strongest sports clubs and
associations in the country, such as Pinheiros in multiple sports (swimming, athletics,
volleyball, judo etc.)[178] Unisanta in swimming,[179] Osasco in volleyball,[180] Franca in
basketball, between others.[181]

São Paulo hosted the opening game in the 2014 FIFA World Cup, that took place in Brazil.[182]

Corrida de São Silvestre

The São Silvestre Race takes place every New Year's Eve in São Paulo. It was first held in
1925, when the competitors ran about 8,000 metres across the streets. Since then, the
distance raced has varied, and it is now fixed at 15 km. Registration takes place from 1
October, with the maximum number of entrants limited to 15,000. In 1989, The São Silvestre
Race became two races, the masculine and the feminine competition. There is also a
children's race called São Silvestrinha.[183]

Brazilian Grand Prix

The Brazilian Grand Prix (Portuguese: Grande Prêmio do Brasil) is a Formula

One championship race which occurs at the Autódromo José Carlos Pace in Interlagos. In
2006 the Grand Prix was the final round of the FIA Formula 1 World Championship. The
Spanish driver Fernando Alonso won the 2006 drivers championship at this circuit by coming
second in the race. The race was won by the young Brazilian driver Felipe Massa, driving for
the Scuderia Ferrari team.[184]

See also

 List of municipalities in São Paulo by HDI

 List of municipalities in São Paulo

 List of people from São Paulo

 List of São Paulo state symbols

 History of the state of São Paulo

 History of the city of São Paulo

 Interior of São Paulo

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External links

São Paulo (state)at Wikipedia's sister projects

 Definitions from Wiktionary

 Media from Commons

 Quotations from Wikiquote

 Texts from Wikisource

 Textbooks from Wikibooks

 Resources from Wikiversity

 Travel information from Wikivoyage