Chapter 1-efficiency of turbo machines

1.​ Air flows through an air turbine where its stagnation pressure is decreased in the
ratio 5:1. The total-to-total efficiency is 0.8 and the air flow rate is 5 kg/s. If the
total power output is 400 kW, find:​
(a) the inlet total temperature, To1​
(b) the actual exit total temperature, To2​
(c) the actual exit static temperature, T2 if the exit flow velocity is 100 ms-1​
(d) the total-to-static efficiency η𝑡−𝑠 of the device.
2.​ An axial-flow compressor stages air from an inlet total state of 𝑃𝑡1 = 100𝑘𝑃𝑎 and
𝑇𝑡1 = 290𝐾 to a delivery total pressure of 𝑃𝑡2 = 400𝑘𝑃𝑎. The actual total
temperature measured at the compressor exit is 𝑇𝑡2 = 445𝐾. The inlet and exit
kinetic energies are equal.

Assuming air behaves as an ideal gas, determine:

a.​ The total-to-total efficiency of the compressor.

b.​ The static-to-static efficiency if the inlet and exit velocities are both
V=120m/s
3.​ A single-stage uncooled gas turbine operates with an inlet total state of
𝑃𝑡3 = 500𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 𝑇𝑡3 = 1100𝐾. The gas expands through the stage to an exit
total pressure of 𝑃𝑡4 = 150𝑘𝑃𝑎. The actual total temperature leaving the turbine
stage is 𝑇𝑡4 = 830𝐾​. The gas velocity exiting the turbine is 𝑉4 = 280𝑚/𝑠

Assume hot combustion gas properties apply γ = 1. 33 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑝 = 1. 15 𝐾𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾.

Determine:

a.​ The total-to-total efficiency of the turbine stage.

b.​ The total-to-static efficiency of the turbine stage.
Chapter 2- impulse & reaction turbine
1.​ In a single stage steam turbine, the velocity of steam leaving a nozzle is 925 m/s
and the nozzle angle is 20°. The blade speed is 250 m/s. The mass flow through
the turbine nozzles and blading is 0.182 kg/s and the blade velocity coefficient is
0.7. Calculate the following:​
1. Velocity of whirl at inlet and outlet​
2. Tangential force on blades.​
3. Axial force on blades.​
4. Work done on blades.​
5. Efficiency of blading.​
6. Inlet angle of blades for shockless inflow of steam.​
Assume that the inlet and outlet blade angles are equal i.e. blades are
symmetrical.

2.​ The steam expands isentropically in a simple impulse turbine from 12 bar, 250oC
with an enthalpy of 2935 kJ/kg to an enthalpy of 2584 kJ/kg at 0.1 bar. The
nozzle makes 20°; with blade motion and the blades are symmetrical. Calculate
the blade velocity that produces maximum efficiency for a turbine speed of 3600
rpm. Assume that the steam enters the nozzle with negligible velocity.

3.​ The nozzles of a two-row velocity compounded impulse turbine, have outlet
angle of 22° and utilize an isentropic enthalpy drop of 220 kJ/kg of steam. All
moving and guide blades are symmetrical and mean blade velocity is 150 m/s.
Assume an isentropic efficiency of for the nozzle as 90%. Calculate the specific
power output produced by each kg of steam. The velocity at the inlet to nozzle
and frictional effects in all blades can be neglected.

4.​ The following particulars relate to a two-row velocity compounded impulse wheel
Steam velocity at nozzle outlet = 650 m/s, Mean blade velocity = 125 m/s, The
nozzle outlet angle = 160; Outlet angle of first row of moving blades = 180; Outlet
angle of fixed guide blades = 220; Outlet angle of second moving blades = 36°;
Steam flow rate = 2.5 kg/s​
The ratio of relative velocity at the outlet to that at the inlet is 0.84 for all blades.​
Determine the following:​
(a) Axial thrust on blades,​
(b) The power developed, and​
(c) The efficiency of the wheel.

5.​ From the following data for a two-row velocity compounded impulse turbine,
determine (a) the power developed (b) the blade efficiency, (c) total axial thrust
developed.​
Blade speed: 115 m/s​
 Velocity of steam exiting the nozzle: 590 m/s​
Nozzle efflux angle:180​
Outlet angle from first moving blades: 20o​
Blade velocity coefficient all blades: 0.9

6.​ A single-stage impulse turbine has a blade speed of 150 m/s, and the steam
velocity at the nozzle exit is 600 m/s with a nozzle angle of 18°. The steam
leaves the blades axially. Calculate the blade efficiency.
Chapter 3- Brayton Cycle
1)​ The ideal air-standard Brayton cycle operates with air (y or k =1.4) entering the
compressor at 95 kPa, 22 °C. The pressure ratio r, is 6:1 and the air leaves the
heat addition process at 1100 K. Determine the compressor work and the turbine
work per unit mass flow, the cycle efficiency, the back work ratio, and compare
the compressor exit temperature to the turbine exit temperature. Assume
constant properties.

2)​ Consider a regenerative gas turbine cycle where component inefficiencies are
introduced.

a)​ Air enters the compressor at 300 K and 100 kPa.

b)​ The pressure ratio across the cycle is 6.

c)​ The maximum cycle temperature is 1200 K.

d)​ The isentropic efficiency of the compressor is nc = 0.85, and the isentropic
efficiency of the turbine is nt = 0.88.

e)​ The regenerator effectiveness is ε = 0.75.​

Calculate:​
The actual compressor and turbine exit temperatures and the thermal
efficiency of the cycle.

3)​ An ideal turbojet engine operates with an inlet ambient condition of P₁ = 50 kPa
and T₁ = 250 K. The flight velocity is such that the ram effect is negligible. The
compressor pressure ratio is 12:1, and the maximum cycle temperature (turbine
inlet) is 1400 K.

Assuming an ideal cycle with constant specific heats (Cp = 1.005kJ/kgK and γ =
1.4), determine:

a.​ The temperature and pressure at the exit of the compressor (T₂, P₂).

b.​ The temperature at the turbine exit (T₄).

c.​ The velocity of the exhaust gases leaving the nozzle (V₅), assuming an
isentropic expansion to ambient pressure (P₅ = P₁).

4)​ Consider a real turbojet engine operating at an altitude where ambient conditions
are P₁ = 30 kPa and T₁ = 230 K.

●​ Air enters the compressor at a rate of 50 kg/s.

●​ Compressor pressure ratio rp = 10.

●​ Isentropic efficiency of the compressor η𝑐= 85%.

●​ Isentropic efficiency of the turbine η𝑡 = 90%.

●​ Turbine inlet temperature (T₃) = 1200 K.

Calculate the required turbine exit pressure (P₄) to successfully drive the
compressor.

5)​ A gas turbine engine operates on an ideal regenerative Brayton cycle with a
pressure ratio of 8. The compressor inlet conditions are P₁ = 100 kPa and T₁ =
300 K. The maximum cycle temperature at the turbine inlet is T₃ = 1300 K. The
regenerator has an effectiveness of 80% (ε = 0.80).

Assuming an ideal air-standard cycle with constant specific heats

𝐶𝑝 = 1. 005 𝐽/𝐾𝑔𝐾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 γ = 1. 4, determine:

1.​ The air temperature at the exit of the regenerator

2.​ The thermal efficiency of this regenerative cycle.
3.​ Compare it with the thermal efficiency of a standard Brayton cycle without a
regenerator.
Chapter 3- jet engine components
 1.​ A multistage axial-flow compressor has a mass flow rate of 50 kg/s and a total
pressure ratio of 35. The compressor polytropic efficiency is nc = 0.90. The inlet
flow condition to the compressor is described by Tt2 288 K and Pt2 = 100 kPa.
Assuming the flow in the compressor is adiabatic, and constant gas properties
throughout the compressor are assumed, i.e., γ = 1. 4 and Cp = 1004 J/kg · K,​
a. calculate compressor exit total temperature Tt3 in K​
b. compressor adiabatic efficiency nc​
c. compressor shaft power Qc in MW

2.​ Consider an uncooled gas turbine with its inlet condition Tt4=1390K and
Pt4=1.92 MPa. The constant mass flow rate through the turbine is 50kg/s. The
turbine adiabatic efficiency is 88%. The turbine produces a shaft power to drive
the compressor and other accessories at Qt = 45 MW. calculate
(a) turbine exit total temperature Tt5 in K
(b) turbine polytropic efficiency, et
(c) turbine exit total pressure Pt5 in kPa
3)​ A turbojet engine is tested on a static test bed at sea-level standard ambient
conditions where 𝑃𝑡2 = 101. 3 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 𝑇𝑡2 = 288 𝐾. The engine inducts a

constant air mass flow rate of 𝑚˙ = 40𝑘𝑔/𝑠.

The engine components operate under the following parameters:

●​ Compressor: Total pressure ratio π𝑐 = 20, Isentropic efficiency η𝑐 = 0. 86

●​ Combustion Chamber: Turbine inlet temperature 𝑇𝑡41450𝐾; Combustor
aerodynamic pressure drop = 4%; Combustion efficiency η𝑏 = 98%. The fuel
used is aviation kerosene with a lower heating value 𝐿𝐻𝑉 = 4300𝐾𝐽/𝑘𝑔.
●​ Turbine: Has an isentropic efficiency η𝑡 = 0. 88. The turbine produces exactly
enough shaft power to drive the compressor (assume 100% mechanical coupling
efficiency).

Thermodynamic Properties:

●​ Compression gases (States 2 to 3): 𝐶𝑝 = 1. 005𝐾𝐽/𝐾𝑔𝐾 and γ = 1. 4)

●​ Combustion/Expansion gases (States 3 to 5):𝐶𝑝𝑡 = 1. 15 𝐾𝐽/𝐾𝑔𝐾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 γ = 1. 333)

Determine:
a.​ The actual compressor exit total temperature and the shaft power required.
b.​ The fuel mass flow rate required in the combustion chamber in kg/s.
c.​ The turbine exit total pressure
Chapter 4 Nozzle
 1.​ A converging nozzle, with a throat area of 0.001 m2, is operated with air at a back
pressure of 591 kPa (abs). The nozzle is fed from a large plenum chamber where
the absolute stagnation pressure and temperature are 1.0 MPa and 60o C. The
exit Mach number and mass flow rate are to be determined.
2.​ A converging nozzle, with a throat area of 0.001 m2, is operated with air at a back
pressure of 591 kPa (abs). The nozzle is fed from a large plenum chamber where
the absolute stagnation pressure and temperature are 1.0 MPa and 60o C. The
exit Mach number and mass flow rate are to be determined.
3.​ A converging exhaust nozzle of a turbojet engine receives gas from the turbine
exit at a total pressure of 𝑃𝑡5 = 220𝑘𝑃𝑎 and a total temperature of 𝑇𝑡5 = 950𝐾.
The engine is flying at an altitude where the local atmospheric ambient pressure
is 𝑃𝑎 = 50𝑘𝑃𝑎.

Assuming the flow through the nozzle is adiabatic and isentropic with constant
gas properties (γ = 1.333 and 𝐶𝑝 = 1150𝐽/𝐾𝑔𝐾), determine:

a.​ The critical pressure ratio for the nozzle and whether the nozzle is choked.

b.​ The actual static pressure (P₆) and static temperature (T₆) at the nozzle
exit plane.

c.​ The exit velocity (V₆) of the exhaust gases.

4.​ An advanced military turbofan engine utilizes a variable-geometry

Converging-Diverging (C-D) nozzle to fully expand exhaust gases during
afterburner operation. The nozzle stagnation inlet conditions are 𝑃𝑡5 = 450𝑘𝑃𝑎
and 𝑇𝑡5 = 1600𝐾. The local external ambient atmospheric pressure is
𝑃𝑎 = 35𝑘𝑃𝑎.

Assuming perfectly expanded, isentropic, and shock-free flow throughout the nozzle
with gas properties γ = 1. 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑝 = 1240𝐽/𝐾𝑔𝐾, calculate:

a.​ The Mach number (M₇) at the divergence exit plane.

b.​ The static temperature (T₇) at the exit plane.
c.​ The maximum fully expanded velocity (V₇) of the gas leaving the engine.
Chapter 6- Propulsion
 1.​ A turbojet engine is flying at 300m/s. The product of combustion achieves an
exhaust velocity of 900m/s. Estimate the propulsive efficiency. With fuel heating
value Q=42800KJ/kg and fuel to air ratio 0.03, calculate the thermal efficiency
and overall efficiency. For an inlet mass flow rate of 80 kg/s, assuming a perfectly
expanding nozzle, calculate the following:
a.​ Ram drag
b.​ Takeoff thrust
c.​ Uninstalled thrust
2. A ramjet is flying at Mach 2.0 at an altitude where T0= -50°C and the engine flow rate
is 10 kg/s. If the exhaust Mach number of the ramjet is equal to the flight Mach number
i.e. M9= M0 with perfectly expanded nozzle and Tt9=2500 K. Assume fuel flow rate is
4% of air flow rate and take Cp= 1.004 [Link] Calculate:
a.​ Engine ram drag in KN
b.​ Nozzle gross thrust in KN
c.​ Engine net thrust in KN
d.​ Engine propulsive efficiency
3. A turbine powered aircraft has Vo= 300 m/s while V9 =600 m/s. The air mass flow
rate is 100 kg/s while the fuel flow rate is 2.5 kg/s. The Qr =42,000 kJ/kg K. Assuming
perfectly expanded nozzle, calculate:
a.​ Engine ram drag in KN
b.​ Thermal efficiency
c.​ Gross thrust
d.​ Propulsive efficiency
e.​ Net thrust
f.​ TSFC in mg/s/kN
g.​ Specific thrust
4. A jet plane is moving with a speed of 1080km/hr. The hot gas jet comes out with a
velocity of 500m/s. The mass of air used by the jet is 50kg/s and A:F = 75. Find the
power developed by the jet and propulsive efficiency.
5. An airplane flying at 1350 km/hr. The specific fuel consumption of the engine is 0.2
kg/hr/N of thrust. The thrust developed by the engine is 10 KN. The air flows through the
compressor = 40 kg/s. Find out the A:F ratio supplied to the engine and overall
efficiency of the system. Take CV of fuel 42.5 MJ/kg.
6. An aircraft equipped with a turbo-jet is flying at a speed of 1,000 km/hr at 10km
altitude. The propulsive efficiency = 0.6 and overall efficiency = 0.2. If the drag on the
aircraft is 6.5kN. Find the jet exit velocity and volume handled by the compressor per
second. Take air density as 0.175kg/m3 and CV of fuel 40,000 kJ/kg.
7. A turbo jet engine takes 5kg/s of air and propels an aircraft at a speed of 880km/hr.
Isentropic enthalpy change in the nozzle is 180 kJ/kg and its velocity co-efficient is 0.96
and compressor efficiency = 0.95. Find the following:
a.​ Thermal efficiency of the system
b.​ Fuel consumption and specific Fuel consumption
c.​ Propulsive power, propulsive and overall efficiency of the engine