GEOMETRIC TRANSFORMATIONS

Step-by-Step Classroom Solutions & Coordinate Proofs (Questions 2 & 3)

QUESTION 2 SOLUTIONS

Δ1: (-5, -5), (-1, -5), (-1, -3) | Δ2: (1, 7), (1, 3), (3, 3)
Δ3: (3, -3), (7, -3), (7, -1) | Δ4: (-5, -5), (-5, -1), (-3, -1)
Δ5: (1, -6), (3, -6), (3, -5) | Δ6: (-3, 3), (-3, 7), (-5, 7)

2(a) Δ1 → Δ2
• Vertices: Δ1: A(-5, -5), B(-1, -5), C(-1, -3) |
Δ2: A'(1, 7), B'(1, 3), C'(3, 3)
• Vector AB = (4, 0) [pointing right] becomes A'B' = (0, -4) [pointing down].
A shift from right to down represents a 90° clockwise rotation.
• Rotation Formula: (x, y) → (a + (y - b), b - (x - a)) for centre (a, b).
• B(-1, -5) → B'(1, 3):
1 = a + (-5 - b) ⇒ a - b = 6 --- (1)
3 = b - (-1 - a) ⇒ a + b = 2 --- (2)
Adding (1) and (2): 2a = 8 ⇒
a = 4, b = -2.

Final Answer: Rotation 90° clockwise, centre (4, -2)

2(b) Δ1 → Δ3
• Vertices: Δ1: A(-5, -5), B(-1, -5), C(-1, -3) | Δ3: A'(3, -3), B'(7, -3), C'(7, -1)
• Step 1: Identify Transformation Type: Orientation and side lengths remain identical (AB = A'B' =
4, BC = B'C' = 2). This is a Translation.
• Step 2: Calculate Translation Vector: Vector = (x' - x, y' - y). Using A(-5, -5) → A'(3, -3): Vector =
(3 - (-5), -3 - (-5)) = (8, 2).

Final Answer: Translation ( 8 , 2 )ᵀ

2(c) Δ1 → Δ4
• Vertices: Δ1: A(-5, -5), B(-1, -5), C(-1, -3) | Δ4: A'(-5, -5), B'(-5, -1), C'(-3, -1)
• Step 1: Identify Transformation Type: The point (-5, -5) remains invariant. Coordinates swap
positions: (-1, -5) → (-5, -1) and (-1, -3) → (-3, -1). Swapping coordinates (x, y) → (y, x) indicates a
Reflection in the line y = x.
• Step 2: Verify Line Equation: Midpoint of BB'(-1, -5) and (-5, -1) is (-3, -3), which lies on y = x.

Final Answer: Reflection in y = x

2(d) Δ1 → Δ5
• Vertices: Δ1: A(-5, -5), B(-1, -5), C(-1, -3) | Δ5: A'(1, -6), B'(3, -6), C'(3, -5)
 • Step 1: Calculate Scale Factor (k): k = A'B' / AB = 2 / 4 = 1/2.
• Step 2: Formula for Centre of Enlargement (a, b): (x', y') = (a + k(x - a), b + k(y - b)).
• Step 3: Solve using B(-1, -5) → B'(3, -6) with k = 1/2: 3 = a + 1/2(-1 - a) ⇒ a = 7
-6 = b + 1/2(-5 - b) ⇒ b = -7.

Final Answer: Enlargement, scale factor 1/2, centre (7, -7)

2(e) Δ1 → Δ6
• Vertices: Δ1: A(-5, -5), B(-1, -5), C(-1, -3) | Δ6: A'(-3, 3), B'(-3, 7), C'(-5, 7)
• Step 1: Identify Transformation & Angle: Vector AB = (4, 0) [pointing right] becomes A'B' = (0,
4) [pointing up]. Shift from right to up represents a 90° anticlockwise rotation.
• Step 2: Apply Rotation Formula: (x, y) → (a - (y - b), b + (x - a)) for centre (a, b).
• Step 3: Solve using B(-1, -5) → B'(-3, 7): -3 = a - (-5 - b) ⇒ a + b = -8 --- (1)
7 = b + (-1 - a) ⇒ a - b = -8 --- (2)
Adding (1) and (2): 2a = -16 ⇒ a = -8, b = 0.

Final Answer: Rotation 90° anticlockwise, centre (-8, 0)

2(f) Δ5 → Δ3
• Vertices: Δ5: A(1, -6), B(3, -6), C(3, -5) | Δ3: A'(3, -3), B'(7, -3), C'(7, -1)
• Step 1: Calculate Scale Factor (k): k = A'B' / AB = 4 / 2 = 2.
• Step 2: Solve for Centre (a, b) using A(1, -6) → A'(3, -3): 3 = a + 2(1 - a) ⇒ a = -1
-3 = b + 2(-6 - b) ⇒ b = -9.

Final Answer: Enlargement, scale factor 2, centre (-1, -9)

2(g) Δ2 → Δ3
• Vertices: Δ2: A(1, 7), B(1, 3), C(3, 3) | Δ3: A'(3, -3), B'(7, -3), C'(7, -1)
• Step 1: Identify Transformation & Angle: Vector AB = (0, -4) [pointing down] becomes A'B' = (4,
0) [pointing right]. Turning down to right represents a 90° anticlockwise rotation.
• Step 2: Solve for Centre (a, b) using B(1, 3) → B'(7, -3): 7 = a - (3 - b) ⇒ a + b = 10 --- (1)
-3 = b + (1 - a) ⇒ a - b = 4 --- (2)
Adding (1) and (2): 2a = 14 ⇒ a = 7, b = 3.

Final Answer: Rotation 90° anticlockwise, centre (7, 3)

QUESTION 3 SOLUTIONS

Given Triangles for Question 3:

3(a) Δ1 → Δ2
• Vertices: Δ1: (-3, -6), (-3, -2), (-5, -2) | Δ2: (-5, -1), (-5, -7), (-8, -1)
• Step 1: Calculate Scale Factor (k): Side length ratio k = 6 / 4 = 1.5 (or 1½).
 • Step 2: Solve for Centre (a, b) using (-3, -2) → (-5, -1): -5 = a + 1.5(-3 - a) ⇒ -0.5a = -0.5 ⇒ a =
1
-1 = b + 1.5(-2 - b) ⇒ -0.5b = 2.0 ⇒ b = -4.

Final Answer: Enlargement, scale factor 1½, centre (1, -4)

3(b) Δ1 → Δ3
• Vertices: Δ1: (-3, -6), (-3, -2), (-5, -2) | Δ3: (-2, -1), (2, -1), (2, 1)
• Step 1: Identify Transformation & Angle: Vertical side (pointing up) turns into horizontal side
(pointing right). This is a 90° clockwise rotation.
• Step 2: Solve for Centre (a, b) using (-3, -2) → (2, -1): 2 = a + (-2 - b) ⇒ a - b = 4 --- (1)
-1 = b - (-3 - a) ⇒ a + b = -4 --- (2)
Adding (1) and (2): 2a = 0 ⇒ a = 0, b = -4.

Final Answer: Rotation 90° clockwise, centre (0, -4)

3(c) Δ1 → Δ4
• Vertices: Δ1: A(-3, -6), B(-3, -2), C(-5, -2) | Δ4: A'(6, 3), B'(2, 3), C'(2, 5)
• Step 1: Observe Rule for Reflection in y = -x: (x, y) → (-y, -x).
• Step 2: Test Rule on Vertices: A(-3, -6) → (-(-6), -(-3)) = (6, 3)
B(-3, -2) → (-(-2), -(-3)) = (2, 3)
C(-5, -2) → (-(-2), -(-5)) = (2, 5). Rules match perfectly.

Final Answer: Reflection in y = -x

3(d) Δ1 → Δ5
• Vertices: Δ1: (-3, -6), (-3, -2), (-5, -2) | Δ5: (8, 4), (8, 8), (6, 8)
• Step 1: Identify Transformation Type: Triangle maintains orientation and size (4 × 2). This is a
Translation.
• Step 2: Calculate Vector: Vector = (8 - (-3), 4 - (-6)) = (11, 10).

Final Answer: Translation ( 11 , 10 )ᵀ

3(e) Δ1 → Δ6
• Vertices: Δ1: (-3, -6), (-3, -2), (-5, -2) | Δ6: (-3, 1), (-3, 3), (-4, 3)
• Step 1: Calculate Scale Factor (k): k = 2 / 4 = 1/2.
• Step 2: Solve for Centre (a, b) using (-3, -2) → (-3, 3): -3 = a + 1/2(-3 - a) ⇒ a = -3
3 = b + 1/2(-2 - b) ⇒ b = 8.

Final Answer: Enlargement, scale factor 1/2, centre (-3, 8)

3(f) Δ3 → Δ5
• Vertices: Δ3: A(-2, -1), B(2, -1), C(2, 1) | Δ5: A'(8, 4), B'(8, 8), C'(6, 8)
• Step 1: Identify Transformation & Angle: Base vector AB = (4, 0) [pointing right] becomes A'B' =
(0, 4) [pointing up]. Right to up represents a 90° anticlockwise rotation.
• Step 2: Solve for Centre (a, b) using B(2, -1) → B'(8, 8) & A(-2, -1) → A'(8, 4): From B: 8 = a - (-
1 - b) ⇒ a + b = 7 --- (1)
 From A: 8 = a - (-1 - b) ⇒ same line
Using y-coord of A: 4 = b + (-2 - a) ⇒ a - b = -6 --- (2)
Adding (1) and (2): 2a = 1 ⇒ a = 1/2, b = 6 1/2.

Final Answer: Rotation 90° anticlockwise, centre (1/2, 6 1/2)

3(g) Δ6 → Δ2
• Vertices: Δ6: (-3, 1), (-3, 3), (-4, 3) | Δ2: (-5, -1), (-5, -7), (-8, -1)
• Step 1: Calculate Scale Factor (k): k = 6 / 2 = 3.
• Step 2: Solve for Centre (a, b) using (-3, 3) → (-5, -7): -5 = a + 3(-3 - a) ⇒ -2a = 4 ⇒ a = -2
-7 = b + 3(3 - b) ⇒ -2b = -16 ⇒ b = 5.

Final Answer: Enlargement, scale factor 3, centre (-2, 5)