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3 Python Oop

This document covers key concepts of Object-Oriented Programming, including classes, objects, inheritance, encapsulation, polymorphism, and magic methods. It provides examples of each concept, such as creating a Student class, using a Counter class for instance attributes, and demonstrating polymorphism with Dog and Cat classes. Additionally, it includes practice exercises for further application of these concepts.

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2 views3 pages

3 Python Oop

This document covers key concepts of Object-Oriented Programming, including classes, objects, inheritance, encapsulation, polymorphism, and magic methods. It provides examples of each concept, such as creating a Student class, using a Counter class for instance attributes, and demonstrating polymorphism with Dog and Cat classes. Additionally, it includes practice exercises for further application of these concepts.

Uploaded by

dola.mbstu
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Part 3

Object-Oriented Programming
Classes, Inheritance, Polymorphism & Magic Methods
1. Classes & Objects
A class is a blueprint for creating objects. An object is an instance of a class.

class Student:
def __init__(self, name, roll):
[Link] = name
[Link] = roll

def introduce(self):
return f"I am {[Link]}, roll {[Link]}"

s1 = Student("Nadia", 12)
print([Link]())

2. Instance vs Class Attributes


class Counter:
total = 0 # class attribute

def __init__(self):
[Link] += 1 # shared across all instances

Counter(); Counter(); Counter()


print([Link]) # 3

3. Inheritance
A child class can inherit attributes and methods from a parent class.

class Animal:
def __init__(self, name):
[Link] = name
def speak(self):
return "..."

class Dog(Animal):
def speak(self):
return f"{[Link]} says Woof!"

d = Dog("Rex")
print([Link]()) # Rex says Woof!

4. Encapsulation
Prefixing an attribute with an underscore signals it's intended as internal/private.

class BankAccount:
def __init__(self, balance=0):
self._balance = balance
def deposit(self, amount):
self._balance += amount

def get_balance(self):
return self._balance

acc = BankAccount(100)
[Link](50)
print(acc.get_balance()) # 150

5. Polymorphism
Different classes can implement the same method name in their own way.

class Cat(Animal):
def speak(self):
return f"{[Link]} says Meow!"

for a in [Dog("Rex"), Cat("Tom")]:


print([Link]())

6. Magic Methods
Dunder (double underscore) methods let objects work with built-in operators.

class Vector:
def __init__(self, x, y):
self.x, self.y = x, y
def __add__(self, other):
return Vector(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)
def __repr__(self):
return f"Vector({self.x}, {self.y})"

v = Vector(1,2) + Vector(3,4)
print(v) # Vector(4, 6)

Practice Exercises
• Create a Shape base class with area() and subclasses Circle, Rectangle overriding it.

• Add a __str__ method to a Book class that returns a formatted description.

• Implement a Stack class using a list with push, pop, and peek methods.

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