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Solutions Notes

The document provides comprehensive notes on solutions, defining key terms such as solute and solvent, and detailing types of solutions and their properties. It covers factors affecting solubility, concentration terms, and laws like Henry's and Raoult's that govern solution behavior. Additionally, it discusses colligative properties and processes like osmosis and reverse osmosis.

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2 views2 pages

Solutions Notes

The document provides comprehensive notes on solutions, defining key terms such as solute and solvent, and detailing types of solutions and their properties. It covers factors affecting solubility, concentration terms, and laws like Henry's and Raoult's that govern solution behavior. Additionally, it discusses colligative properties and processes like osmosis and reverse osmosis.

Uploaded by

www.shivam7367
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Solutions - Complete Notes (Board Revision)

1. Solution
A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.

2. Components
Solute: Present in smaller amount and gets dissolved.
Solvent: Present in larger amount and dissolves the solute.

3. Types of Solutions
Solid in Liquid: Salt in Water
Liquid in Liquid: Alcohol in Water
Gas in Liquid: CO■ in Cold Drink
Gas in Gas: Air

4. Saturated / Unsaturated / Supersaturated


Unsaturated: More solute can dissolve.
Saturated: No more solute dissolves.
Supersaturated: Contains more dissolved solute than a saturated solution; unstable.

5. Solubility
Maximum amount of solute that dissolves in a given amount of solvent at a given temperature.

6. Factors Affecting Solubility


Temperature: Solids generally ↑, Gases generally ↓.
Pressure: Mainly affects gases. Higher pressure → Higher gas solubility.

7. Concentration Terms
Mass % = (Mass of Solute / Mass of Solution) ×100
Volume % = (Volume of Solute / Volume of Solution) ×100
ppm = (Mass of Solute / Mass of Solution) ×10■
Molarity (M) = Moles of Solute / Volume of Solution (L)
Molality (m) = Moles of Solute / Mass of Solvent (kg)
Mole Fraction (χ) = Moles of Component / Total Moles

8. Henry's Law
At constant temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of
the gas above the liquid.
Application: Cold drinks, scuba diving.

9. Raoult's Law
For an ideal solution, the vapour pressure of the solvent is directly proportional to its mole fraction.
P = X(solvent) × P°

10. Ideal & Non-Ideal Solutions


Ideal: Obey Raoult's law, no heat or volume change on mixing.
Non-Ideal: Deviate from Raoult's law.

11. Colligative Properties


Depend only on the number of solute particles.
• Relative lowering of vapour pressure
• Elevation in boiling point
• Depression in freezing point
• Osmotic pressure

12. Osmosis
Movement of solvent through a semipermeable membrane from lower concentration to higher
concentration.

13. Reverse Osmosis


Applied pressure reverses osmosis. Used in RO water purifiers.

14. Quick Revision


• Solute = Smaller amount
• Solvent = Larger amount
• Molarity → Litre of Solution
• Molality → kg of Solvent
• Henry: Pressure ↑ ⇒ Gas solubility ↑
• Raoult: Vapour pressure ∝ Mole fraction
• PV=nRT is Ideal Gas Equation (not Solution chapter, but often confused)

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