MODULE 5

Resilience
DISASTER RISK AND
REDUCTION &
Plannin
g
ENGR. RAUL R. BECERRO, JR.
BSDRM Faculty/ Instructor
 By the end of this course, students should

Course
be able to:

GOALS
Describe the phases of disaster resilience planning
from assessment through implementation and
evaluation.

Develop planning objectives based on identified

community risks, hazards, and vulnerability
assessments.

Apply capacity - based approaches that leverage local

resources, knowledge, and community strengths in
resilience planning.
 what is DISASTER RISK
REDUCTION
vs RESILIENCE PLANNING
.
Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) aims to
Aligned frameworks & approaches:
PREVENT, REDUCE, or MANAGE disaster
• UNDRR: Global blueprint for DRR action
risks systematically.
• Sendai Framework 2015 - 2030: 4 priorities
Key priorities:
for action
• Proactive risk identification
• Hyogo Framework legacy: Building
• Vulnerability reduction
resilience foundations
• Capacity strengthening
• National/local adaptation: Context -
• Sustainable development integration
specific strategies
• BS DRR program: Translating policy into
practice
 DISASTER
Six Pillars of Resilience
Foundation framework for building community resilience through integrated planning and
action:

Governance Risk Assessment Investment

Establishes institutional frameworks, Identifies, analyzes, and evaluates Allocates financial, human, and technical
policies, and coordination mechanisms for hazards, vulnerabilities, and exposure resources for resilience - building. Includes
disaster resilience. Defines roles across levels. Combines scientific data with local infrastructure hardening, social
government levels, engages stakeholders, knowledge to prioritize risks and inform protection programs, and innovative
and ensures accountability in decision - evidence - based planning interventions. financing mechanisms like risk insurance
making processes. and contingency funds.

Preparedness Response Recovery

Develops capacities, systems, and plans Mobilizes emergency actions during and Restores, rebuilds, and improves affected
before disasters occur. Encompasses immediately after disaster events. communities over the long term. Integrates
early warning systems, public education, Coordinates search and rescue, medical "build back better" principles to enhance
training exercises, and stockpiling services, evacuation, and humanitarian resilience and reduce future disaster risks in
essential supplies and equipment. assistance to save lives and reduce suffering. reconstruction efforts.
 DISASTER planning
RESILIENCE
The Four Phases of Disaster Resilience Planning:

Mitigation Reduce or eliminate long

property
- term risks to people and

Preparedness Build capacity to respond effectively when disasters occur

Response Immediate actions to save lives and protect property

Recovery Restore communities and build back stronger

 Phase 1: Identify community hazards and vulnerabilities

MITIGATION Map hazard zones and exposure areas

Planning Implement structural mitigation measures

Risk identification and reduction

Develop land - use planning policies
strategies:

Enforce building codes and safety standards

Goal: Reduce disaster impact before events

occur.
 STRUCTURAL NON -
vs STRUCTURAL
Effective mitigation requires both ENGINEERING and POLICY approaches.

Structural Mitigation Non - Structural

Mitigation
Focuses on POLICIES, plans, and community actions to
Focuses on PHYSICAL infrastructure and engineering reduce vulnerability.
solutions to reduce hazard impact. • Zoning laws and building codes enforcement
• Retrofitting buildings and bridges for seismic resistance • Land - use planning to restrict high - risk development
• Constructing flood control systems (levees, dams, • Public education and community preparedness programs
drainage) • Evacuation planning and emergency response protocols
• Installing early warning system hardware • Often lower cost with broader population coverage
• Higher upfront costs but measurable damage reduction
• Cost - benefit ratio: $4 - $7 saved per $1 invested (USGS,
2023)
 Phase 2: Develop emergency response plans with clear roles and procedures

PREPAREDNESS Conduct training programs and drills for responders and community members

Planning Establish and maintain early warning systems for timely alerts

Disaster resilience planning helps communities save lives

and reduce losses: Stockpile essential resources including food, water, and medical supplies

Create communication protocols to ensure information flows during crises

Proactive preparedness enables rapid, coordinated action when disasters

strike
 PREPAREDNESS
in

community resilience
Seven Components of Community Preparedness:

alerts evacuation routes

shelters supplies

volunteers, drills, and

public education
 Phase 3 Establish unified incident command structure for coordinated decision - making

RESPONSE Conduct search and rescue operations in affected areas

Phase Deploy emergency medical services and triage systems

Immediate actions taken during and after a disaster to save

lives and protect property: Activate and manage emergency shelter operations for displaced populations

Perform rapid damage assessment to guide resource allocation and recovery

planning

Speed and coordination during response save lives and reduce secondary
impacts.
 INCIDENT COMMAND System
The ICS organizes response through four key functions:

Command Directs all incident activities and sets

objectives

Operations Carries out tactical actions to meet objectives

Planning Develops action plans and tracks resources

Logistics Provides facilities, services, and supply support

 Phase 4 Short - term restoration of critical services and infrastructure

RECOVERY Long - term reconstruction with improved building standards

Planning Economic recovery through livelihood restoration and

diversification

Disaster resilience planning helps communities

Psychosocial support for affected individuals and communities
rebuild stronger:

Build back better principles to reduce future vulnerability

Recovery ensures communities emerge more resilient than before

 SHORT - TERM LONG - TERM
RECOVERY VS RECOVERY

Effective recovery planning balances IMMEDIATE RESPONSE with SUSTAINABLE

REBUILDING.

Short - Term Long - Term Recovery

Recovery
• Sustainable community rebuilding
• Immediate life safety and basic needs • Permanent housing and livelihood restoration
• Emergency shelter and temporary housing • Infrastructure resilience upgrades
• Restoration of critical infrastructure • Economic recovery and diversification
• Debris removal and damage assessment • Timeline: 6 months to 10+ years
• Timeline: Days to 6 months E.g. "Reconstructing flood - resistant housing and
E.g. "Distribution of emergency supplies and diversifying local economy to reduce future
activation of temporary housing within 72 hours." vulnerability."
 Risk ASSESSMENT
Overview
Community Risk Assessment Process

Hazard ID Vulnerability Capacity

ASSESS physical, social, and
economic vulnerabilities EVALUATE existing institutional
IDENTIFY community hazards resources
Evaluate SENSITIVITY of critical
and threats Map LOCAL response
infrastructure
Map EXPOSURE areas and capabilities and assets
Identify AT - RISK populations
populations Assess COMMUNITY knowledge
and livelihoods
Analyze HISTORICAL disaster and networks
Determine ADAPTIVE capacity
patterns Identify PARTNERSHIPS for
gaps
Establish PRIORITY risk rankings resilience building
 HAZARDS
Types of Identified
Understanding hazard types is essential for effective disaster risk reduction and resilience
planning:

Natural: Geological Natural: Meteorological Natural: Hydrological

Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, Typhoons, hurricanes, tornadoes, Floods, storm surges, and glacial lake
landslides, and tsunamis caused by droughts, and extreme heat/cold events. outburst floods affecting communities.
tectonic activity. Climate change is intensifying frequency Often exacerbated by deforestation,
Requires geological mapping, early and severity globally. urbanization, and poor drainage systems.
warning systems, and structural
retrofitting.

Human -Induced: Technological Human -Induced: Conflict Process Explanation

Industrial accidents, chemical spills, Armed conflict, terrorism, and civil unrest Describes how something WORKS or
infrastructure failures, and nuclear displacing populations and destroying HOW TO DO something, explaining
incidents. infrastructure.
each stage in logical order.
Requires strict safety protocols, Complex emergencies require coordination
emergency preparedness, and risk across humanitarian and development actors. Used for scientific processes,
assessments. technical explanations, and
instructional writing.
DRR Key dimensions of community vulnerability:

Physical – building quality, infrastructure condition,

and critical facility resilience
Social – population density, special needs groups,
Vulnerability and community cohesion levels
Factors Economic – income diversity, insurance coverage,
and livelihood dependence on at - risk sectors
Environmental – ecosystem degradation, natural
buffer loss, and climate exposure
Institutional – governance capacity, emergency
management resources, and policy frameworks
Attitudinal – risk perception, preparedness
motivation, and trust in authorities
Age - related – elderly and youth mobility limitations,
dependency ratios, and care facility locations
Geographic – proximity to hazards, elevation,
access routes, and isolation factors
 CAPACITY
in
community resilience
Community capacities and resources include:

human capital social financial

networks physical assets resources

Natural and political natural resources

political capital
capital
 Risk Assessment Tools & Methods
ANALYSIS TOOLS

HVCA VCA PDNA GIS Mapping

Hazard, Vulnerability & Vulnerability & Capacity Post - Disaster Needs Spatial risk visualization
Capacity Assessment Analysis Assessment & analysis

Community Surveys Focus Groups Historical Analysis Scenario Planning

Household - level data Participatory Past disaster event Future risk simulation exercises
collection community review
consultation
Resilience
Planning
DEVELOPING PLANNING
OBJECTIVES
Alignment & Integration:
Link objectives to community risk
assessments
Incorporate local capacity and
SMART Criteria for Objectives: resource mapping
Engage stakeholders in objective -
Specific — clearly define what to achieve
setting workshops
Measurable — include indicators to track progress
Prioritize based on vulnerability and
Achievable — realistic given community resources
exposure data
Relevant — aligned with identified risk priorities Ensure equity across affected
Time - bound — establish clear deadlines for completion populations
 Planning
Objectives
FIVE CATEGORIES
Building resilience through strategic planning objectives.

Prevention Protection Mitigation Response Recovery

risk assessments, critical structural retrofits, incident command debris removal,
early warning infrastructure flood control activation, search temporary housing,
systems, public hardening, systems, wildfire and rescue economic
education emergency shelter fuel reduction, operations, medical revitalization,
campaigns, land - pre - positioning, stormwater surge capacity, infrastructure
use planning, resource management, mutual aid restoration, long -
building codes stockpiling, seismic upgrades agreements, term community
enforcement evacuation route damage assessment rebuilding
mapping, redundant teams
systems
 Are objectives RISK - BASED and grounded in community

Planning hazard assessment?

CHECKLIST
Are objectives MEASURABLE with clear indicators?

Do objectives have TIME - BOUND milestones and deadlines?

Are objectives RESOURCE - REALISTIC given available

capacity?

Are objectives COMMUNITY - ENDORSED through participatory

validation?

Are objectives EQUITY - FOCUSED and prioritizing vulnerable

populations?
 Stake ENGAGEMENT
holde
r
overview
Effective disaster resilience planning requires coordinated multi - sector collaboration:

government community private sector

• Coordinate across federal, state, and local
emergency management agencies • Engage businesses in business continuity
• Government agencies: Lead policy • Ensure compliance with national building planning and supply chain resilience
development, regulatory oversight, and codes and environmental regulations • Leverage corporate resources for
resource allocation • Allocate funding for mitigation emergency response logistics and
• Community organizations: Represent local infrastructure and preparedness programs technology
needs, facilitate grassroots participation, • Establish inter - agency communication • Promote public - private partnerships for
and build trust protocols and joint training exercises infrastructure hardening projects
• Private sector: Provide infrastructure • Develop legal frameworks for rapid • Integrate industry risk assessments into
investment, technical expertise, and response and recovery activation community vulnerability mapping
economic resilience • Foster corporate social responsibility for
• Academic institutions: Supply research, community preparedness investment
data analysis, and evidence - based
recommendations
• Local residents: Share lived experience,
identify vulnerabilities, and co - design
response plans
 METHODS
community engagement
Six methods for engaging communities in disaster resilience
planning:
Town Halls Surveys Advisory Committees
Open public forums for residents to voice Structured questionnaires distributed Standing groups of local leaders, experts,
concerns, share local knowledge, and widely to gather quantitative data on and stakeholders providing ongoing
discuss priorities. Builds transparency and community risks, capacities, and guidance. Ensures sustained input and
collective ownership of resilience plans. preparedness levels. Enables institutional memory in planning
representative sampling of population processes.
needs.

Social Media Focus Groups Participatory Mapping

Digital platforms for real - time updates, Small facilitated discussions with targeted Collaborative creation of community maps
crowdsourced hazard reports, and rapid demographics to explore specific issues in identifying hazards, resources, evacuation
feedback collection. Reaches younger depth. Reveals nuanced perspectives from routes, and safe zones. Integrates local
demographics and enables two - way vulnerable or marginalized populations. spatial knowledge into formal planning
communication during emergencies. documents.
 Inclusive planning processes

Data - driven decision making

best Adaptive management approaches

PRACTICE Cross - sector coordination

S
to follow Regular plan updates and reviews

Equity - centered implementation

Climate change integration

 model CASE STUDY

Following Hurricane Maria in 2017, the town of Mariana, Puerto Rico

Community Context transformed its disaster preparedness approach through
community - driven resilience planning. Local leaders conducted
participatory risk assessments that identified vulnerable
infrastructure, elderly populations, and disrupted supply chains as
Risk Assessment critical concerns. Residents established mutual aid networks,
trained community emergency response teams, and diversified
food and water sources. When Hurricane Fiona struck in 2022,
Intervention Strategy Mariana experienced 40% faster recovery times and 60% fewer
shelter displacements compared to neighboring municipalities. This
case demonstrates that resilience planning built on local
knowledge, inclusive participation, and sustained institutional
Outcomes & Lessons commitment produces measurable outcomes in disaster response
and recovery.
practice ACTIVITY

Work in groups to develop planning objectives for your Include:

assigned community risk scenario. Use the objective Specific, measurable
objectives
templates and follow the instructions below.
Risk scenario data
Review your community's risk profile and capacity
Community capacity analysis
assessment
Timeline and responsible
Identify 2 - 3 priority risks to address in your plan actors
Draft SMART objectives using the provided template Monitoring indicators
Justify each objective with evidence from your data Clear alignment with DRR
sources phases
Present your objectives to the class for feedback
CHALLENG Implementation barriers facing communities:

ES
Funding limitations restrict investment in mitigation and preparedness
infrastructure
Political will fluctuates with election cycles, disrupting long - term planning
continuity

in Resilience Planning Data gaps in hazard mapping, vulnerability assessments, and historical
loss records
Coordination issues across multiple agencies, jurisdictions, and
stakeholder groups
Public awareness remains low, limiting community engagement and buy -
in
Technical capacity shortages in risk modeling, engineering, and planning
expertise
Climate uncertainty complicates projections and adaptation strategy
development
Equity concerns as marginalized populations face disproportionate risk
exposure
Emerging Key emerging trends shaping the
future of disaster resilience
planning:

TRENDS & CLIMATE ADAPTATION integration

into DRR frameworks
NATURE - BASED SOLUTIONS for

IN DRR hazard mitigation

DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES for risk
assessment and early warning
COMMUNITY - LED APPROACHES to
local resilience building
ANTICIPATORY ACTION to reduce
humanitarian impacts
These innovations are
transforming how communities
prepare for and respond to
disasters.
KEY RESOURCES Scan QR codes or visit links to access key resources on disaster risk
reduction and resilience planning frameworks.

Academic Journals & Latest

FEMA Frameworks & Tools Research
UNDRR Publications (2023 - 2024)
THANK YOU for
TOGETHER